{"id":4132,"date":"2025-10-21T06:59:15","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T06:59:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4132"},"modified":"2025-10-21T07:03:01","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T07:03:01","slug":"three-levels-of-routing-in-pcb-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/three-levels-of-routing-in-pcb-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Tri nivoa rutiranja u dizajnu \u0161tampanih plo\u010dica"},"content":{"rendered":"

U dizajnu \u0161tampanih plo\u010dica (PCB) ruteranje se mo\u017ee posmatrati na tri \u0161iroka nivoa. Prvi nivo je osnovna povezanost. To je najosnovniji zahtjev u dizajnu PCB-a. Ako mre\u017ee nisu povezane, plo\u010da nema osnovnu funkciju. Tada je plo\u010da otpad. Ne govorimo o drugim stvarima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Drugi nivo je performanse. To je mjera koliko je dobra \u0161tampana plo\u010dica. Nakon rutiranja moramo razmisliti o tome kako posti\u0107i najbolje performanse. Moramo izbjegavati razli\u010dite vrste smetnji. Tako\u0111er moramo odr\u017eavati signale stabilnim i \u010distim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tre\u0107i nivo je izgled. Tragovi se mogu povezati i plo\u010da mo\u017ee pokazati dobre elektri\u010dne performanse, ali raspored i dalje mo\u017ee izgledati neuredno. U tom slu\u010daju trebamo u\u010diniti da je ruteiranje uredno. Uredno ruteiranje poma\u017ee pri kasnijem testiranju i popravci. Uredno ruteiranje tako\u0111er pokazuje vje\u0161tine iskusnog in\u017eenjera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kako dobro usmjeriti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Metode rutiranja mogu se znatno razlikovati. Da bismo izbjegli probleme poput reflektovanih signala kada ulazne i izlazne staze idu blizu i paralelno, te da bismo izbjegli parazitsko povezivanje kada staze na dva susjedna sloja idu paralelno, moramo razmotriti mnoge faktore. Ako je interferencija dovoljno jaka, plo\u010da mo\u017eda ne\u0107e raditi uop\u0107e. Ispod su neka preporu\u010dena pravila za rutiranje PCB-a. Pravilo \u201cpet-pet\u201d (pravilo izbora sloja)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ovo pravilo poma\u017ee pri odabiru broja slojeva PCB-a. Kada frekvencija takta dostigne 5 MHz ili vrijeme porasta impulsa bude manje od 5 ns, PCB treba biti vi\u0161eslojna plo\u010da. Ovo je op\u0107e pravilo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ponekad ljudi i dalje biraju dvostruku plo\u010du zbog tro\u0161kova. Ako koristite dvije strane, poku\u0161ajte iskoristiti jednu cijelu stranu kao \u010dvrstu zemljanu ravan. To pobolj\u0161ava performanse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mije\u0161ane digitalne i analogne pravila o uzemljenju<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sada mnoge \u0161tampane plo\u010dice imaju i digitalne i analogne sklopove. Prilikom rasporeda tragova razmislite o me\u0111usobnim smetnjama, posebno o \u0161umu na uzemljenju. Digitalni sklopovi rade na visokim frekvencijama. Analogni sklopovi su \u010desto osjetljivi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za signale dr\u017eite visokofrekventne tragove podalje od osjetljivih analognih dijelova. Za uzemljenje cijela tiskanica ima jedan \u010dvor prema vanjskom svijetu. Stoga morate pa\u017eljivo tretirati digitalno i analogno uzemljenje unutar plo\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unutar plo\u010de digitalna masa i analogna masa \u010desto su odvojene i nisu me\u0111usobno povezane. Spajaju se samo na mjestu gdje se PCB povezuje s vanjskim svijetom, na primjer putem konektora. Pobrinite se da digitalna masa i analogna masa budu kratko spojene na jednom mjestu. Neki sistemi mogu odlu\u010diti da ne dijele masu na plo\u010di. Slijedite odluku o dizajnu sistema.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rukovanje vodovima komponenti na velikim bakrenim povr\u0161inama<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Velika bakrena tla\u010dna ili napojna podru\u010dja \u010desto se susre\u0107u s brojnim vodovima komponenti. Za rukovanje vodovima komponenti moramo uravnote\u017eiti elektri\u010dne performanse i monta\u017eu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa elektri\u010dnog aspekta, pad bi trebao biti potpuno povezan sa bakrom za najbolje performanse. Ali potpuni bakreni padovi stvaraju probleme pri lemljenju. Problemi uklju\u010duju:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za lemljenje je potrebno mnogo toplote iz lemne \u017earuljice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lak\u0161e je dobiti hladne ili slabe lemne spojeve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Da biste uravnote\u017eili elektri\u010dne potrebe i proizvodnju, napravite termi\u010dke odvodne podloge. Uobi\u010dajeni oblik je podloga u obliku kri\u017ea. To se naziva termi\u010dka odvodna podloga ili termi\u010dka podloga. Ona poma\u017ee pri lemljenju tako \u0161to termi\u010dki izoluje podlogu od velikih bakrenih ravni. Termi\u010dke podloge smanjuju rizik od hladnih lemnih spojeva. U vi\u0161eslojnoj plo\u010di tretirajte viae koje povezuju slojeve napajanja i uzemljenja na isti na\u010din.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pravila mre\u017enog sistema<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mre\u017eni uzemljiva\u010dki sistem ili mre\u017ea uzemljenja poma\u017ee smanjiti induktansu tragova i osigurava dobar povratni put za RF struje. Ali budite oprezni s gusto\u0107om mre\u017ee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako je mre\u017ea pregu\u0161ta, bit \u0107e mnogo malih koraka mre\u017ee. To generi\u0161e mnogo podataka o rasporedu. To zahtijeva vi\u0161e prostora za pohranu i usporava CAD alate. Tako\u0111er, neki putevi mre\u017ee su beskorisni jer ih zauzimaju padovi komponenti ili monta\u017ene rupe. Ako je mre\u017ea prerijetka, usmjeravanje postaje te\u0161ko i uspje\u0161nost usmjeravanja opada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dakle, odaberite razumnu gusto\u0107u mre\u017ee. Standardni razmak me\u0111usobnih spojeva komponenti iznosi 0,1 in\u010da (2,54 mm). Stoga je uobi\u010dajena osnovna mre\u017ea od 0,1 in\u010da ili neki njezin jednostavan podudijel. Primjeri: 0,05 in\u010da, 0,025 in\u010da, 0,02 in\u010da i tako dalje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kako provjeriti nakon usmjeravanja<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nakon zavr\u0161etka rutiranja PCB-a, provjerite da li dizajn po\u0161tuje pravila i da li zadovoljava ograni\u010denja proizvodnje. Ispod su uobi\u010dajene provjere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podru\u010dja koja treba provjeriti uklju\u010duju: op\u0107e stavke crte\u017ea dizajna PCB-a, elektri\u010dne provjere PCB-a, fizi\u010dke provjere PCB-a, faktore mehani\u010dkog dizajna, zahtjeve za monta\u017eu PCB-a, potrebe za razdvajanjem plo\u010de, mehani\u010dka razmatranja, elektri\u010dne aspekte, rute i raspored, \u0161irine i debljine tragova, razmak tragova, provjere oblika tragova i popis stavki dizajna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prakti\u010dna kontrolna lista<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Provjerite je li udaljenost izme\u0111u via razumna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Provjerite odgovaraju li \u0161irine tragova za napajanje i masu trenutnim potrebama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Provjerite koriste li klju\u010dni signalni tragovi najbolje mjere (kratki put, kontrolirana impedanca, oklopljenje).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Provjerite imaju li analogni i digitalni dijelovi odvojene uzemljive veze ako je potrebno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Provjerite da li bi dodani bakreni uzorci na plo\u010di mogli izazvati kratki spoj signala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Provjerite ima li plo\u010da potrebne proizvodne linije ili oznake za fabriku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Provjerite imaju li rubovi napojne i masne ravnine na vi\u0161eslojnoj plo\u010di potreban urez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studija slu\u010daja rutiranja i klju\u010dna pravila<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Routing je va\u017ean dio dizajna \u0161tampanih plo\u010dica. Routing \u010desto oduzima najvi\u0161e vremena. In\u017eenjeri bi trebali slijediti osnovna pravila pri routingu, kao \u0161to su pravila za zaobljavanje ivica i pravilo 3W.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pravilo o zemaljskoj petlji<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pravilo najmanje petlje zna\u010di da povr\u0161ina obuhva\u0107ena signalom i njegovim povratnim vodom treba biti \u0161to manja. \u0160to je manja povr\u0161ina petlje, to plo\u010da manje zra\u010di i manje prima vanjsku buku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prilikom dijeljenja zemaljskih ravni razmislite o tome kako se oblik ravni i va\u017ene signalne staze uskla\u0111uju. Sprije\u010dite probleme uzrokovane prorezima u zemaljskoj ravni koji pove\u0107avaju povr\u0161inu petlje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na dvoslojnim dizajnima ostavite dovoljno prostora za napajanje. Ostali prostor popunite referentnim bakrenim uzemljenjem. Dodajte potrebne via-puteve za uzemljenje kako biste povezali obje strane plo\u010de. Za klju\u010dne signale koristite izolaciju uzemljenja. Za visokofrekventne dizajne koristite vi\u0161eslojne plo\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Ground<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravilo o za\u0161titi i odbrani<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Za\u0161tita je jo\u0161 jedan na\u010din za smanjenje povr\u0161ine petlje i smanjenje zra\u010denja. Koristite za\u0161titu za va\u017ene signale, kao \u0161to su signali takta i sinhronizacije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za vrlo kriti\u010dne ili vrlo visokofrekventne signale mo\u017eete koristiti bakreni \u0161tit ili dizajn nalik koaksu. Okru\u017eite trasu na svim stranama masom. Tako\u0111er isplanirajte kako se masa \u0161tita povezuje s glavnom ravni mase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Shielding<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravilo kontrole kros-talka<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Krosstalk ozna\u010dava interferenciju izme\u0111u razli\u010ditih mre\u017ea na \u0161tampanoj plo\u010dici. Nastaje uslijed dugog paralelnog o\u017ei\u010denja. Uzrok su distribuirana kapacitivnost i indukativnost izme\u0111u paralelnih tragova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Glavni na\u010dini za borbu protiv unakrsnog govora: \u2022 Pove\u0107ajte razmak izme\u0111u paralelnih tragova. Slijedite pravilo 3W. \u2022 Ubacite uzemljene za\u0161titne tragove izme\u0111u kriti\u010dnih paralelnih tragova. \u2022 Smanjite udaljenost izme\u0111u sloja za rute i uzemljene ravni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podsjetnik na pravilo 3W<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Da biste smanjili kri\u017eni govor, odr\u017eavajte veliko razmaknjenje tragova. Ako je sredi\u0161nja udaljenost tri puta ve\u0107a od \u0161irine traga, izolirano je otprilike 70% polja. Za 98% izolaciju koristite 10W.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"3w<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Upravljanje smjerom tragova<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Odr\u017eavajte smjer susjednih slojeva okomitim. Izbjegavajte vo\u0111enje tragova u istom smjeru na susjednim slojevima. To smanjuje povezivanje slojeva. Ako struktura plo\u010de name\u0107e paralelno vo\u0111enje, posebno u visokobrzinskim dizajnima, koristite uzemljene ravnine izme\u0111u slojeva za rutiranje kako biste ih izolirali. Tako\u0111er koristite uzemljene za\u0161titne tragove izme\u0111u signalnih tragova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Trace<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravilo za provjeru vise\u0107eg traga<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nemojte ostavljati nijedan kraj mre\u017ee da lebdi nepovezan. Lebde\u0107i vodovi mogu djelovati kao antene. Uzrokuju dodatno zra\u010denje i mogu upijati \u0161um. Izbjegavajte to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Dangling<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravilo provjere zatvorene petlje<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sprije\u010dite da signal formira petlju izme\u0111u razli\u010ditih slojeva. Na vi\u0161eslojnim plo\u010dama petlje uzrokuju zra\u010denje. Obratite pa\u017enju na to i prilagodite rute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Closed-loop<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravilo za kosinu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Izbjegavajte o\u0161tre ili izrazito o\u0161tre uglove u kutovima traga. O\u0161tri kutovi mogu uzrokovati ne\u017eeljeno zra\u010denje. Tako\u0111er mogu biti nepovoljni za proizvodnju. Koristite blage zavoje ili kutove od 45 stepeni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chamfer<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravilo o razdvajanju komponenti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dodajte razdjelne kondenzatore po potrebi. Razdjelni kondenzatori filtriraju \u0161um na napojnim vodovima. Postavite razdjelni kondenzator blizu pin-a za napajanje ure\u0111aja nakon filtera za napajanje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Component<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Integritet napojnih i masenih ravni<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

U podru\u010djima s mnogo via, nemojte dopustiti da via presijecaju plo\u010du tako da se plo\u010da razdijeli na manje dijelove. Presijecanja plo\u010de pove\u0107avaju povr\u0161inu petlje i uzrokuju probleme s povratnim putem signala. Kada radite fanout, odr\u017eavajte razmak izme\u0111u via tako da i dalje mo\u017eete provu\u0107i barem jednu stazu izme\u0111u via.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Power<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravilo preklapanja ravni snage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Izbjegavajte preklapanje razli\u010ditih napojnih ravni u prostoru. To smanjuje smetnje izme\u0111u napajanja, posebno kada razli\u010dita napajanja imaju velike razlike u naponu. Ako preklapanje nije mogu\u0107e izbje\u0107i, razmislite o dodavanju uzemljene ravni izme\u0111u njih.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Power<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ponovljeno pravilo 20H<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Zapamtite efekt ivice. Razmak izme\u0111u napojne i uzemljene plo\u010de utje\u010de na zra\u010denje na ivicama. Uvu\u010dite napojnu plo\u010du kako biste zadr\u017eali polje unutar uzemljene plo\u010de. Uvu\u010denje od 20H ograni\u010dava na otprilike 70% polja. Uvu\u010denje od 100H ograni\u010dava na otprilike 98% polja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"20H<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Detaljnija pravila usmjeravanja i provjere<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kontrola povratnog puta<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Uvijek planirajte put povratka signala. Signal mora imati niskoimpedantni povratni vod ispod sebe. Dr\u017eite putanje povratka zemlje kratkim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Planiranje fanouta i via-puta<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Za guste BGA ili fine-pitch komponente, planirajte fanout rano. Odr\u017eavajte razmak via tako da ostane prostor za usmjeravanje signala. Za fanout koristite mikrovie ili slijepe via ako je potrebno u naprednim dizajnima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kontrola impedanse<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Za visokobrzinske single-ended trase ili diferencijalne parove kontrolirajte \u0161irinu trase i razmak kako biste postigli ciljanu impedanciju. Koristite PCB stack-up i dielektrik za izra\u010dunavanje geometrije trase.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ru\u010danje diferencijalnog para<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Raspore\u0111ujte diferencijalne parove jednakih du\u017eina. Odr\u017eavajte stabilnu razdaljinu. Izbjegavajte stubove. Odr\u017eavajte glatke zavoje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pode\u0161avanje du\u017eine i ka\u0161njenje<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Za buseve i interfejse kojima je potreban uskla\u0111eni tajming, uskladite du\u017einu ruta. Koristite serpentin trase za pode\u0161avanje du\u017eine. Odr\u017eavajte serpentin obrasce glatkim i niskim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temperaturna razlika i toplotni podmeta\u010di<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Prilikom pri\u010dvr\u0161\u0107ivanja padova na veliku bakarnu plo\u010du koristite termi\u010dko rastere\u0107enje. Neka pad bude povezan s masom pomo\u0107u radijalnih provodnika. To olak\u0161ava lemljenje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maska za lemljenje i pasta maska<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Provjerite otvore na maski za lemljenje. Poravnajte masku za pastu za SMD dijelove. Provjerite da mali padovi imaju ispravnu povr\u0161inu za pastu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dizajn za testiranje i monta\u017eu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ostavite testne ta\u010dke i oznake za sklapanje. Ostavite prostor za sonde. Osigurajte raspored koji omogu\u0107ava lemljenje i inspekciju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kona\u010dna kontrolna lista za rutiranje (kratka lista)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Provjerite je li sve povezano. \u2022 Pokrenite DRC i ERC provjere. \u2022 Provjerite \u0161irinu traga i struju. \u2022 Provjerite razmak za krosstalk i napon. \u2022 Provjerite dekupla\u017ene i glavne kondenzatore. \u2022 Provjerite podjele ravni i povratne puteve. \u2022 Provjerite termi\u010dka olak\u0161anja i oblike padova. \u2022 Provjerite monta\u017eu i pristup za testiranje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uobi\u010dajene gre\u0161ke koje treba izbjegavati<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u2022 Ostavljanje praznih slotova na referentnoj ravnini ispod kriti\u010dnih signala.\u2022 Provo\u0111enje brzorutnih tragova pored bu\u010dnih napojnih tragova.\u2022 Kori\u0161tenje mnogo kuteva od 90 stepeni.\u2022 Ne dodavanje dekupliranja u blizini pinova integrisanih kola.\u2022 Dopu\u0161tanje da viae lo\u0161e dijele ravnine.\u2022 Ne planiranje fanouta za guste \u010dipove.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zavr\u0161ne napomene<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Routing je klju\u010dni dio dizajna \u0161tampane plo\u010dice. Dobar routing osigurava ispravne veze, dobre performanse i dobar izgled. Slijedite jednostavna pravila. Dr\u017eite petlje male. Kontrolirajte kros-talk i povratne putanje. Koristite insete ravni za kontrolu ivica. Koristite dekupiranje za smanjenje \u0161uma napajanja. Koristite termi\u010dke reljefe za lemljenje. Koristite razuman raspored re\u0161etke za routing. Pa\u017eljivo provjerite plo\u010dicu nakon routinga.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ako slijedite ova osnovna pravila, smanjit \u0107ete EMI, pobolj\u0161ati kvalitetu signala i olak\u0161ati izradu i odr\u017eavanje plo\u010de. Ruteranje zahtijeva pa\u017enju. Posvetite vrijeme planiranju i rasporedu. Dobar raspored se isplati u\u0161tedom vremena pri testiranju i popravku te kvalitetom kona\u010dnog proizvoda.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In PCB design, routing can be seen in three broad levels. The first level is basic connectivity. 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