{"id":4647,"date":"2026-01-20T06:03:03","date_gmt":"2026-01-20T06:03:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4647"},"modified":"2026-01-20T06:17:12","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T06:17:12","slug":"hdi-pcb-design-essential-optimization-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/ar\/hdi-pcb-design-essential-optimization-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 HDI: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (HDI) PCB<\/a> \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 HDI \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 HDI\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d (SMDs) \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 (BGAs) \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 $0.65 \\TP4T 0.65\\{\u0645\u0644\u0645}$ \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0643. \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 BGA \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 HDI. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 $0.15\\0.15\\{\u0645\u0644\u0645}$. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u062d \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u201d \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u201d \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 HDI\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u201c\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629\u201d. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u201c\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629\u201d\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"v\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

5. \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a BGA<\/a>, \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u201c\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u201d (PI).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u064a HDI\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a (EMC) \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0633\u201d \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644. \u0641\u064a HDI\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u201d (CTE). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u0646. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a CTE\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643\u201d. \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645 CTE \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"HDI<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

7. \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u201d\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\" (ICT) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a HDI. \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648 JTAG (\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643). \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 JTAG \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 JTAG \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 HDI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"JTAG<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

8. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d HDI \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 IPC-2226<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a HDI. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 HDI \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629) \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u201c\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u201d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u201c\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629\u201d \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 (PWB). \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u201c\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u201d (\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629) \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

$1T$Wd = \\ \\beta \\sqrt{Cd \\times Cc}$1T$<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0623\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • $WD$P4T<\/strong>: \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 PWB (\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • $CD$P4T<\/strong>: \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • $CC$P4T<\/strong>: \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • $ \\ \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627 $<\/strong>: \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629.\n
      \n
    • \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 2.5<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 3.0<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 3.5<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a ASIC.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n\n\n

      \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 HDI \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      \u0625\u0646 HDI \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a HDI \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0623\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d HDI \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u0633\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"PCB<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 HDI\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0633. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 HDI. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • 1-\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • 2-HDI (\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062f\u0633):<\/strong> \u0637\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • \u0645\u0643\u062f\u0633 2HDI 2HDI:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062f\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u201c\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u201d (EMI). \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u201c\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 (SI)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u201d \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u201d (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c CAD (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628) \u0648 CAM (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631\u201d (LDI) \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a HDI \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            \n
          • \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631:<\/strong> \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

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