{"id":4729,"date":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","date_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4729"},"modified":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","slug":"how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Kako CTE utje\u010de na pouzdanost i dizajn PCB-a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Koeficijent termi\u010dkog \u0161irenja (CTE) je jedna od fizi\u010dkih osobina materijala. Kada se temperatura promijeni, dio \u0107e promijeniti oblik i do\u0107i \u0107e do naprezanja. To ne mo\u017eemo sprije\u010diti. Su\u0161tina izrade bilo kojeg elektroni\u010dkog proizvoda je postavljanje dijelova koji zadovoljavaju zahtjeve na \u0161tampanu plo\u010du (PCB). Dijelove spajamo na plo\u010du lemljenjem. Za <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/pcb-assembly\/tht-pcb-assembly\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/pcb-assembly\/tht-pcb-assembly\/\">tehnologija kroz-rupu (THT)<\/a>, dijelovi imaju izbo\u010dine. Kada se plo\u010da savije ili se pro\u0161iri, izbo\u010dina se savije i upije dio naprezanja. Tijelo dijela tada do\u017eivljava manje naprezanja. Dakle, du\u017ee izbo\u010dine zna\u010de da manje naprezanja ulazi u tijelo dijela. Naprezanje lemljenja uslijed promjene temperature potom uglavnom utje\u010de na lemni spoj i pad. To utje\u010de na pouzdanost lemljenja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kada koristimo <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/pcb-assembly\/smt-assembly\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1923\">tehnologija povr\u0161inskog monta\u017eiranja (SMT)<\/a>, mo\u017eemo staviti vi\u0161e dijelova na plo\u010du. Ali dijelovi nemaju duge vodove koji bi upijali naprezanje. Naprezanje ide direktno u tijelo dijela. To mo\u017ee o\u0161tetiti dio ili lemni spoj ako se plo\u010da i dio \u0161ire razli\u010ditim brzinama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CTE karakteristike osnovnog materijala FR4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/fr-4-pcb-guide-properties-limits-material-choices\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4641\">Uobi\u010dajeni osnovni materijal oja\u010dan staklenim vlaknima (FR4)<\/a> ima razli\u010ditu CTE du\u017e z-ose (kroz debljinu plo\u010de) i u x-y ravnini (du\u017e plo\u010de). Plo\u010da \u0107e se vi\u0161e \u0161iriti u z-osmjeru kada temperatura poraste. Kada je materijal ispod svoje staklaste prijelazne temperature Tg, materijal je u staklasto stanje i njegova CTE je mala. Ovu vrijednost CTE nazivamo a1. Kada je materijal iznad Tg, materijal je u gumoliktom stanju i njegov CTE je ve\u0107i. Tu vrijednost CTE nazivamo a2. Obi\u010dno je a2 oko tri puta ve\u0107i od a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na primjer, kada je temperatura ispod Tg, koeficijent toplinskog \u0161irenja epoksida sa staklenim vlaknima u x i y smjeru tako\u0111er nije isti. Razlikuje se za otprilike 1 do 5 ppm\/\u00b0C. U z-smjeru iznosi oko 20 ppm\/\u00b0C. Kada veliki povr\u0161inski monta\u017eni ure\u0111aj ima CTE koji odgovara plo\u010dici, ta razlika je vrlo va\u017ena. Poma\u017ee produ\u017eiti vijek trajanja lemnog spoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Utjecaj CTE na PTH i mikrovia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE je va\u017ean faktor za PWA montirane krozne rupe i mikroviase. Omjer stranica (debljina plo\u010de podijeljena promjerom rupe) za ove viase obi\u010dno je ve\u0107i od omjera stranica tek izbu\u0161ene rupe na goloj plo\u010di. U procesima poput SMT reflow-a, uklanjanja dijelova, reflow-a za popravak, proizvodnje plo\u010da, postavljanja kuglica (ball attachment), niveliranja toplim zrakom i talasnog lemljenja, velika CTE u z-smjeru uzrokuje preveliki zatezni napon u PTH rupama. To mo\u017ee dovesti do otkaza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dakle, kada birate osnovni materijal plo\u010de, prvo morate razmisliti da li se njegov CTE podudara sa CTE dijelova koji se montiraju. Ako se ne podudaraju, morate poduzeti mjere kompenzacije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Osnovna definicija i zna\u010daj CTE za PCB-ove<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Mnogi ljudi koriste rije\u010d CTE kada govore o PCB-ovima. Ali koliko ih zaista zna \u0161ta CTE zna\u010di i kako CTE po\u010dinje utjecati na plo\u010du?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE ozna\u010dava koeficijent toplinske ekspanzije. Pokazuje postotnu promjenu veli\u010dine kada se PCB zagrije ili ohladi. Svaki materijal na svijetu se malo \u0161iri ili skuplja s temperaturom. Na primjer, ku\u0107a je ljeti malo ve\u0107a nego zimi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Neki materijali se skupljaju pri zagrijavanju, ali ve\u0107ina se malo \u0161iri pri zagrijavanju. \u0160irenje se izra\u017eava u dijelovima na milion po stupnju Celzijusa (ppm\/\u00b0C). Ako se PCB bo\u010dno \u0161iri 14 ppm\/\u00b0C, to zna\u010di da bi, kad bi bio dug milion in\u010da, narastao za 14 in\u010da pri svakom porastu temperature od 1 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CTE neuskla\u0111enost izme\u0111u PCB-a i silicijskih \u010dipova<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tipi\u010dni FR4 laminat ima toplinsko \u0161irenje od 14 do 17 ppm\/\u00b0C. To izgleda u redu dok ga ne uporedimo s velikim silicijskim \u010dipom. Mnogi silicijski \u010dipovi imaju toplinsko \u0161irenje blizu 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. Razlika u \u0161irenju je dovoljno velika\u2014posebno kod velikih BGA paketa\u2014da se, kada se PCB i \u010dip zagriju, PCB pro\u0161iri vi\u0161e od \u010dipa. Taj dodatni pomak mo\u017ee odvojiti lemne spojeve od \u010dipa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dakle, s aspekta PCB-a, proizvo\u0111a\u010di \u010desto koriste materijale s niskim CTE. Ali kako CTE utje\u010de na plo\u010du i na na\u010din na koji je dizajniramo i izra\u0111ujemo?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tipi\u010dne CTE vrijednosti PCB materijala i komponenti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Materijal \/ Komponenta<\/th><th>CTE (smjer X-Y) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th><th>CTE (u Z smjeru) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th><th>Bilje\u0161ke<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Standardni FR-4 laminat<\/td><td>14 \u2013 17<\/td><td>60 \u2013 70 (iznad Tg mo\u017ee biti &gt;200)<\/td><td>Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i materijal za PCB<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Visok Tg FR-4<\/td><td>12 \u2013 16<\/td><td>50 \u2013 60<\/td><td>Bolja toplotna stabilnost<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Poliamidni materijal za \u0161tampane plo\u010dice<\/td><td>12 \u2013 14<\/td><td>40 \u2013 50<\/td><td>Koristi se za primjene na visokim temperaturama<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bakar<\/td><td>16,5 \u2013 17<\/td><td>16,5 \u2013 17<\/td><td>Referentni materijal za provodnike<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Silicijski \u010dip<\/td><td>2.6 \u2013 3 (masivni silicij)<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>Paket efikasan ~6 ppm\/\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BGA pakovanje (tipi\u010dno)<\/td><td>6 \u2013 10<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>Ovisi o vrsti podloge<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kerami\u010dki paket<\/td><td>6 \u2013 8<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><td>Dobro uskla\u0111ivanje CTE sa silicijem<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aluminij<\/td><td>22 \u2013 24<\/td><td>22 \u2013 24<\/td><td>Koristi se u \u0161tampanim plo\u010dama s metalnom jezgrom<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bakar-Invar-Bakar (CIC) jezgro<\/td><td>8 \u2013 10<\/td><td>8 \u2013 10<\/td><td>Low CTE metal core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Copper-Molybdenum-Copper (CMC) Core<\/td><td>6 \u2013 8<\/td><td>6 \u2013 8<\/td><td>Very low CTE metal core<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aramid \/ Kevlar Core<\/td><td>7 \u2013 8<\/td><td>7 \u2013 8<\/td><td>Low CTE composite material<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Low-CTE PCB Core Solutions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When we pick a laminate we look at specs like Tg, dielectric constant Dk, and dissipation factor Df, among others. These all matter and they affect each other. If we pick a laminate to lower CTE, we will find that all fr4 types have similar CTE values. Most are still high (about 14 ppm\/\u00b0C). That means for very large silicon packages we need another approach to control CTE. One way is to add a core made of metal, Kevlar, or aramid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These low-CTE cores are often used under fr4 outer layers to make low-CTE boards. Metal cores can be copper-invar-copper (CIC) or copper-molybdenum-copper (CMC). They are usually about 6 mil thick. The copper on the metal core outer surface lets us laminate normal fr4 prepregs and cores over the metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Two widely used metal cores are CIC and CMC. Their core CTE values are about 8 ppm\/\u00b0C and 6 ppm\/\u00b0C, respectively. When you anchor fr4 outer layers to a metal core, the overall board CTE becomes about 12 ppm\/\u00b0C for CIC and about 9 ppm\/\u00b0C for CMC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We can also use a Kevlar Thermount or an aramid laminate as a core. Their low core CTE is about 7 to 8 ppm\/\u00b0C. With standard fr4 outer layers, the whole board CTE becomes about 12 ppm\/\u00b0C. In multilayer production, a low-CTE core replaces a typical fr4 core. It is interesting that Kevlar fiber actually has a negative thermal expansion itself. When we bind the fibers with epoxy, the result is a small positive CTE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cost, Process and Additional Advantages of Low-CTE Cores<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Using a low-CTE laminate, the most expensive option is usually the metal core. Kevlar and aramid laminates cost less. In the past, Arlon Kevlar Thermount was hard to get, but new production increases supply now. All low-CTE cores are harder to drill and to process. But they are the only way to meet the 6\u20139 ppm\/\u00b0C needs of very large silicon packages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Besides controlling CTE, metal core PCBs can also improve high-power heat transfer. Remember metal expands more than fr4 when heated. A metal core gives more control of board expansion than Kevlar. A metal core can change the expansion of the whole board more than Kevlar can.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practical Measures to Reduce CTE Mismatch Risk<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In practice, to reduce CTE mismatch risk you can do these basic things:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Try to match board CTE to the large package CTE when you can.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use low-CTE cores like CIC, CMC, Kevlar, or aramid for big packages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Watch Tg and use materials with a Tg above your highest process temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For SMT parts, design pads and land patterns to reduce stress on solder joints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In manufacture, control peak reflow temperature and cooling rates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For through-hole parts, use leads that can flex to take up stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Know that low-CTE cores cost more and need different drilling tools and processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Summary of CTE Importance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE is a simple number, but it affects many parts of a PCB project. If you do not think about it early, you can see solder joint failures, cracked parts, and low reliability. If you plan for CTE from the start, you will get better life from your board and parts.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Material coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is one physical property of a material. When temperature changes, the part will change 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