{"id":4666,"date":"2026-01-22T07:41:45","date_gmt":"2026-01-22T07:41:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4666"},"modified":"2026-01-22T07:41:50","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T07:41:50","slug":"pcb-stackup-design-from-2-to-8-layers-for-emi-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/pcb-stackup-design-from-2-to-8-layers-for-emi-control\/","title":{"rendered":"Dizajn slojeva PCB-a od 2 do 8 slojeva za kontrolu EMI"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Osnovni principi dizajna stackupa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>U cjelini, dizajn stackupa mora slijediti dva pravila:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Svaki sloj rutiranja mora imati obli\u017enji referentni sloj. Referentni sloj mo\u017ee biti napojni ili zemljani sloj.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr\u017eite glavnu napojnu ravan i uzemljensku ravan \u0161to bli\u017ee. To omogu\u0107ava ve\u0107u kapacitivnost povezivanja.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ispod su primjeri slojeva za \u0161tampane plo\u010de od dvostrukih do osmoslojnih.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Core-Principles-of-Stackup-Design.webp\" alt=\"Core Principles of Stackup Design\" class=\"wp-image-4667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Core-Principles-of-Stackup-Design.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Core-Principles-of-Stackup-Design-300x188.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Core-Principles-of-Stackup-Design-768x480.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Core-Principles-of-Stackup-Design-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Sheme slojeva prema broju slojeva PCB-a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Jednoslojni i dvoslojni stakovi plo\u010da<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Za dvoslojne plo\u010de broj slojeva je nizak. Problemi sa slojevima ne postoje na isti na\u010din kao kod vi\u0161eslojnih plo\u010da. Kontrola EMI zra\u010denja mora dolaziti iz rutiranja i rasporeda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/pcb-manufacturer\/single-sided-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2625\">Jednoslojni<\/a> i dvostruke plo\u010de imaju sve ve\u0107e EMC probleme. Glavni uzrok je \u0161to povr\u0161ine signalnih petlji mogu postati velike. Velike povr\u0161ine petlji ne samo da stvaraju sna\u017eno zra\u010denje, ve\u0107 \u010dine i da je sklop osjetljiv na vanjsku buku. Da bi se pobolj\u0161ao EMC, najjednostavniji korak je smanjiti povr\u0161inu petlje klju\u010dnih signala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Klju\u010dni signali: Iz ugla EMC-a, klju\u010dni signali su oni koji stvaraju sna\u017eno zra\u010denje i oni koji su osjetljivi na vanjsku buku. Signali koji stvaraju sna\u017eno zra\u010denje obi\u010dno su periodi\u010dni signali. To uklju\u010duje taktne signale i adresne signale niskog reda. Signali koji su osjetljivi na buku obi\u010dno su analogni signali niskog nivoa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jednoslojne i dvoslojne plo\u010de obi\u010dno se koriste u niskofrekventnim analognim projektima ispod 10 kHz. Koristite ova osnovna pravila:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pove\u017eite napajanje na istom sloju radijalno kad god je to mogu\u0107e. Poku\u0161ajte odr\u017eati ukupnu du\u017einu tragova kratkom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dr\u017eite vodove za napajanje i masu blizu jedni drugih. Postavite vod za masu pored klju\u010dnog signala. Postavite taj vod za masu \u0161to bli\u017ee signalu koliko god mo\u017eete. To stvara malu petlju. Mala petlja smanjuje zajedni\u010dki mod zra\u010denja i smanjuje osjetljivost signala na vanjsku buku. Kada postavite vod za masu pored signala, mala petlja \u0107e privu\u0107i povratnu struju signala. Struja signala tada prolazi kroz tu malu petlju, a ne kroz druge puteve za masu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za dvostranu plo\u010du postavite \u0161iroki uzemljeni trag na drugoj strani plo\u010de, ta\u010dno ispod signalnog traga. U\u010dinite ovaj uzemljeni trag \u0161to \u0161irim. Time se stvara petlja \u010dija povr\u0161ina odgovara debljini plo\u010de pomno\u017eenoj s du\u017einom signala.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 \u010cetveroslojni raspored plo\u010dica<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Uobi\u010dajeni \u010detveroslojni slojevi uklju\u010duju:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SIG \u2013 GND (ili PWR) \u2013 PWR (ili GND) \u2013 SIG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GND \u2013 SIG (ili PWR) \u2013 SIG (ili PWR) \u2013 GND<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Za oba ova stackupa postoji potencijalni problem sa standardnom debljinom plo\u010de od 1,6 mm (62 mil). Razmak izme\u0111u slojeva postaje velik. Veliki razmak ote\u017eava kontrolu impedanse, povezivanje slojeva i oklopljenje. Posebno, ako je razmak izme\u0111u napojnih i masenih ravni velik, kapacitivnost plo\u010de opada. Niska kapacitivnost plo\u010de nije dobra za filtriranje \u0161uma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"445\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Four-Layer-Board-Stackups.webp\" alt=\"Four-Layer Board Stackups\" class=\"wp-image-4668\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Four-Layer-Board-Stackups.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Four-Layer-Board-Stackups-300x167.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Four-Layer-Board-Stackups-768x427.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Four-Layer-Board-Stackups-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Za prvi stackup (SIG \u2013 GND\/PWR \u2013 PWR\/GND \u2013 SIG)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ljudi ga \u010desto koriste kada na plo\u010di ima mnogo \u010dipova. Ovaj sloj osigurava dobru integritet signala. Performanse EMI-ja nisu tako dobre. Morate kontrolirati EMI pa\u017eljivim rasporedom tragova i drugim detaljima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Klju\u010dne ta\u010dke:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Postavite ground plane pored signalnog sloja s najgu\u0161\u0107im rutiranjem. To poma\u017ee apsorbirati i smanjiti zra\u010denje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tako\u0111er pove\u0107ajte povr\u0161inu plo\u010de. Slijedite pravilo 20H.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Za drugi sloj (GND \u2013 SIG\/PWR \u2013 SIG\/PWR \u2013 GND)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ljudi ga koriste kada je gusto\u0107a \u010dipova niska i kada na povr\u0161ini \u010dipa ima prostora za izlijevanje bakra za napajanje. U ovom dizajnu, vanjski slojevi su uzemljenja, a dva unutra\u0161nja sloja su za signal ili napajanje. Provucite napajanje na signalnom sloju \u0161irokim tragovima. \u0160iroki tragovi \u010dine da je impedansa puta napajanja niska i da je impedansa mikristrip signala niska. Vanjski slojevi uzemljenja mogu \u0161tititi unutra\u0161nje signale od zra\u010denja. Sa aspekta kontrole EMI, ovo je trenutno najbolja dostupna \u010detveroslojna PCB struktura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Klju\u010dne ta\u010dke:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Odr\u017eavajte ve\u0107e razmak izme\u0111u dva unutra\u0161nja sloja mije\u0161anih signala i napajanja.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Usmjerite rute na tim slojevima tako da budu okomite kako biste izbjegli preslu\u0161avanje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Podru\u010dje kontrolne plo\u010de i slijedite pravilo 20H.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ako morate kontrolirati impedanciju rute, pa\u017eljivo postavite tragove ispod bakrenih otoka za napajanje i masu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tako\u0111er, poku\u0161ajte \u0161to vi\u0161e me\u0111usobno povezati bakarne izlijevke na slojevima napajanja i uzemljenja. To osigurava dobru DC i niskofrekvencijsku povezanost.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3 \u0160estoslojne kombinacije plo\u010dica<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Za dizajne s visokom gusto\u0107om \u010dipova i visokom taktom razmotrite \u0161esteroslojne plo\u010de. Dva preporu\u010dena \u0161esteroslojna slojenskog sklopa su sljede\u0107a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opcija 1: SIG \u2013 GND \u2013 SIG \u2013 PWR \u2013 GND \u2013 SIG<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Sa ovom shemom dobijate dobar integritet signala. Svaki signalni sloj se nalazi pored zemljane plo\u010de. Plo\u010de napajanja i zemlje su uparene. Mo\u017eete dobro kontrolisati impedanciju svakog sloja za ruteranje. Obje zemljane plo\u010de dobro apsorbuju magnetni tok. Sa potpunim plo\u010dama napajanja i zemlje, svaki signalni sloj ima dobar povratni put.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Six-Layer-Board-Stackups.webp\" alt=\"Six-Layer Board Stackups\" class=\"wp-image-4670\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Six-Layer-Board-Stackups.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Six-Layer-Board-Stackups-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Six-Layer-Board-Stackups-768x431.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Six-Layer-Board-Stackups-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opcija 2: GND \u2013 SIG \u2013 GND \u2013 PWR \u2013 SIG \u2013 GND<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ova opcija odgovara plo\u010dama na kojima gusto\u0107a komponenti nije vrlo visoka. Zadr\u017eava prednosti prve opcije. Tako\u0111er, gornja i donja uzemljena ravan su kontinuitetniji. One djeluju kao dobri \u0161titovi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Napomena: Postavite napojnu ravan blizu strane koja nije lice glavne komponente. Donja ravan \u0107e tada biti potpunija, a EMI performanse \u0107e biti bolje nego kod prve opcije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sa\u017eetak za \u0161esteroslojne plo\u010de:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dr\u017eite razmak izme\u0111u napojne i uzemljene ravnine \u0161to je mogu\u0107e manjim. To osigurava dobro povezivanje napajanja i uzemljenja. Na plo\u010di debljine 62 mil, razmak slojeva je manji nego kod \u010detveroslojevitih opcija. Ipak, nije lako znatno smanjiti razmak glavnih napojne i uzemljene ravnine. U pore\u0111enju sa drugom opcijom, prva opcija je jeftinija. Zato \u010desto biramo prvi oblik za prakti\u010dni stackup. U dizajnu slijedite pravilo 20H i pravilo ogledalnog sloja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.4 Osmoslojni raspored plo\u010dica<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Osmoslojne plo\u010de imaju mnogo mogu\u0107ih slojeva. Neki su lo\u0161iji za EMI zbog slabog prigu\u0161ivanja i velike impedanse napajanja. Ovdje su opisana tri oblika:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tip A (nije dobro)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ovaj oblik ima manju elektromagnetnu apsorpciju i ve\u0107u impedanciju snage. Redoslijed slojeva je:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Signal 1: komponentska strana, sloj mikrotiraka za rute<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signal 2: unutra\u0161nji sloj mikropojasa za rute, dobar sloj za rute (smjer X)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zemlja<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signal 3: sloj za striplin rute, dobar sloj za rute (u smjeru Y)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signal 4: sloj stripline trase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mo\u0107<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signal 5: unutra\u0161nji sloj mikrotirake za rute<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signal 6: sloj mikrostrip usmjeravanja<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ovaj oblik nije dobar izbor jer ne pru\u017ea dosljedne reference za sve slojeve signala. Impedansa napajanja je visoka, a kontrola EMI-ja je slaba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tip B (varijanta sa dodanim referentnim slojevima)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ovo je varijanta tre\u0107eg tipa. Dodavanjem referentnih slojeva posti\u017ee se bolja otpornost na elektromagnetsko zra\u010denje. Karakteristi\u010dni impedansni sloj svakog signalnog sloja mo\u017ee se dobro kontrolisati. Jedan mogu\u0107i redoslijed je:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Signal 1: komponentska strana, mikrotalasni sloj za rute, dobar sloj za rute<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tlo: dobro prigu\u0161ivanje valova<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signal 2: sloj za striplinovo ruteranje, dobar sloj za ruteranje<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Snaga: ova ravan snage i tlo ispod nje formiraju dobro elektromagnetsko apsorpcijsko polje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tlo: ravan tla<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signal 3: sloj za striplinijsko ruteranje, dobar sloj za ruteranje<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Snaga: ovaj ravni vod snage ima ve\u0107u impedanciju.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signal 4: mikropojasni sloj za rute, dobar sloj za rute<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tip C (najbolja praksa)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Ovo je najbolji oblik stackupa. Koristi vi\u0161e referentnih ravni tla. To omogu\u0107ava vrlo dobru elektromagnetsku apsorpciju. Uobi\u010dajeni redoslijed je:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Signal 1: komponentska strana, mikrotalasni sloj za rute, dobar sloj za rute<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tlo: dobro prigu\u0161ivanje valova<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signal 2: sloj za striplinovo ruteranje, dobar sloj za ruteranje<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Snaga: ovaj ravni talas i tlo ispod njega \u010dine izvrsno elektromagnetsko apsorpcijsko polje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tlo: ravan tla<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signal 3: sloj za striplinijsko ruteranje, dobar sloj za ruteranje<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tlo: druga ravan tla, dobro apsorpcija valova<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Signal 4: mikropojasni sloj za rute, dobar sloj za rute<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Kako odabrati broj slojeva i raspored slojeva<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Odaberite broj slojova i strukturu slojeva na osnovu mnogih faktora. To uklju\u010duje: broj signalnih traka na plo\u010di, gusto\u0107u komponenti, gusto\u0107u pinova, frekvencije signala i veli\u010dinu plo\u010de. Uzmite sve to u obzir zajedno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bilje\u0161ke o dizajnu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ako postoji mnogo signalnih mre\u017ea, dizajnirajte s vi\u0161e slojeva.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ako je gusto\u0107a komponenti visoka, odaberite vi\u0161e slojeva.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ako je gusto\u0107a pinova visoka, odaberite vi\u0161e slojeva.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ako je frekvencija signala visoka, odaberite vi\u0161e slojeva.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Da biste postigli dobru EMI izvedbu, poku\u0161ajte osigurati da svaki signalni sloj ima vlastiti referentni sloj. Referentni sloj mo\u017ee biti masa ili napajanje. To poma\u017ee u kontroli impedanse i osigurava uske povratne puteve. Uske povratne putanje smanjuju povr\u0161inu petlje. Manja povr\u0161ina petlje smanjuje zra\u010denje i osjetljivost na smetnje.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Jednostavna pravila koja treba slijediti u svim dizajnima<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dajte svakom sloju ruteriranja obli\u017enju referentnu ravan. Ovo poma\u017ee u kontroli impedanse i povratne struje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kada god mo\u017eete, spojite napojne i masne ravnine. Odr\u017eavajte male razmake. To pove\u0107ava kapacitivnost ravnina. Visoka kapacitivnost ravnina smanjuje \u0161um.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Postavite ground plane pored signalnog sloja s gustim rutiranjem. To poma\u017ee apsorbirati i zaustaviti zra\u010denje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Koristite ortogonalno rutiranje na susjednim signalnim slojevima kako biste smanjili preslu\u0161avanje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Koristite \u0161iroke tragove za napajanje na mije\u0161anim slojevima kako biste odr\u017eali nisku impedanciju puta napajanja.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lijevanje bakra za me\u0111upovezivanja na napojnim i masenim ravninama osigurava sna\u017ene DC i niskofrekvencijske veze.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pridr\u017eavajte se pravila 20H pri odre\u0111ivanju povr\u0161ine plo\u010de i imajte na umu pravila dizajna oglednog sloja.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>U dizajnima visokih brzina ili visoke gusto\u0107e, preferirajte \u0161esteroslojne ili osmeroslojne plo\u010de kako bi svaki signalni sloj imao blisku referencu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za analoge niskih frekvencija, jednostruke ili dvostruke plo\u010de mogu raditi ako dr\u017eite povr\u0161ine petlji male i postavite masu blizu signala.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kad god mo\u017eete, pribli\u017eite unutra\u0161nju napajnu i uzemljuju\u0107e ravni. To pobolj\u0161ava odvajanje i smanjuje EMI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Zavr\u0161na napomena<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Izbor stackupa je kompromis. Pogledajte mre\u017ee, raspored, pozicioniranje komponenti, broj pinova i frekvenciju odjednom. Za bolju kontrolu EMI-ja i signala, svakom signalnom sloju osigurajte jasnu i blisku referencu. Koristite uparene ravni i usko razmaknute ravni kad god je to mogu\u0107e. Koristite vi\u0161e zemaljskih ravni za najbolju apsorpciju elektromagnetskog zra\u010denja u vi\u0161eslojnim plo\u010dama. Prilikom dizajniranja uravnote\u017eite tro\u0161kove i performanse. Slijedite gore navedena jednostavna pravila i odaberite stackup koji odgovara potrebama va\u0161e plo\u010de.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Core Principles of Stackup Design Overall, stackup design must follow two rules: Below are example stackups from two-layer boards 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