{"id":2625,"date":"2025-09-11T02:44:18","date_gmt":"2025-09-11T02:44:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=2625"},"modified":"2025-09-26T05:34:01","modified_gmt":"2025-09-26T05:34:01","slug":"single-sided-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/pcb-manufacturer\/single-sided-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0160ta je jednostrana \u0161tampana plo\u010dica?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Jednostrana tiskanica je najosnovnija tiskanica. Svi dijelovi se nalaze na jednoj strani. Svi vodovi se nalaze na drugoj strani. Budu\u0107i da samo jedna strana ima vodove, nazivamo je jednostranom tiskanicom. Jednostavno se izra\u0111uje i jeftinija je. Iz tog razloga jednostavni elektroni\u010dki proizvodi \u010desto koriste jednostrane tiskanice.<\/p>

\"Single-sided<\/p>

Kada koristiti dvostranu tiskanu plo\u010dicu<\/h2>

Dvostrana tiskanica je korak naprijed u odnosu na jednostranu plo\u010du. Kada jedan sloj rasporeda ne mo\u017ee zadovoljiti potrebe proizvoda, dizajneri koriste dvostranu plo\u010du. Obje strane imaju bakar i tragove. Dvije strane mogu biti povezane prevu\u010denim rupama nazvanim via. Via omogu\u0107avaju signalima da se prenesu s jednog sloja na drugi. Na taj na\u010din plo\u010dica mo\u017ee formirati potrebnu mre\u017eu krugova.<\/p>

Sli\u010dnosti i razlike izme\u0111u jednostranih i dvostranih tiskanih plo\u010dica<\/h2>

Materijali i osnovni proces<\/h3>

Jednostrane i dvostrane tiskane plo\u010dice dijele isti osnovni materijal. Ve\u0107ina modernih plo\u010dica koristi FR4. FR4 je mje\u0161avina staklenih vlakana i epoksida. U modernoj proizvodnji obi\u010dno pozla\u0107ujemo plo\u010dicu bakrom radi dobre provodljivosti. Zatim dodajemo masku za lemljenje radi urednog izgleda i za\u0161tite. Sitotisak ili screen print dodaje oznake i oznake. Ma\u0161ine \u0161tampaju oznake u procesu koji se naziva sitotisak.<\/p>

Stara proizvodnja i ograni\u010denja<\/h3>

Moderno izrivanje plo\u010da nije oduvijek bilo ovako. U pro\u0161losti su in\u017eenjeri i hobisti izlagali dizajne na plo\u010dama, a zatim ih ru\u010dno gravirali hemijskim kupkama. Postojalo je mnogo metoda. Ve\u0107ina je imala iste ograni\u010denja. Nije bilo lako gravirati vi\u0161e slojeva na jednoj plo\u010di. To je primoravalo rasporede da budu ve\u0107i i da zahtijevaju intenzivnu optimizaciju.<\/p>

\u0160ezdesetih godina ovo je bilo u redu. Veliki komponente sa provrtaima bili su uobi\u010dajeni. Veliki pravougaoni \u010dipovi imali su \u0161iroke pinove. To su bili DIP paketi. Diskretne komponente sa provrtaima, poput otpornika i kondenzatora, tako\u0111er su bile velike. Komponente su bile postavljene blizu jedna drugoj, pa su kratki vodovi bili laki. To je \u010dinio jednostrane rasporede jednostavnim i jasnim.<\/p>

Porast povr\u0161inskih monta\u017enih komponenti (SMD)<\/h3>

Osamdesete su promijenile polje. Povr\u0161inski montirani ure\u0111aji (SMD) postali su preferirani dijelovi za in\u017eenjere. Kvadratni plo\u0161ni paketi postali su uobi\u010dajeni. Diskretni SMD dijelovi ote\u017eali su usmjeravanje traka ispod komponenti. Tiskane plo\u010de morale su postati manje. Jednostrane plo\u010de postale su te\u017ee za kori\u0161tenje. To je potaknulo razvoj tehnika dvostranih plo\u010da. Uz via rupice vi\u0161e nije bilo potrebno dr\u017eati sav bakar na istoj strani. Trake se mogle usmjeravati na obje strane pomo\u0107u oblo\u017eenih rupa koje povezuju slojeve.<\/p>

\"surface-mount<\/p>

Dvostrane tiskane plo\u010dice<\/h2>

In\u017eenjeri su pre\u0161li na dvostrane plo\u010de uglavnom radi jednostavnosti. Kada ograni\u010denja dizajna prisile komponente na odre\u0111eno podru\u010dje, dvostrani rasporedi su jednostavniji od jednostranih. Dvostrane plo\u010de tako\u0111er omogu\u0107avaju izradu velikih uzemljenih ili napojnih ravni. Ako pa\u017eljivo pogledate plo\u010du, mo\u017eda \u0107ete vidjeti velike komade bakra umjesto mnogo tankih tragova. Ove velike bakrene zone poma\u017eu kod EMI-ja, topline, izvodljivosti proizvodnje, a prije svega smanjuju posao rutiranja.<\/p>

Za\u0161to jednostrane plo\u010de jo\u0161 uvijek postoje<\/h2>

Iako dvostrane plo\u010de imaju o\u010digledne prednosti, jednostrani dizajni i danas se pojavljuju u mnogim proizvodima. Tro\u0161ak je glavni pokreta\u010d. Jednostrane tiskane plo\u010dice obi\u010dno ko\u0161taju ne\u0161to manje i ponekad imaju kra\u0107e rokove isporuke. Za jednostavan dizajn to je jasan plus. U masovnoj proizvodnji jednostavnih proizvoda u\u0161teda od nekoliko centi po plo\u010di mo\u017ee biti vrlo zna\u010dajna. Tako\u0111er, za tragove visokog strujnog optere\u0107enja kojima je potreban \u0161iroki bakar, jednostrani rasporedi mogu biti dobar izbor. Omogu\u0107avaju kori\u0161tenje velikih bakrenih povr\u0161ina i jednostavno usmjeravanje te\u0161kih strujnih putova.<\/p>

Prednosti i nedostaci jednostranih tiskanih plo\u010dica<\/h3>

Prednosti<\/h3>

  • Ni\u017ei tro\u0161kovi.<\/p><\/li>

  • Jednostavniji dizajn i proizvodnja.<\/p><\/li>

  • U mnogim slu\u010dajevima kra\u0107i rok isporuke.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>

    Nedostaci<\/h3>

    • Nije dobro za slo\u017eene dizajne s mnogo dijelova.<\/p><\/li>

    • Te\u0161ko je zadovoljiti potrebe za malom veli\u010dinom.<\/p><\/li>

    • Smanjeni kapacitet rutiranja.<\/p><\/li>

    • Mogao bi biti te\u017ei i ve\u0107i za istu funkciju.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>

      Tipi\u010dne primjene jednostranih tiskanih plo\u010dica<\/h2>

      Jednostrane plo\u010de su \u010deste u mnogim jeftinim proizvodima. Pojavljuju se u ure\u0111ajima sa jednostavnim funkcijama koje ne zahtijevaju veliku memoriju ili mre\u017ene veze. Primjeri uklju\u010duju male ku\u0107anske ure\u0111aje poput aparata za kafu. Tako\u0111er se nalaze u mnogim kalkulatorima, jednostavnim radio ure\u0111ajima, printerima i LED lampama. Jednostavni ure\u0111aji za pohranu poput osnovnih SSD-ova mogu koristiti jednostrane plo\u010de. Napajanja i mnoge vrste senzora tako\u0111er \u010desto koriste jednostrane tiskane plo\u010de.<\/p>

      Kako razlikovati jednostrane, dvostrane i vi\u0161eslojne plo\u010de<\/h2>

      1. Dr\u017eite plo\u010du prema svjetlu. Ako je unutra\u0161nja jezgra potpuno neprozirna i ne mo\u017eete vidjeti svjetlo kroz unutra\u0161nje slojeve, radi se o vi\u0161eslojnoj plo\u010di. Ako vidite samo jedan sloj bakra, radi se o jednostranoj plo\u010di.<\/p><\/li>

      2. Pogledajte rupe. Jednostrane plo\u010de imaju nekapljene rupe. One nemaju oblogu na zidovima rupa i izostavljaju proces elektrokapljanja. Dvostrane plo\u010de imaju kapljene prolazne rupe ili vias. To zna\u010di da \u0107ete vidjeti bakar unutar rupe.<\/p><\/li>

      3. Osnovna razlika je u broju bakrenih slojeva: jednostruki ima jedan bakreni sloj, dvostruki ima dva bakrena sloja, a vi\u0161eslojni ima tri ili vi\u0161e slojeva. Kod izrade vi\u0161eslojnog, dodaju se unutra\u0161nji slojevi, a zatim se slojevi laminiraju. Mo\u017eete napraviti popre\u010dni presjek kako biste, ako je potrebno, provjerili slojeve.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

        \"double-sided<\/p>

        Kako smanjiti EMI na jednostranim ili dvostranim tiskanim plo\u010dicama<\/h2>

        Iz ekonomskih razloga, mnogi potro\u0161a\u010dki ure\u0111aji koriste jednostrane ili dvostrane tiskane plo\u010de. Kako digitalna pulsna kola postaju uobi\u010dajena, problemi EMI-ja rastu. Glavni uzrok je velika povr\u0161ina petlje signala. Velike povr\u0161ine petlje ne samo da emituju ja\u010de zra\u010denje, ve\u0107 i \u010dine kolu osjetljivijom na vanjsku buku. Da bi se pobolj\u0161ao EMC, najjednostavniji pristup je smanjenje povr\u0161ine petlje kriti\u010dnih signala.<\/p>

        Identificirajte klju\u010dne signale<\/h3>

        Iz ugla elektromagnetskog smetanja (EMC), klju\u010dni signali uklju\u010duju one koji stvaraju sna\u017eno zra\u010denje i one koji su osjetljivi na vanjsku buku. Sna\u017eni zra\u010dioci su \u010desto periodi\u010dni signali, poput taktnih signala i adresnih linija niskog reda. Osjetljivi signali su \u010desto analogne linije niskog napona.<\/p>

        Metode za smanjenje povr\u0161ine petlje<\/h3>

        Jednostavna metoda je provesti uzemljenski trag pored signalnog traga. Postavite uzemljenje \u0161to bli\u017ee. Takav raspored stvara vrlo malu petlju i smanjuje diferencijalno zra\u010denje i osjetljivost. Kada dodate uzemljenski trag pored signala, signalna struja \u0107e uglavnom te\u0107i kroz tu malu petlju, a ne kroz druge puteve uzemljenja.<\/p>

        Ako koristite dvostranu plo\u010du, postavite uzemljenje na drugu stranu, ta\u010dno ispod signalne linije. Ako mo\u017eete, u\u010dinite taj vod uzemljenja \u0161irokim. Povr\u0161ina petlje tada je jednaka debljini plo\u010de pomno\u017eenoj s du\u017einom signalne linije. Ta povr\u0161ina je znatno manja od duge otvorene petlje i poma\u017ee u smanjenju zra\u010denja.<\/p>

        Tako\u0111er, uvijek koristite bakrenu uzemljensku mre\u017eu na dvostranim plo\u010dama. Uzemljenska mre\u017ea smanjuje impedanciju uzemljenja. Uz uzemljensku mre\u017eu, signalna linija gotovo uvijek ima uzemljensku liniju u blizini i formira manju petlju. Prilikom rasporeda tragova dr\u017eite klju\u010dne linije blizu uzemljenja. Samo najkriti\u010dnije linije trebaju uzemljenje odmah pored sebe.<\/p>

        Ostali osnovni savjeti:<\/p>

        • Koristite kratke tragove za visokobrzinske signale.<\/p><\/li>

        • Koristite odgovaraju\u0107e kondenzatore za odvo\u0111enje blizu pinova za napajanje.<\/p><\/li>

        • Dr\u017eite analogno i digitalno uzemljenje odvojeno, a zatim ih po potrebi spojite na jednu ta\u010dku.<\/p><\/li>

        • Izbjegavajte duge petlje. Pro\u0111ite povratne staze blizu signalnog puta.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>

          Mali prakti\u010dni primjeri<\/h2>

          • Za satni trag na dvostranoj plo\u010di, postavite \u0161iroki maseni trag ispod njega na drugoj strani. Ako je debljina plo\u010de 1,6 mm, a satni trag duga\u010dak 50 mm, povr\u0161ina petlje je otprilike 1,6 mm \u00d7 50 mm. Ako trag mo\u017eete skratiti na 20 mm, povr\u0161ina se znatno smanjuje.<\/p><\/li>

          • Za osjetljivi analogni signal provucite uzemljenje odmah pored njega na istoj strani. Tako par formira zatvorenu petlju i smanjuje prijem smetnji.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>

            Sa\u017eetak<\/h2>

            Jednostrane tiskane plo\u010dice su jednostavne i jeftine. Na jednu stranu postavljaju sve komponente, a na drugu sve tragove. Dvostrane plo\u010de dodaju drugi sloj i koriste vias za povezivanje obje strane. FR4 je uobi\u010dajeni materijal za obje. Prelazak s komponenti s provrta na povr\u0161inske komponente potaknuo je potrebu za dvostranim i vi\u0161eslojnim plo\u010dama. Ipak, jednostrane plo\u010de i dalje imaju smisla za mnoge jednostavne proizvode zbog tro\u0161kova i jednostavnosti. Da biste smanjili EMI na jednostranim ili dvostranim plo\u010dama, smanjite povr\u0161inu petlje, dodajte obli\u017enje uzemljene tragove, koristite mre\u017eu uzemljenja i dr\u017eite tragove kratkima.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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            \u010cesto postavljana pitanja<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t
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            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKoje su glavne prednosti jednostranih tiskanih plo\u010dica?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            Imaju nisku cijenu, jednostavni su za dizajniranje i proizvodnju, lako ih je testirati i popraviti, te su idealni za proizvode velikog obima i niske slo\u017eenosti.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJesu li jednostrane tiskane plo\u010dice jeftinije od dvostranih ili vi\u0161eslojnskih plo\u010dica?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            Da\u2014kompleksnost materijala i procesa je ni\u017ea, pa su jedini\u010dni tro\u0161kovi i vrijeme isporuke obi\u010dno znatno manji nego kod dvostranih ili vi\u0161eslojnih tiskanih plo\u010dica.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPostoje li posebne napomene za monta\u017eu jednostranih plo\u010da?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            Budu\u0107i da su komponente na jednoj strani, planirajte raspored dijelova za reflow\/valno lemljenje i osigurajte da na strani za lemljenje nema prepreka; razgovarajte o procesu lemljenja sa svojim monta\u017eerom.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKako se jednostrane tiskane plo\u010dice testiraju prije isporuke?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            Tipi\u010dno QA uklju\u010duje vizuelni pregled, AOI (ako je primjenjivo), testove elektri\u010dne kontinuiteta\/kratkog spoja i funkcionalno testiranje kada to zahtijeva kupac.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKoja su pravila dizajna va\u017ena za jednostruke rasporede?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            Slijedite standardna pravila za razmak i \u0161irinu traga, planirajte rutu kako biste minimizirali ukr\u0161tanja (budu\u0107i da ne postoji drugi sloj) i ostavite prostor za prolazne rupe i padove\u2014potvrdite DRC fabrike i minimalne zahtjeve.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            A single-sided PCB is the most basic printed circuit board. All parts sit on one side. All traces sit on […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1898,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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            A single-sided PCB is the most basic printed circuit board. All parts sit on one side. All traces sit on the other side. Because only one side has traces, we call it a single-sided board. It is easy to make and it costs less. For that reason, simple electronic products often use single-sided PCBs.<\\\/p>

            \\\"Single-sided<\\\/p>

            When to use a double-sided PCB<\\\/h2>

            A double-sided PCB is a step up from a single-sided board. When one layer of routing cannot meet the needs of a product, designers use a double-sided board. Both sides have copper and traces. The two sides can connect with plated holes called vias. Vias let signals move from one layer to the other. That way the board can form the needed circuit network.<\\\/p>

            Similarities and differences between single-sided and double-sided PCBs<\\\/h2>

            Materials and base process<\\\/h3>

            Single-sided and double-sided PCBs share the same basic material. Most modern boards use fr4. fr4 is a mix of glass fiber and epoxy. In modern making, we usually plate the board with copper for good conductivity. Then we add a solder mask for a neat look and for protection. A silkscreen or screen print adds labels and marks. Machines print the marks in a process called silkscreen.<\\\/p>

            Old manufacturing and limits<\\\/h3>

            Modern board making was not always like this. In the past, engineers and hobbyists exposed designs on boards and then etched them by hand with chemical baths. Many methods existed. Most had the same limits. You could not etch many layers on one board easily. That forced layouts to be larger and to need heavy optimization.<\\\/p>

            In the 1960s this was fine. Large through-hole parts were the norm. Big rectangular chips had wide pins. These were DIP packages. Discrete through-hole parts like resistors and capacitors were large too. Parts laid close together so short traces were easy. That made single-sided layouts simple and clear.<\\\/p>

            The rise of surface-mount devices (SMD)<\\\/h3>

            The 1980s changed the field. Surface-mount devices (SMD) became the preferred parts for engineers. Square flat packages grew common. SMD discrete parts made it hard to route under parts. Boards had to get smaller. Single-sided boards became harder to use. This pushed the growth of double-sided board techniques. With vias, you no longer had to keep all copper on the same side. You could route on both sides with plated holes that connect layers.<\\\/p>

            \\\"surface-mount<\\\/p>

            Double-sided printed circuit boards<\\\/h2>

            Engineers moved to double-sided boards mainly for ease. When design limits force parts to a certain area, double-sided layouts are easier than single-sided ones. Double-sided boards also let you make large ground or power planes. If you look at a board closely, you may see large cuts of copper instead of many thin traces. These large copper zones help with EMI, heat, manufacturability, and most of all, they cut the routing work.<\\\/p>

            Why single-sided boards still exist<\\\/h2>

            Even though double-sided boards have clear benefits, single-sided designs still appear in many products today. Cost is the main driver. Single-sided PCBs usually cost a little less to buy and sometimes have shorter lead times. For a simple design, that is a clear plus. In mass production of simple products, saving a few cents per board can matter a lot. Also, for high current traces that need wide copper, single-sided layouts can be a good fit. They let you use large copper areas and simple routing for heavy current paths.<\\\/p>

            Pros and cons of single-sided PCBs<\\\/h3>

            Pros<\\\/h3>

            • Lower cost.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            • Simpler design and manufacture.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            • Shorter lead time in many cases.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul>

              Cons<\\\/h3>

              • Not good for complex designs with many parts.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              • Hard to meet small size needs.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              • Lower routing capacity.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              • Might be heavier and larger for the same function.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                Typical applications of single-sided PCBs<\\\/h2>

                Single-sided boards are common in many low-cost products. They appear in devices with simple functions that do not need large memory or network links. Examples include small home appliances like coffee machines. They also show up in many calculators, simple radios, printers, and LED lamps. Simple storage devices like basic solid-state drives may use single-sided boards. Power supplies and many kinds of sensors often use single-sided PCBs too.<\\\/p>

                How to tell single-sided, double-sided and multi-layer boards<\\\/h2>

                1. Hold the board to a light. If the inner core is fully opaque and you cannot see light through inner layers, it is a multi-layer board. If you can see only one copper layer, it is a single-sided board.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                2. Look at the holes. Single-sided boards have non-plated holes. They do not have plating on hole walls and they skip the electroplating process. Double-sided boards have plated through-holes or vias. That means you will see copper inside the hole.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                3. The basic difference is the number of copper layers: single has one copper layer, double has two copper layers, and multi-layer has three layers or more. In multi-layer making, inner layers are added and then the stack is laminated. You can cut a cross-section to check layers if needed.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                  \\\"double-sided<\\\/p>

                  How to reduce EMI on single or double-sided PCBs<\\\/h2>

                  For cost reasons, many consumer devices use single or double-sided boards. As digital pulse circuits become common, EMI issues rise. The main cause is large signal loop area. Large loop areas not only emit stronger radiation, they also make the circuit more sensitive to outside noise. To improve EMC, the simplest approach is to reduce the loop area of critical signals.<\\\/p>

                  Identify key signals<\\\/h3>

                  From an EMC view, key signals include those that make strong radiation and those that are sensitive to outside noise. Strong radiators are often periodic signals such as clocks and low-order address lines. Sensitive signals are often low-level analog lines.<\\\/p>

                  Methods to reduce loop area<\\\/h3>

                  One simple method is to route a ground trace next to the signal trace. Put the ground as close as you can. That layout makes a very small loop area and cuts differential radiation and sensitivity. When you add a ground trace next to the signal, the signal current will mainly flow in that small loop, not in other ground paths.<\\\/p>

                  If you use a double-sided board, place a ground trace on the other side right under the signal line. Make that ground trace wide if you can. The loop area then equals board thickness times the signal line length. That area is much smaller than a long open loop and helps cut radiation.<\\\/p>

                  Also, always use a ground copper mesh on double-sided boards. A ground mesh lowers ground impedance. With a ground mesh, a signal line almost always has a ground line nearby and forms a smaller loop area. When routing, keep key lines close to ground. Only the most critical lines need a ground right next to them.<\\\/p>

                  Other basic tips:<\\\/p>

                  • Use short traces for high-speed signals.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                  • Use proper decoupling capacitors near power pins.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                  • Keep analog and digital grounds separated and then join them at a single point if needed.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                  • Avoid long loops. Route return paths near the signal path.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                    Small practical examples<\\\/h2>

                    • For a clock trace on a double-sided board, put a wide ground trace under it on the other side. If the board thickness is 1.6 mm and the clock trace is 50 mm long, the loop area is roughly 1.6 mm \\u00d7 50 mm. If you can shorten the trace to 20 mm, the area drops a lot.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                    • For an analog signal that is sensitive, run a ground trace right beside it on the same side. Then the pair forms a tight loop and lowers pickup.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                      Summary<\\\/h2>

                      Single-sided PCBs are simple and cheap. They place all parts on one side and all traces on the other. Double-sided boards add a second layer and use vias to connect both sides. fr4 is the common material for both. The move from through-hole parts to surface-mount parts drove the need for double-sided and multi-layer boards. Yet single-sided boards still make sense for many simple products because of cost and ease. To lower EMI on single or double-sided boards, reduce loop area, add nearby ground traces, use ground mesh, and keep traces short.<\\\/p>\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"20bc943\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":false},{\"id\":\"4atp7ws\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"settings\":{\"gap\":\"no\",\"content_position\":\"top\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"background_color\":\"#FFFFFF00\",\"background_position\":\"bottom center\",\"background_attachment\":\"scroll\",\"background_repeat\":\"no-repeat\",\"background_size\":\"cover\",\"background_size_mobile\":\"cover\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"classic\",\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0)\",\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"80\",\"right\":\"40\",\"bottom\":\"80\",\"left\":\"40\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"7965ef2\"}],\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7882748\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"settings\":{\"_column_size\":100,\"_inline_size\":null,\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"space_between_widgets\":40,\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"9b127ef\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9fc6712\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Frequently Asked Questions\",\"align\":\"center\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"90c9854\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"631b990\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"_id\":\"a2a8268\",\"tab_title\":\"What are the main advantages of single-sided PCBs?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                      They are low cost, simple to design and manufacture, easy to test\\\/repair, and ideal for large-volume, low-complexity products.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"c04905e\",\"tab_title\":\"Are single-sided PCBs cheaper than double-sided or multilayer boards?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                      Yes\\u2014material and process complexity are lower, so unit cost and lead time are usually significantly less than for double-sided or multilayer PCBs.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"bd39d67\",\"tab_title\":\"Any special assembly notes for single-sided boards?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                      Because components are on one side, plan part placement for reflow\\\/wave soldering and ensure no obstructing components on the solder side; discuss solder process with your assembler.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"7e12e3e\",\"tab_title\":\"How are single-sided PCBs tested before shipping?\",\"tab_content\":\"

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                      \\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"7c49487","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<p data-start=\"50\" data-end=\"348\">A single-sided PCB is the most basic printed circuit board. All parts sit on one side. All traces sit on the other side. Because only one side has traces, we call it a single-sided board. It is easy to make and it costs less. For that reason, simple electronic products often use single-sided PCBs.<\/p><p data-start=\"50\" data-end=\"348\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2779\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Single-sided-PCB.webp\" alt=\"Single-sided PCB\" width=\"600\" height=\"367\" \/><\/p><h2 data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"383\">When to use a double-sided PCB<\/h2><p data-start=\"384\" data-end=\"739\">A double-sided PCB is a step up from a single-sided board. When one layer of routing cannot meet the needs of a product, designers use a double-sided board. Both sides have copper and traces. The two sides can connect with plated holes called vias. Vias let signals move from one layer to the other. That way the board can form the needed circuit network.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"741\" data-end=\"814\">Similarities and differences between single-sided and double-sided PCBs<\/h2><h3 data-start=\"816\" data-end=\"845\">Materials and base process<\/h3><p data-start=\"846\" data-end=\"1229\">Single-sided and double-sided PCBs share the same basic material. Most modern boards use fr4. fr4 is a mix of glass fiber and epoxy. In modern making, we usually plate the board with copper for good conductivity. Then we add a solder mask for a neat look and for protection. A silkscreen or screen print adds labels and marks. Machines print the marks in a process called silkscreen.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"1231\" data-end=\"1262\">Old manufacturing and limits<\/h3><p data-start=\"1263\" data-end=\"1586\">Modern board making was not always like this. In the past, engineers and hobbyists exposed designs on boards and then etched them by hand with chemical baths. Many methods existed. Most had the same limits. You could not etch many layers on one board easily. That forced layouts to be larger and to need heavy optimization.<\/p><p data-start=\"1588\" data-end=\"1893\">In the 1960s this was fine. Large through-hole parts were the norm. Big rectangular chips had wide pins. These were DIP packages. Discrete through-hole parts like resistors and capacitors were large too. Parts laid close together so short traces were easy. That made single-sided layouts simple and clear.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"1895\" data-end=\"1937\">The rise of surface-mount devices (SMD)<\/h3><p data-start=\"1938\" data-end=\"2385\">The 1980s changed the field. Surface-mount devices (SMD) became the preferred parts for engineers. Square flat packages grew common. SMD discrete parts made it hard to route under parts. Boards had to get smaller. Single-sided boards became harder to use. This pushed the growth of double-sided board techniques. With vias, you no longer had to keep all copper on the same side. You could route on both sides with plated holes that connect layers.<\/p><p data-start=\"1938\" data-end=\"2385\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2780\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/surface-mount-devices.webp\" alt=\"surface-mount devices\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" \/><\/p><h2 data-start=\"2387\" data-end=\"2424\">Double-sided printed circuit boards<\/h2><p data-start=\"2426\" data-end=\"2858\">Engineers moved to double-sided boards mainly for ease. When design limits force parts to a certain area, double-sided layouts are easier than single-sided ones. Double-sided boards also let you make large ground or power planes. If you look at a board closely, you may see large cuts of copper instead of many thin traces. These large copper zones help with EMI, heat, manufacturability, and most of all, they cut the routing work.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"2860\" data-end=\"2897\">Why single-sided boards still exist<\/h2><p data-start=\"2899\" data-end=\"3427\">Even though double-sided boards have clear benefits, single-sided designs still appear in many products today. Cost is the main driver. Single-sided PCBs usually cost a little less to buy and sometimes have shorter lead times. For a simple design, that is a clear plus. In mass production of simple products, saving a few cents per board can matter a lot. Also, for high current traces that need wide copper, single-sided layouts can be a good fit. They let you use large copper areas and simple routing for heavy current paths.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"3429\" data-end=\"3465\">Pros and cons of single-sided PCBs<\/h3><h3 data-start=\"3467\" data-end=\"3475\">Pros<\/h3><ul data-start=\"3476\" data-end=\"3564\"><li data-start=\"3476\" data-end=\"3491\"><p data-start=\"3478\" data-end=\"3491\">Lower cost.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3492\" data-end=\"3527\"><p data-start=\"3494\" data-end=\"3527\">Simpler design and manufacture.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3528\" data-end=\"3564\"><p data-start=\"3530\" data-end=\"3564\">Shorter lead time in many cases.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3 data-start=\"3566\" data-end=\"3574\">Cons<\/h3><ul data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3740\"><li data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3624\"><p data-start=\"3577\" data-end=\"3624\">Not good for complex designs with many parts.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3625\" data-end=\"3659\"><p data-start=\"3627\" data-end=\"3659\">Hard to meet small size needs.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3660\" data-end=\"3687\"><p data-start=\"3662\" data-end=\"3687\">Lower routing capacity.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3688\" data-end=\"3740\"><p data-start=\"3690\" data-end=\"3740\">Might be heavier and larger for the same function.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-start=\"3742\" data-end=\"3785\">Typical applications of single-sided PCBs<\/h2><p data-start=\"3787\" data-end=\"4233\">Single-sided boards are common in many low-cost products. They appear in devices with simple functions that do not need large memory or network links. Examples include small home appliances like coffee machines. They also show up in many calculators, simple radios, printers, and LED lamps. Simple storage devices like basic solid-state drives may use single-sided boards. Power supplies and many kinds of sensors often use single-sided PCBs too.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"4235\" data-end=\"4298\">How to tell single-sided, double-sided and multi-layer boards<\/h2><ol data-start=\"4300\" data-end=\"5047\"><li data-start=\"4300\" data-end=\"4505\"><p data-start=\"4303\" data-end=\"4505\">Hold the board to a light. If the inner core is fully opaque and you cannot see light through inner layers, it is a multi-layer board. If you can see only one copper layer, it is a single-sided board.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4506\" data-end=\"4756\"><p data-start=\"4509\" data-end=\"4756\">Look at the holes. Single-sided boards have non-plated holes. They do not have plating on hole walls and they skip the electroplating process. Double-sided boards have plated through-holes or vias. That means you will see copper inside the hole.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4757\" data-end=\"5047\"><p data-start=\"4760\" data-end=\"5047\">The basic difference is the number of copper layers: single has one copper layer, double has two copper layers, and multi-layer has three layers or more. In multi-layer making, inner layers are added and then the stack is laminated. You can cut a cross-section to check layers if needed.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2778\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/double-sided-PCB.webp\" alt=\"double-sided PCB\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" \/><\/p><h2 data-start=\"5049\" data-end=\"5099\">How to reduce EMI on single or double-sided PCBs<\/h2><p data-start=\"5101\" data-end=\"5472\">For cost reasons, many consumer devices use single or double-sided boards. As digital pulse circuits become common, EMI issues rise. The main cause is large signal loop area. Large loop areas not only emit stronger radiation, they also make the circuit more sensitive to outside noise. To improve EMC, the simplest approach is to reduce the loop area of critical signals.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"5474\" data-end=\"5497\">Identify key signals<\/h3><p data-start=\"5498\" data-end=\"5755\">From an EMC view, key signals include those that make strong radiation and those that are sensitive to outside noise. Strong radiators are often periodic signals such as clocks and low-order address lines. Sensitive signals are often low-level analog lines.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"5757\" data-end=\"5787\">Methods to reduce loop area<\/h3><p data-start=\"5788\" data-end=\"6115\">One simple method is to route a ground trace next to the signal trace. Put the ground as close as you can. That layout makes a very small loop area and cuts differential radiation and sensitivity. When you add a ground trace next to the signal, the signal current will mainly flow in that small loop, not in other ground paths.<\/p><p data-start=\"6117\" data-end=\"6402\">If you use a double-sided board, place a ground trace on the other side right under the signal line. Make that ground trace wide if you can. The loop area then equals board thickness times the signal line length. That area is much smaller than a long open loop and helps cut radiation.<\/p><p data-start=\"6404\" data-end=\"6717\">Also, always use a ground copper mesh on double-sided boards. A ground mesh lowers ground impedance. With a ground mesh, a signal line almost always has a ground line nearby and forms a smaller loop area. When routing, keep key lines close to ground. Only the most critical lines need a ground right next to them.<\/p><p data-start=\"6719\" data-end=\"6736\">Other basic tips:<\/p><ul data-start=\"6737\" data-end=\"6992\"><li data-start=\"6737\" data-end=\"6781\"><p data-start=\"6739\" data-end=\"6781\">Use short traces for high-speed signals.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6782\" data-end=\"6835\"><p data-start=\"6784\" data-end=\"6835\">Use proper decoupling capacitors near power pins.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6836\" data-end=\"6929\"><p data-start=\"6838\" data-end=\"6929\">Keep analog and digital grounds separated and then join them at a single point if needed.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6930\" data-end=\"6992\"><p data-start=\"6932\" data-end=\"6992\">Avoid long loops. Route return paths near the signal path.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-start=\"6994\" data-end=\"7020\">Small practical examples<\/h2><ul data-start=\"7022\" data-end=\"7437\"><li data-start=\"7022\" data-end=\"7290\"><p data-start=\"7024\" data-end=\"7290\">For a clock trace on a double-sided board, put a wide ground trace under it on the other side. If the board thickness is 1.6 mm and the clock trace is 50 mm long, the loop area is roughly 1.6 mm \u00d7 50 mm. If you can shorten the trace to 20 mm, the area drops a lot.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7291\" data-end=\"7437\"><p data-start=\"7293\" data-end=\"7437\">For an analog signal that is sensitive, run a ground trace right beside it on the same side. Then the pair forms a tight loop and lowers pickup.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-start=\"7439\" data-end=\"7448\">Summary<\/h2><p data-start=\"7450\" data-end=\"7998\">Single-sided PCBs are simple and cheap. They place all parts on one side and all traces on the other. Double-sided boards add a second layer and use vias to connect both sides. fr4 is the common material for both. The move from through-hole parts to surface-mount parts drove the need for double-sided and multi-layer boards. Yet single-sided boards still make sense for many simple products because of cost and ease. To lower EMI on single or double-sided boards, reduce loop area, add nearby ground traces, use ground mesh, and keep traces short.<\/p>","display_condition_list":[{"display_condition_login_status":"subscriber","_id":"20bc943"}]},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                      Frequently Asked Questions<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat are the main advantages of single-sided PCBs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      They are low cost, simple to design and manufacture, easy to test\\\/repair, and ideal for large-volume, low-complexity products.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tAre single-sided PCBs cheaper than double-sided or multilayer boards?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      Yes\\u2014material and process complexity are lower, so unit cost and lead time are usually significantly less than for double-sided or multilayer PCBs.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tAny special assembly notes for single-sided boards?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      Because components are on one side, plan part placement for reflow\\\/wave soldering and ensure no obstructing components on the solder side; discuss solder process with your assembler.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tHow are single-sided PCBs tested before shipping?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      Typical QA includes visual inspection, AOI (if applicable), electrical continuity\\\/short tests, and functional testing when required by the customer.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat design rules are important for single-layer layouts?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      Follow standard clearance and trace-width rules, route to minimize crossovers (since no second layer exists), and leave space for through-holes and pads\\u2014confirm fab DRC and minimums.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-2625.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-2625.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"A single-sided PCB is the most basic printed circuit board. All parts sit on one side. All traces sit on […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2625","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2625"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2625\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3406,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2625\/revisions\/3406"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2625"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}