Osnovni koraci u analizi neuspjeha<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Da biste utvrdili ta\u010dan uzrok ili mehanizam kvara ili defekta na tiskanoj plo\u010dici (PCB), potrebno je slijediti osnovna na\u010dela i tok analize. Ako ih ne slijedite, mo\u017eete izgubiti vrijedne informacije o kvaru. Analiza mo\u017ee prestati ili dati pogre\u0161an zaklju\u010dak. Uobi\u010dajeni osnovni tok je sljede\u0107i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Prvo, na osnovu simptoma kvara, prikupite informacije, izvedite funkcionalne testove, elektri\u010dne testove i jednostavne vizualne preglede. Koristite ih za lociranje o\u0161te\u0107enog podru\u010dja i na\u010dina kvara. To je lokalizacija kvara ili gre\u0161ke.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Za jednostavne PCB-ove ili jednostavne PCBA <\/a>Na plo\u010dama je neuspjeli dio lako prona\u0107i. Ali kod slo\u017eenih ure\u0111aja ili podloga, kao \u0161to su BGA <\/a>ili kod MCM paketa, defekti se ne vide lako pod mikroskopom. U po\u010detku ih je te\u0161ko prona\u0107i. U tom slu\u010daju su potrebne druge metode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Zatim analizirajte mehanizam kvara. Koristite fizi\u010dke i hemijske metode za prou\u010davanje mehanizma koji je doveo do kvara ili defekta na tiskanoj plo\u010dici. Ti mehanizmi mogu uklju\u010divati hladne lemne spojeve, kontaminaciju, mehani\u010dka o\u0161te\u0107enja, stres uzrokovan vlagom, dielektri\u010dnu koroziju, o\u0161te\u0107enja od zamora materijala, CAF ili ionsku migraciju, preoptere\u0107enje stresom i sli\u010dno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nakon toga analizirajte osnovni uzrok kvara. Na osnovu mehanizma kvara i procesa proizvodnje potra\u017eite razloge koji su doveli do njegovog nastanka. Ako je potrebno, provedite eksperimente za potvrdu uzroka. Testnu verifikaciju biste trebali provoditi kad god je to mogu\u0107e. Eksperimenti mogu otkriti ta\u010dan uzrok koji je doveo do kvara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ovo potom pru\u017ea jasnu, ciljanu osnovu za sljede\u0107i korak pobolj\u0161anja. Napravite izvje\u0161taj o analizi neuspjeha na osnovu podataka iz testiranja, \u010dinjenica i zaklju\u010daka iz analize. \u010cinjenice moraju biti jasne. Logika mora biti \u010dvrsta. Raspored mora biti uredan. Nemojte pretpostavljati uzroke bez dokaza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tokom analize koristite metode od jednostavnih do slo\u017eenih, od vanjskih prema unutra\u0161njim i od nedestruktivnih do destruktivnih. Slijedite ova osnovna pravila. Samo tako mo\u017eete izbje\u0107i gubitak klju\u010dnih informacija i dodavanje novih, ljudskim djelovanjem izazvanih mehanizama kvara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ovo je kao saobra\u0107ajna nesre\u0107a. Ako jedna strana uni\u0161ti mjesto nesre\u0107e ili pobjegne, \u010dak ni iskusan policajac ne mo\u017ee ispravno procijeniti odgovornost. Saobra\u0107ajni zakon obi\u010dno zahtijeva da strana koja je pobjegla ili uni\u0161tila mjesto nesre\u0107e snosi svu odgovornost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Isto va\u017ei i za analizu kvarova PCB-a ili PCBA. Ako neko upotrijebi lemilicu da preradi neuspjeli lemni spoj ili te\u0161ke \u0161kare da prere\u017ee PCB, naknadna analiza je nemogu\u0107a. Mjesto kvara je uni\u0161teno. Ovo je posebno lo\u0161e kada postoji samo nekoliko neuspjelih uzoraka. Ako je mjesto kvara o\u0161te\u0107eno, pravi uzrok se ne mo\u017ee prona\u0107i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Opti\u010dki mikroskop je uglavnom namijenjen vizualnom pregledu \u0161tampane plo\u010dice. Koristite ga za pronala\u017eenje o\u0161te\u0107enog podru\u010dja i povezanih fizi\u010dkih dokaza. On daje prvu procjenu na\u010dina otkaza. Vizualni pregled tra\u017ei kontaminaciju plo\u010dice, koroziju, napukle plo\u010dice, tragove krugova i obrasce o\u0161te\u0107enja. Na primjer, provjerite da li se o\u0161te\u0107enja pojavljuju u grupama ili su pojedina\u010dni slu\u010dajevi. Provjerite da li se o\u0161te\u0107enja uvijek gomilaju u jednom podru\u010dju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Za dijelove koje nije mogu\u0107e pregledati vizualnom inspekcijom, ili za unutra\u0161nje nedostatke u prolaznim rupama i druge unutra\u0161nje defekte, koristite rendgenski sistem za snimanje. Rendgenski sistem radi na principu razli\u010dite apsorpcije ili transmisije rendgenskih zraka kroz materijale razli\u010ditih debljina ili gusto\u0107a. To stvara slike. Ljudi \u010desto koriste rendgensko snimanje za inspekciju unutra\u0161njih nedostataka u lemnim spojevima PCBA, unutra\u0161njih nedostataka u prolaznim rupama i za lociranje neispravnih lemnih spojeva u visokogusto\u0107nim paketima poput BGA ili CSP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Analiza popre\u010dnog presjeka podrazumijeva uzorkovanje, ugradnju, rezanje, poliranje, graviranje i posmatranje presjeka tiskane plo\u010dice. Ovaj proces otkriva unutra\u0161nju strukturu plo\u010dice. Kroz analizu popre\u010dnog presjeka dobivate bogate informacije o mikrostrukturi karakteristika plo\u010dice (kao \u0161to su prolazne rupe i pozlatna obrada). To poma\u017ee u vo\u0111enju pobolj\u0161anja kvaliteta. Me\u0111utim, ova metoda je destruktivna. Jednom kada prere\u017eete uzorak, on je uni\u0161ten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Danas je glavni alat za analizu pakovanja i sklapanja C-modno skeniraju\u0107a akusti\u010dna mikroskopija. Ona koristi visokofrekventne ultrazvu\u010dne valove. Ti se valovi odbijaju na materijalnim diskontinuitetima. Promjena amplitude, faze i polariteta koristi se za formiranje slika. Skeniranje se kre\u0107e du\u017e Z-ose kako bi se zabilje\u017eile informacije iz X-Y ravnine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Stoga SAM mo\u017ee otkriti mnoge unutra\u0161nje nedostatke u komponentama, materijalima i PCB-ovima ili PCBAs. Otkriva pukotine, delaminaciju, inkluzije i praznine. Ako je frekvencijski raspon SAM-a dovoljno \u0161irok, mo\u017ee otkriti i unutra\u0161nje nedostatke u lemnim spojevima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tipi\u010dne SAM slike koriste upozoravaju\u0107u boju, poput crvene, za prikaz defekata. Tokom prelaska sa olovnih na olovno-slobodne SMT procese pojavili su se brojni problemi pri refluksu povezani s vlagom. Plasti\u010dne ambala\u017ee koje su upile vlagu mogu se delaminirati ili napuknuti iznutra kada se refluksiraju na vi\u0161im temperaturama olovno-slobodnih procesa. Obi\u010dne tiskane plo\u010dice tako\u0111er se mogu napuknuti ili delaminirati na tim vi\u0161im temperaturama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n U ovom slu\u010daju SAM pokazuje posebne prednosti za nedestruktivno ispitivanje vi\u0161eslojnih, visokog gustine tiskanih plo\u010dica. Me\u0111utim, velike vidljive pukotine na plo\u010dama ili o\u0161te\u0107ene plo\u010de obi\u010dno se mogu prona\u0107i jednostavnom vizualnom inspekcijom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mikro-infracrvena analiza kombinira infracrvenu spektroskopiju i mikroskopiju. Ona koristi \u010dinjenicu da razli\u010diti materijali\u2014uglavnom organski materijali\u2014apsorbiraju infracrveno svjetlo na razli\u010dite na\u010dine. Na taj na\u010din mo\u017eete analizirati hemijske komponente materijala. Mikroskopom vidljivo svjetlo i infracrveno svjetlo mogu dijeliti isti put svjetlosti. U vidnom polju mo\u017eete prona\u0107i male koli\u010dine organske kontaminacije za analizu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bez mikroskopa, infracrvena spektroskopija obi\u010dno zahtijeva ve\u0107u koli\u010dinu uzorka. U elektroni\u010dkim procesima, sitna kontaminacija mo\u017ee uzrokovati lo\u0161u lemljivost padova ili vodova. Dakle, bez infracrvene spektroskopije povezane s mikroskopom, te\u0161ko je rije\u0161iti neke probleme u procesu. Micro-FTIR se uglavnom koristi za analizu organske kontaminacije na povr\u0161inama za lemljenje ili na spojevima te za analizu uzroka korozije ili lo\u0161e lemljivosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Skeneriraju\u0107i elektronski mikroskop je koristan veliki sistem za snimanje u analizi kvarova. Koristi se za morfolo\u0161ko posmatranje. Moderni SEM-ovi su mo\u0107ni. Mogu uve\u0107ati sitne strukture ili povr\u0161inske karakteristike do stotina hiljada puta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n U analizi kvarova na tiskanim plo\u010dicama ili lemnim spojevima, SEM se uglavnom koristi za analizu mehanizama kvara. Konkretno, SEM se koristi za posmatranje morfologije povr\u0161ine padova, metalografske strukture lemnih spojeva, mjerenje intermetalnih spojeva, analizu lemivih premaza te analizu i mjerenje kalajnih brkova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n U pore\u0111enju s opti\u010dkim mikroskopom, SEM stvara elektronsku sliku, pa je crno-bijela. Uzorci za SEM moraju biti provodni. Za nevodljive materijale i neke poluvodi\u010de potrebno je premazati uzorak zlatom ili ugljikom. U suprotnom \u0107e se na povr\u0161ini uzorka nakupiti naboj i utjecati na promatranje. SEM slike imaju znatno ve\u0107u dubinsku o\u0161trinu nego opti\u010dki mikroskopi. Za metalografske strukture, povr\u0161ine mikro pukotina i kositra\u010de SEM je va\u017ena metoda analize.<\/p>\n\n\n\n DSC mjeri razliku u toplotnoj snazi izme\u0111u ispitivanog uzorka i referentnog uzorka pri temperaturi kontroliranoj programom. Bilje\u017ei odnos izme\u0111u razlike u snazi i temperature ili vremena. DSC prou\u010dava kako se toplota mijenja s temperaturom. Na temelju toga mo\u017eete prou\u010davati fizi\u010dko, kemijsko i termodinami\u010dko pona\u0161anje materijala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n DSC ima mnogo primjena. U analizi tiskanih plo\u010dica (PCB) DSC se uglavnom koristi za mjerenje stupnja o\u010dvr\u0161\u0107ivanja i temperature staklenog prijelaza (Tg) polimera koji se koriste u PCB-u. Ova dva parametra odre\u0111uju pouzdanost PCB-a tokom kasnijih koraka procesa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n TMA mjeri pona\u0161anje pri deformaciji \u010dvrstih tvari, te\u010dnosti i gelova pod temperaturom ili mehani\u010dkom silom kontroliranom programom. Istra\u017euje vezu izme\u0111u termi\u010dkog i mehani\u010dkog pona\u0161anja. Na osnovu deformacije u odnosu na temperaturu (ili vrijeme) mo\u017eete prou\u010davati fizi\u010dka i hemijska svojstva materijala i termodinamiku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n U analizi PCB-a, TMA uglavnom mjeri dva klju\u010dna parametra: koeficijent linearnog \u0161irenja i temperaturu staklenog prijelaza. Ako osnovni materijal ima veliki koeficijent \u0161irenja, PCB \u010desto mo\u017ee do\u017eivjeti lom metaliziranih prolaza nakon lemljenja i sklapanja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n TGA mjeri promjenu mase supstance pod kontroliranom temperaturom ili vremenom prema programu. Uz preciznu vagu, TGA mo\u017ee pratiti male promjene mase tokom ispitivanja pri kontroliranoj temperaturi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Iz krivulje promjene mase u odnosu na temperaturu (ili vrijeme) mo\u017eete prou\u010diti fizi\u010dko i kemijsko pona\u0161anje materijala i termodinamiku. U analizi PCB-a TGA se uglavnom koristi za mjerenje toplinske stabilnosti ili temperature razgradnje PCB materijala. Ako supstrat ima prenisku temperaturu razgradnje, PCB \u0107e se odlamati ili napuknuti tijekom lemljenja na visokim temperaturama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kada planirate analizu neuspjeha, slijedite jasan, korak-po-korak pristup. Po\u010dnite s vizualnim i nede\u0161truktivnim pregledima. Koristite elektri\u010dna ispitivanja i prikupljanje informacija. Zatim prije\u0111ite na metode snimanja poput rendgenskog snimanja i SAM-a. Ako je potrebno, koristite mikrokemi\u010dke alate poput mikro-FTIR-a i povr\u0161insko snimanje poput SEM-a. Rezervirajte destruktivna ispitivanja, poput presjeka, za situacije kada su vam potrebne informacije o mikrostrukturi i kada koli\u010dina uzorka dopu\u0161ta uni\u0161tenje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Uvijek bilje\u017eite podatke i \u010duvajte jasne \u010dinjenice. Koristite najjednostavnije logi\u010dke korake. Dokazujte zaklju\u010dke eksperimentima kad god je to mogu\u0107e. Nemojte mijenjati ili o\u0161te\u0107ivati mjesto kvara prije nego \u0161to ga dokumentirate, jer kad se mjesto kvara promijeni, pravi uzrok mo\u017ee biti izgubljen. Slijedite pravilo: od jednostavnog ka slo\u017eenom, od vanjskog ka unutra\u0161njem, od nedestruktivnog ka destruktivnom. To \u0161tedi vrijeme i daje ispravne rezultate analize.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" PCB acts as the carrier for many components and as the hub for circuit signal transfer. It has become a 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It has become a […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4698"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4706,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698\/revisions\/4706"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4702"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Tehnike analize neuspjeha<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Opti\u010dki mikroskop<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"Optical](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Optical-microscope.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nRentgenski snimak (rentgenska inspekcija)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"X-ray\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/X-ray.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nAnaliza popre\u010dnog presjeka<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"Cross-section](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cross-section-analysis.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nSkeneriraju\u0107a akusti\u010dna mikroskopija (SAM)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Mikro-FTIR (mikroskalna infracrvena analiza)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Skeneriraju\u0107i elektronski mikroskop (SEM)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Termalna analiza<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Diferencijalna skeniraju\u0107a kalorimetrija (DSC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"DSC\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DSC.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTermomehani\u010dka analiza (TMA)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"TMA\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TMA.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTermogravimetrijska analiza (TGA)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"TGA\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TGA.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nZavr\u0161ne napomene i podsjetnici o najboljim praksama<\/h1>\n\n\n\n