{"id":4685,"date":"2026-01-27T08:21:43","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T08:21:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4685"},"modified":"2026-01-27T08:21:46","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T08:21:46","slug":"pcb-substrate-classification-and-material-properties","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/pcb-substrate-classification-and-material-properties\/","title":{"rendered":"Klasifikacija PCB substrata i svojstva materijala"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sa\u017eetak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ovaj dokument obja\u0161njava klasifikaciju, izbor materijala, tehnolo\u0161ke trendove, pravila dizajna i standarde obrade tiskanih plo\u010dica (PCB) koje se koriste u komunikacijskim proizvodima. Namijenjen je dizajnerima PCB-a i procesnim in\u017eenjerima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Svrha i funkcija tiskanih plo\u010dica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Elektroni\u010dki komunikacijski sistemi koriste mnogo tiskanih plo\u010dica. Ove plo\u010dice su funkcionalni dijelovi hardvera. One su poput organa u tijelu. Plo\u010dice na sistemu ili terminalu nose elektronske krugove. One \u010dine kostur, o\u017ei\u010denje i puteve za napajanje i signale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vrste tiskanih plo\u010dica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Klasificirajte PCB-ove prema namjeni i tehnologiji. Prema strukturi i funkciji postoje jednostrane plo\u010de, dvostrane plo\u010de i <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/pcb-manufacturer\/multilayer-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2630\">vi\u0161eslojne plo\u010de<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tipovi i svojstva materijala podloge za PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Materijali za podlogu dijele se na krute i fleksibilne podloge. Krute tiskane plo\u010dice uklju\u010duju laminate fenolnog papira oblo\u017eene bakrom, laminate epoksidnog papira oblo\u017eene bakrom i laminate epoksidne stakloplastike oblo\u017eene bakrom. Za vezivo se koriste fenolna smola ili epoksidna smola. Za oja\u010danje se koristi papir ili stakloplastika bez alkalija. Nakon \u0161to su jedna ili obje strane oblo\u017eene bakrenom folijom, postaju elektri\u010dno izoliraju\u0107i laminati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Svojstva ovih materijala za podlogu trebaju zadovoljiti \u0161iroko priznate me\u0111unarodne standarde kao \u0161to su <strong>IPC-4101<\/strong> (Specifikacija osnovnih materijala za krute i vi\u0161eslojne tiskane plo\u010de) i relevantno <strong>Me\u0111unarodna elektrotehni\u010dka komisija<\/strong> publikacije; otpornost na plamen se obi\u010dno provjerava pomo\u0107u <strong>UL 94<\/strong> vertikalne ocjene gorljivosti, i <strong>NEMA LI-1 \/ FR-4<\/strong> Oznaka se me\u0111unarodno koristi za identifikaciju staklo-epoksidnih laminata. Prilikom specificiranja materijala za globalnu proizvodnju, pozivajte se na IPC \u201cslash-sheets\u201d (ta\u010dne kombinacije smole\/tkanine\/bakra) ili na IEC identifikatore kako bi dobavlja\u010di i proizvo\u0111a\u010di \u0161irom svijeta mogli prona\u0107i ekvivalentne zalihene proizvode i osigurati dosljedne performanse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 Bakrom oblo\u017eeni epoksidni laminat od stakloplastike<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ovaj laminat koristi epoksidnu smolu kao vezivo i stakleno vlaknasto platno kao oja\u010danje. Ima bolju mehani\u010dku \u010dvrsto\u0107u, dimenzionalnu stabilnost i otpornost na udar od papirnih laminata. Dielektri\u010dna konstanta \u03b5 za <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/fr-4-pcb-guide-properties-limits-material-choices\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4641\">FR4<\/a> i FR5 je izme\u0111u 4,3 i 4,9. Njihove elektri\u010dne karakteristike su dobre. Mogu raditi na vi\u0161im temperaturama. FR4 radi do 130 \u00b0C, FR5 do 170 \u00b0C. Manje su pod utjecajem vlage. Zbog toga se \u0161iroko koriste u komunikacijskoj opremi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"542\" height=\"544\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fr4.webp\" alt=\"fr4\" class=\"wp-image-4044\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fr4.webp 542w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fr4-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fr4-150x150.webp 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 Epooksne stakloplasti\u010dne folije za vi\u0161eslojne plo\u010de (prepreg)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ovo su staklena tkanina materijali prethodno impregnirani epoksidnom smolom u B-fazi. Koristite ih za izradu vi\u0161eslojnih plo\u010da. Oni se odvojeno lijepe. <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/pcb-manufacturer\/single-sided-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2625\">jednoslojni<\/a> ili dvostruke slojevite provodne \u0161ablonske plo\u010de zajedno. Nakon laminacije, djeluju kao dielektri\u010dni izolacijski slojevi. Izra\u0111uju se prethodnim impregniranjem alkalno-slobodne staklene tkanine epoksidom. Smola se stvrdne do B faze. Nakon zavr\u0161nog pre\u0161anja i oblikovanja, epoksid se potpuno stvrdne. Rezultat je kruta vi\u0161eslojna tiskane plo\u010dice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.3 Samogasne\u0107i (vatrostalni) laminati oblo\u017eeni bakrom<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ovi materijali imaju ista osnovna svojstva kao i drugi laminati oblo\u017eeni bakrom. Tako\u0111er su otporni na vatru. Smanjuju rizik od zapaljenja usljed pregrijane komponente. Tako\u0111er ograni\u010davaju \u0161irenje manjih po\u017eara. Koristite ih tamo gdje je potrebna za\u0161tita od po\u017eara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.4 Bakrom oblo\u017eene PTFE (Teflon) stakloplasti\u010dne plo\u010de<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>PTFE plo\u010de oblo\u017eene bakrom koriste PTFE (Teflon) kao vezivo i stakleno vlakno kao oja\u010danje. Njihove dielektri\u010dne osobine su izvrsne. Imaju niske dielektri\u010dne gubitke i tangens gubitka (tg\u03b4) u redu veli\u010dine 10\u207b\u00b3. Njihov raspon dielektri\u010dne konstante je \u0161irok. Mo\u017eete odabrati razli\u010dite osnovne materijale kako biste zadovoljili potrebe. Otporni su na visoke temperature i vlagu. Imaju dobru hemijsku stabilnost. Rade u \u0161irokom temperaturnom rasponu. Ove karakteristike ih \u010dine idealnim za visokofrekventne i mikrotalasne komunikacijske \u0161tampane plo\u010dice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ali PTFE plo\u010de su skuplje. One su manje krute. Sila prianjanja bakarne folije je ni\u017ea. Zbog toga je izrada vi\u0161eslojnih plo\u010da s velikim brojem slojeva te\u0161ka. Uobi\u010dajeni osnovni materijali za PTFE PCB dolaze od Rogersa, Taconica, Arlona, Metclada i GIL-a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.5 \u0160tampane plo\u010de s metalnom jezgrom oblo\u017eenom bakrom<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tako\u0111er nazvane PCB-ovi s metalnom jezgrom, koriste metalne plo\u010de razli\u010ditih debljina, obi\u010dno aluminij, umjesto materijala oja\u010danih staklenim vlaknima. Nakon posebne obrade, metalna povr\u0161ina se prekriva dielektri\u010dnim slojem. Dielektri\u010dni sloj ima nisku toplinsku otpornost, visoku izolaciju i sna\u017eno prianjanje. Zatim se bakrena folija \u017eeljene debljine lijepi na dielektri\u010dnu povr\u0161inu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Metal-core PCB-ovi se koriste za monta\u017eu visoke gusto\u0107e i visoku gusto\u0107u snage. Koristite ih za napojne krugove s visokom disipacijom. Njihove prednosti su dobra disipacija topline i dobra dimenzionalna stabilnost. Metalna osnova tako\u0111er pru\u017ea za\u0161titu od elektromagnetskog zra\u010denja. Trenutni proizvodi koriste materijale dobavlja\u010da poput Bergquista i istra\u017eiva\u010dkih instituta kao \u0161to je Institut 51 Ministarstva industrije informacija.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.6 Materijali fleksibilnih tiskanih plo\u010dica<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/pcb-manufacturer\/flexible-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1901\">Fleksibilna \u0161tampana plo\u010dica<\/a> Podloge se izra\u0111uju spajanjem bakarne folije na tanku plasti\u010dnu foliju. Uobi\u010dajeni materijali za osnovnu plasti\u010dnu foliju su:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"364\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Stiffeners-for-flexible-PCBs.webp\" alt=\"flexible PCB\" class=\"wp-image-1969\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Stiffeners-for-flexible-PCBs.webp 400w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Stiffeners-for-flexible-PCBs-300x273.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>(1) Poliesterska folija. Radna temperatura je od 80\u2103 do 130\u2103. Ima nisku ta\u010dku topljenja. Omek\u0161ava i deformi\u0161e se na temperaturama lemljenja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(2) Poliimidna folija. Ima dobru fleksibilnost. Prije lemljenja uklonite upijenu vlagu toplinskom obradom. Nakon su\u0161enja se mo\u017ee sigurno lemiti. Op\u0107a ljepljiva poliimidna folija mo\u017ee kontinuirano raditi na 150 \u00b0C. Poliimidni materijal koji koristi FEP kao srednju foliju i poseban fuzijski ljepilo mo\u017ee raditi na 250 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(3) Fluorirana etilena-propilenska folija (FEP). \u010cesto se koristi s poliimidom i staklenom tkaninom. Ima dobru fleksibilnost. Ima ve\u0107u otpornost na vlagu, kiseline i otapala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Glavni trendovi u razvoju tehnologije tiskanih plo\u010dica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Glavni trend u razvoju tiskanih plo\u010dica je ve\u0107a gusto\u0107a. Na\u010dini za postizanje visoke gusto\u0107e su tanke linije, male via rupe, vi\u0161e slojeva, slijepe via rupe i zakopane via rupe. Uobi\u010dajeni proces za visoku gusto\u0107u (HDI) je tehnologija buildup multilayer (BUM).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Glavni performansi indeksi i odabir debljine bakrene folije za laminat od stakloplastike i epoksida oblo\u017een bakrom<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Osim debljine i debljine bakrenog lima, laminati imaju i druga svojstva. To uklju\u010duje \u010dvrsto\u0107u lju\u0161tenja, izobli\u010denje, dielektri\u010dnu \u010dvrsto\u0107u, otpor izolacije, dielektri\u010dnu konstantu, tangens gubitka dielektri\u010dne energije, otpornost na toplotni \u0161ok, upijanje vlage i otpornost na plamen. Tehni\u010dki zahtjevi za laminate od epoksidne smole oja\u010dane staklenim vlaknima s bakrenim pokrovom trebaju biti u skladu s GB\/T4725.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Debljina bakrene folije uveliko utje\u010de na preciznost otisnutih vodova i na minimalnu \u0161irinu vodova u proizvodnji. Op\u0107e pravilo je: \u0161to je bakar deblji, to je ve\u0107i odrezak pri graviranju. Otisnuti vod se vi\u0161e su\u017eava. Kada \u0161irina vodova postane premala, ne mo\u017ee se proizvesti. Dakle, kada odre\u0111ujete minimalnu \u0161irinu vodova na PCB-u, uzmite u obzir debljinu bakra, osim struje, gusto\u0107e ruta i drugih pravila.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podaci pokazuju da za bakrenu foliju debljine 35 \u03bcm \u0161irina provodnika treba biti ve\u0107a od 0,15 mm. Za bakrenu foliju debljine 18 \u03bcm \u0161irina provodnika treba biti ve\u0107a od 0,1 mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Izbor oblika, debljina i veli\u010dina pojedina\u010dne plo\u010de PCB-a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.1 Izbor oblika jednoplo\u010dnog ra\u010dunara<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0160tampane plo\u010de obi\u010dno imaju pravougaonik sli\u010dnih du\u017eine i \u0161irine. Izbjegavajte plo\u010de neobi\u010dnih oblika. Radi lak\u0161eg prijenosa i umetanja u police, kutovi mogu imati male okrugle lukove ili zaobljavanja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vrlo male plo\u010de (na primjer, plo\u010de manje od 100 mm \u00d7 100 mm) treba panelizirati. Kada nekoliko vrsta plo\u010da za jedan proizvod ima isti broj slojeva, istu debljinu i dielektri\u010dne slojeve, istu debljinu bakra i istu koli\u010dinu, objedinite ih u jedan panel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2 Debljina PCB-a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Odaberite debljinu plo\u010de prema funkciji, masi komponente, specifikacijama odgovaraju\u0107eg konektora, veli\u010dini plo\u010de i mehani\u010dkom optere\u0107enju. Za velike plo\u010de koje se lako deformi\u0161u dodajte rebra ili okvire za oja\u010danje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Za plo\u010de manje od 300 mm \u00d7 250 mm uobi\u010dajena je op\u0107a debljina od 1,6 mm. Stra\u017enje plo\u010de i ve\u0107e pojedina\u010dne plo\u010de trebaju biti deblje od 2 mm. Me\u0111utim, kapacitet pre\u0161e ograni\u010dava obradu. Debljina op\u0107enito ne bi trebala prelaziti 4 mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.3 Serija vanjskih dimenzija PCB-a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Za PCB-ove koji nisu postavljeni u rack, pogledajte GB9315 za seriju dimenzija plo\u010da. U ormarima su uobi\u010dajeni plug-in PCB-ovi s konektorima na rubu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bilje\u0161ke i jednostavni savjeti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Odaberite materijale koji zadovoljavaju standarde i koje proizvo\u0111a\u010d mo\u017ee imati na zalihi. To smanjuje ka\u0161njenje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za visokofrekventne plo\u010de koristite materijal na bazi PTFE-a kada vam je potreban nizak gubitak i stabilna dielektri\u010dna konstanta. Provjerite tro\u0161kove i ograni\u010denja izrade.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za elektronske plo\u010de osjetljive na toplotu razmotrite plo\u010de s metalnom jezgrom radi boljeg raspr\u0161ivanja toplote.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za fleksibilne sklopove odaberite poliimidne ili FEP tipove prema potrebama za lemljenje i temperaturu. Osu\u0161ite materijale ako upijaju vlagu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za HDI dizajne, planirajte viae i slojeve rano. Koristite metode izgradnje slojeva kada vam treba mnogo slijepih ili zakopanih viae.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za proizvodnju navedite kriti\u010dne stavke na crte\u017eima: kona\u010dnu debljinu, debljinu jezgre para slojeva, te\u017einu bakra po sloju kad je potrebno, koji su slojevi signalni, koji su zemljani (plane) i ciljanu impedanciju za kriti\u010dne mre\u017ee. Dodajte napomenu da \u0107e proizvo\u0111a\u010d postaviti raspored prepreg materijala kako bi zadovoljio impedanciju i ukupnu debljinu, osim ako se ne zahtijevaju to\u010dne listovi preprega koje dizajner mo\u017ee pouzdano odrediti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract This paper explains the classification, material choice, technology trends, design rules, and processing standards for printed circuit boards (PCBs) 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This paper explains the classification, material choice, technology trends, design rules, and processing standards for printed circuit boards (PCBs) 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