{"id":4862,"date":"2026-04-23T07:35:49","date_gmt":"2026-04-23T07:35:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4862"},"modified":"2026-04-23T07:35:52","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T07:35:52","slug":"understanding-electron-devices-and-circuits-made-simple","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/ar\/understanding-electron-devices-and-circuits-made-simple\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645<\/td><td>\u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/td><td>\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 (\u064a\u062a\u0628\u062f\u062f \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641<\/td><td>\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0636<\/td><td>\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 <em>\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em> \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201c\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th><th>\u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/td><td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/td><td>\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632<\/td><td>\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631<\/td><td>\u062c\u064a\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td><td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 <em>\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em> \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 N:<\/strong> \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 P:<\/strong> \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u201c\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627\u201d \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644 <strong>\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong>. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a - \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 PN (\u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629) |\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/btOIDQeMrMg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 P-N \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 P-N<\/strong>. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 P \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 N\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 P\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 <em>\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f (AC) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 (DC).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0631 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 <strong>\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0642<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th>\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/td><td>\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0631<\/td><td><strong>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f<\/strong><\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/td><td>\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621<\/td><td>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 <strong>\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 P-N<\/strong> \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d <strong>\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/strong>. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 (BJT) \u0643\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 BJT\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a (FETs) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a (FETs) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644 <strong>\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/strong>. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 BJTs\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c FETs \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 FETs \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 <em>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/em> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th><th>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 (BJT)<\/th><th>\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a (FET)<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/td><td>\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/td><td>\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631<\/td><td>\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0634\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 <strong>\u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong>, \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d <em>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a85d7fb1-0515-4a19-ba50-6872a5b74a42-1024x585.jpg\" alt=\"signal amplification\" class=\"wp-image-4865\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a85d7fb1-0515-4a19-ba50-6872a5b74a42-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a85d7fb1-0515-4a19-ba50-6872a5b74a42-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a85d7fb1-0515-4a19-ba50-6872a5b74a42-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a85d7fb1-0515-4a19-ba50-6872a5b74a42-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/a85d7fb1-0515-4a19-ba50-6872a5b74a42.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th><th>\u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td><td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f<\/td><td>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a<\/td><td>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 <em>\u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/em> \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a <strong>\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/em> \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 <strong>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0638\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0628\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 <strong>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0632.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a <strong>\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/strong>. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. <strong>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/605343a3-3563-4196-baa3-91051cb63d39-1024x585.jpg\" alt=\"power supply rectification\" class=\"wp-image-4864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/605343a3-3563-4196-baa3-91051cb63d39-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/605343a3-3563-4196-baa3-91051cb63d39-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/605343a3-3563-4196-baa3-91051cb63d39-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/605343a3-3563-4196-baa3-91051cb63d39-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/605343a3-3563-4196-baa3-91051cb63d39.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong>, \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0628\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629. <strong>\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f<\/strong> \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u064a <em>\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/em> \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u062a\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a <em>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/em>, \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644. \u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062a.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a (1) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 (0).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 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\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 Cree \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062d LED \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631. 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\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a (BJTs) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062f FETs\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 MOSFETs\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646\u062c \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631. \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 (PCB) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 Tektronix \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0641\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Did you know that the average smartphone has over two billion tiny transistors? These tiny parts are key to our 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