{"id":4732,"date":"2026-02-27T06:10:50","date_gmt":"2026-02-27T06:10:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4732"},"modified":"2026-02-27T06:10:54","modified_gmt":"2026-02-27T06:10:54","slug":"how-to-select-pcb-copper-thickness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/how-to-select-pcb-copper-thickness\/","title":{"rendered":"Kako odabrati debljinu bakra na PCB-u"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u0160ta je bakrena folija?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bakrena folija je tanki, kontinuirani metalni list. To je elektro-depozicijski materijal negativnog tipa. Folija se nanosi na podlogu \u0161tampane plo\u010dice. Ona slu\u017ei kao provodnik na plo\u010di. Dobro se ve\u017ee za izolacijske slojeve. Podnosi masku za lemljenje i druge za\u0161titne slojeve. Nakon etsiranja, preostali bakar formira \u0161ablonu kola. U ranoj proizvodnji ljudi su koristili valjanu bakrenu foliju. To zna\u010di da se bakreni blokovi spljo\u0161te u tanke listove.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dakle, koliko je debela bakrena folija na \u0161tampanoj plo\u010dici?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Jedinica za debljinu bakra: oz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Debljina bakra na PCB-u obi\u010dno se navodi u oz (uncama). Unca je jedinica mase. Odnos izme\u0111u unce i grama je:<br>1 oz \u2248 28,35 g.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>U industriji tiskanih plo\u010dica (PCB), 1 oz zna\u010di te\u017einu od 1 unce bakra ravnomjerno raspore\u0111enu na 1 kvadratnu stopu (ft\u00b2). Taj ravnomjerni sloj ima odre\u0111enu debljinu. Ta debljina iznosi oko 35 \u03bcm. Kori\u0161tenjem formule:<br>1 oz = 28,35 g \/ ft\u00b2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ispod prikazujem izra\u010dun korak po korak kako bi rezultat bio jasan:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Uzmite masu od 1 unce: 28,35 g.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gusto\u0107a bakra: 8,93 g\/cm\u00b3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 ft\u00b2 = 929,03 cm\u00b2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Debljina u cm = masa \/ (gustina \u00d7 povr\u0161ina)<br>= 28,35 \/ (8,93 \u00d7 929,03) cm<br>= 28.35 \/ 82973.558 \u2248 0.00341721 cm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pretvoriti u mikrometre (\u03bcm): 0,00341721 cm = 0,00341721 \u00d7 10.000 \u03bcm = 34,17 \u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dakle, 1 unca bakarne folije \u2248 <strong>34,17 \u03bcm<\/strong>. Ova vrijednost se obi\u010dno zaokru\u017euje i navodi kao <strong>35 \u03bcm<\/strong>. U imperijalnim jedinicama, 34,17 \u03bcm = 0,03417 mm. Jedan mil = 0,0254 mm, pa je debljina \u2248 1,345 mil. Ljudi \u010desto ka\u017eu <strong>1 oz \u2248 35 \u03bcm \u2248 1,35 mil<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Uobi\u010dajene vrijednosti debljine bakra<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Uobi\u010dajene vrijednosti debljine bakra koje se koriste u \u0161tampanim plo\u010dicama su:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>0,5 oz \u2248 17,5 \u03bcm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 oz \u2248 35 \u03bcm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2 oz \u2248 70 \u03bcm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3 oz \u2248 105 \u03bcm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Tipi\u010dni jednostruki i <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/pcb-manufacturer\/multilayer-pcb\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/pcb-manufacturer\/multilayer-pcb\/\">dvostrane tiskane plo\u010dice<\/a> koristiti otprilike <strong>35 \u03bcm (1 oz)<\/strong> bakar. Neki od plo\u010da koriste <strong>50 \u03bcm<\/strong> ili <strong>70 \u03bcm<\/strong> bakra tako\u0111er. Za vi\u0161eslojne plo\u010de, vanjski slojevi su \u010desto <strong>35 \u03bcm (1 oz)<\/strong>. Unutra\u0161nji slojevi su \u010desto <strong>17,5 \u03bcm (0,5 oz)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tablice s debelim bakrenim slojem po\u010dinju od otprilike <strong>3 unce<\/strong> i vi\u0161e. Ove plo\u010de se koriste u proizvodima s velikom strujom ili visokim naponom, kao \u0161to su napajanja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Kapacitet provodnosti za razli\u010dite debljine bakra<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ispod je prakti\u010dna tabela koja prikazuje tipi\u010dni kapacitet struje za bakarne trake razli\u010ditih debljina i \u0161irina. Tabela navodi struju (A) i potrebnu \u0161irinu (mm) za debljine bakra od <strong>70 \u03bcm<\/strong>, <strong>50 \u03bcm<\/strong>, i <strong>35 \u03bcm<\/strong>. Parametar debljine testa u tabeli je t = 10 (ovo je uzorak referentne vrijednosti kori\u0161tene u izvornoj tabeli).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Napomena:<\/strong> Kada koristite bakrenu foliju kao provodnik za veliku struju, uobi\u010dajeno je umanjiti tabli\u010dne vrijednosti za <strong>50%<\/strong> za siguran izbor. To zna\u010di odaberite \u0161irinu koja odgovara otprilike polovini navedene struje ako \u017eelite sigurnosni marginu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Struja (A) \/ \u0160irina (mm) za 70 \u03bcm<\/th><th>Struja (A) \/ \u0160irina (mm) za 50 \u03bcm<\/th><th>Struja (A) \/ \u0160irina (mm) za 35 \u03bcm<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>6.00 A \u2014 2.50 mm<\/td><td>5.10 A \u2014 2.50 mm<\/td><td>4.50 A \u2014 2.50 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5.10 A \u2014 2.00 mm<\/td><td>4.30 A \u2014 2.00 mm<\/td><td>4.00 A \u2014 2.00 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4.20 A \u2014 1.50 mm<\/td><td>3.50 A \u2014 1.50 mm<\/td><td>3.20 A \u2014 1.50 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.60 A \u2014 1.20 mm<\/td><td>3.00 A \u2014 1.20 mm<\/td><td>2.70 A \u2014 1.20 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3.20 A \u2014 1.00 mm<\/td><td>2.60 A \u2014 1.00 mm<\/td><td>2.30 A \u2014 1.00 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2.80 A \u2014 0.80 mm<\/td><td>2.40 A \u2014 0.80 mm<\/td><td>2.00 A \u2014 0.80 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2.30 A \u2014 0.60 mm<\/td><td>1.90 A \u2014 0.60 mm<\/td><td>1.60 A \u2014 0.60 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2.00 A \u2014 0.50 mm<\/td><td>1.70 A \u2014 0.50 mm<\/td><td>1.35 A \u2014 0.50 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1.70 A \u2014 0.40 mm<\/td><td>1.35 A \u2014 0.40 mm<\/td><td>1.10 A \u2014 0.40 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1.30 A \u2014 0.30 mm<\/td><td>1.10 A \u2014 0.30 mm<\/td><td>0.80 A \u2014 0.30 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>0.90 A \u2014 0.20 mm<\/td><td>0.70 A \u2014 0.20 mm<\/td><td>0.55 A \u2014 0.20 mm<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>0.70 A \u2014 0.15 mm<\/td><td>0.50 A \u2014 0.15 mm<\/td><td>0.20 A \u2014 0.15 mm<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ponovo odaberite sigurnu marginu. Uobi\u010dajeno pravilo je da prilikom projektiranja za proizvodnju smanjite ove vrijednosti tabele za 50%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Ostale prakti\u010dne napomene o bakru kao provodniku<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ako koristite bakrenu foliju kao dugi vodljivi trak, morate provjeriti njenu nosivost struje. Na primjer, uzmite tipi\u010dnu debljinu od <strong>0,03 mm (30 \u03bcm)<\/strong>. Ako bakrena traka ima \u0161irinu W (mm) i du\u017einu L (mm), DC otpor se mo\u017ee aproksimirati formulom: R \u2248 0.0005 \u00d7 L \/ W (ohm). Ova formula daje brzu procjenu za provjere dizajna.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bakreni trenutni kapacitet tako\u0111er ovisi o komponentama na plo\u010di, njihovom broju i vrstama, te o hla\u0111enju. Dakle, stvarni trenutni kapacitet ovisi i o geometriji bakra i o toplinskim uvjetima.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prakti\u010dno pravilo je: kapacitet struje \u2248 0,15 \u00d7 W (A). Ovo je empirijska procjena koja se koristi u nekim slu\u010dajevima. Jednostavna je i konzervativna za mnoge plo\u010de.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Primjer: povr\u0161ina i gusto\u0107a struje<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Uzmimo uobi\u010dajen slu\u010daj: debljina bakra <strong>35 \u03bcm<\/strong> i \u0161irina traga <strong>1 mm<\/strong>. Popre\u010dni presjek je:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Povr\u0161ina = debljina \u00d7 \u0161irina = 0,035 mm \u00d7 1 mm = 0,035 mm\u00b2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ako koristite pravilo gusto\u0107e struje <strong>30 A\/mm\u00b2<\/strong>, tada je trenutni intenzitet po \u0161irini od 1 mm \u2248 30 \u00d7 0,035 = 1,05 A. Dakle, otprilike 1 A po mm \u0161irine trase prema tom pravilu prsta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. IPC formule za precizniji tok i porast temperature<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electronics.org\/TOC\/IPC-2152.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IPC-2152<\/a> i <a href=\"https:\/\/standards.globalspec.com\/std\/155369\/ipc-d-275\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/standards.globalspec.com\/std\/155369\/ipc-d-275\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IPC-D-275<\/a> dajte preciznije modele. Tekst uklju\u010duje IPC-D-275 formule u uobi\u010dajenom obliku:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Za unutra\u0161nje tragove: I = 0.0150 \u00d7 (\u0394T^0.5453) \u00d7 (A^0.7349)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za vanjske tragove: I = 0,0647 \u00d7 (\u0394T^0,4281) \u00d7 (A^0,6732)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>U ovim formulama:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ja je struja u amperima.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0394T je dozvoljeno pove\u0107anje temperature u \u00b0C.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A je popre\u010dni presjek u milimetar kvadratima (ili drugim jedinicama, ovisno o tome kako primjenjujete formulu). Koristite dosljedne jedinice kada primjenjujete formule.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Koristite IPC metode ako vam je potreban precizan dozvoljeni struja za zadani porast temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Debljina bakra i dielektri\u010dno uskla\u0111ivanje<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>U dizajnu tiskanih plo\u010dica, \u201cdebljina bakra \u2014 uskla\u0111ivanje dielektrika\u201d zna\u010di da zajedno birate debljinu bakra i dielektrik plo\u010de. Ovo je kako bi se zadovoljile elektri\u010dne, termalne i mehani\u010dke potrebe. Klju\u010dne ta\u010dke:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.1 Te\u017eina bakra (debljina bakra)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Jedinica: oz\/ft\u00b2 (na primjer, 0,5 oz, 1 oz, 2 oz, 3 oz).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 oz \u2248 35 \u03bcm \u2248 1,35 mil.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Efekti:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Provodljivost struje: deblji bakar provodi vi\u0161e struje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gubici: pri visokoj frekvenciji ko\u017eni efekt je va\u017ean. Deblji bakar mo\u017ee u nekim slu\u010dajevima smanjiti gubitke u vodi\u010du.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Termalno: deblji bakar poma\u017ee u raspr\u0161ivanju toplote.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Graviranje: deblji bakar ote\u017eava fino graviranje. Minimalna \u0161irina i razmak tragova mogu se pove\u0107ati.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cijena: deblji bakar je skuplji.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.2 Dielektri\u010dni materijal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Klju\u010dna dielektri\u010dna svojstva:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dielektri\u010dna konstanta (Dk ili \u03b5r): utje\u010de na brzinu signala i impedanciju.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tangens gubitka (Df): utje\u010de na gubitke na visokim frekvencijama.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Debljina (H): kod bakra debljina H odre\u0111uje impedanciju i kapacitivnost.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CTE i Tg: toplinska pouzdanost.<br>Uobi\u010dajeni materijali: <strong>fr4<\/strong> za op\u0107u upotrebu, FR4 visoke Tg vrijednosti i posebni visokofrekventni materijali (npr. Rogers).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.3 Pravila uskla\u0111ivanja<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Za kontrolu impedanse, uobi\u010dajena mikrostrip formula je: Z0 \u2248 (87 \/ sqrt(\u03b5r_eff + 1.41)) * ln(5.98H \/ (0.8W + T)) gdje je Z0 impedansa, \u03b5r_eff efektivna dielektri\u010dna konstanta, H debljina dielektrika, W \u0161irina trake, T debljina bakra.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ako se pove\u0107ava debljina bakra, impedansa se smanjuje za istu \u0161irinu i dielektrik. Dakle, morate pove\u0107ati \u0161irinu ili debljinu dielektrika kako biste odr\u017eali istu impedansu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za visokofrekventne signale va\u017ena je dubina ko\u017ee. Debljina bakra treba biti najmanje nekoliko puta ve\u0107a od dubine ko\u017ee pri najvi\u0161oj frekvenciji od interesa. Pri vrlo visokim frekvencijama va\u017ena je i hrapavost povr\u0161ine. Koristite bakar niske hrapavosti ako vam je potreban mali gubitak.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za napajne plo\u010de i velike struje koristite deblji bakar (\u2265 2 oz) i razmotrite termo-provodljive dielektri\u010dne ili metalno-jezgrene plo\u010de za upravljanje toplotom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8.4 Proizvodljivost<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Debeli bakar (\u2265 3 oz) zahtijeva ve\u0107e pravila za tragove\/razmake kako bi se izbjegli problemi pri graviranju.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tanki dielektri\u010dni materijali zahtijevaju strogu kontrolu debljine bakra. Varijacije utje\u010du na impedanciju.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Tabela izbora (kratki vodi\u010d)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Scenarij primjene<\/th><th>Preporu\u010dena te\u017eina bakra<\/th><th>Preporu\u010deni dielektri\u010dni materijal<\/th><th>Odgovaraju\u0107i razlog<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Visokobrzinski digitalni (&gt;5 Gbps)<\/td><td>0,5 oz \u2013 1 oz<\/td><td>nisko-Df FR4 \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rogerscorp.com\/advanced-electronics-solutions\/ro4000-series-laminates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rogers RO4000<\/a><\/td><td>Fino usmjeravanje, niski gubici, lak\u0161a kontrola impedanse.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Moduli snage \/ visoka struja<\/td><td>60 ml \u2013 180 ml+<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/fr-4-pcb-guide-properties-limits-material-choices\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4641\">FR4<\/a> Materijali visoke Tg \/ visoke toplinske provodljivosti<\/td><td>Ve\u0107i kapacitet struje i bolja disipacija toplote.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>RF \/ mikrotalasni (&gt;10 GHz)<\/td><td>0,5 oz (niska hrapavost)<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rogerscorp.com\/advanced-electronics-solutions\/ro3000-series-laminates\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rogers RO3000<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/pcb-substrate-classification-and-material-properties\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4685\">Teflon (PTFE)<\/a><\/td><td>Ultraniiski gubici i optimizirani povr\u0161inski efekti za RF.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Op\u0107a potro\u0161a\u010dka elektronika<\/td><td>1 unca<\/td><td>standardno FR4<\/td><td>Uravnote\u017eeni tro\u0161kovi i zreli proces.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>HDI plo\u010de visoke gusto\u0107e<\/td><td>0,5 oz \u2013 1 oz<\/td><td>FR4 materijali s visokim Tg i niskim CTE<\/td><td>Fino staze i pouzdana izvedba laserskih vijaka.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Prakti\u010dni savjeti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prvo navedite svoje potrebe: struju, brzinu signala, impedanciju, toplinu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Planirajte slojnu strukturu s odgovaraju\u0107im alatima.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Izvedite impedansnu simulaciju s materijalom Dk i debljinom bakra.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pitajte prodavca plo\u010du o tolerancijama debljine bakra i o dielektri\u010dnim opcijama.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Za slu\u010dajeve visokih frekvencija, ako je mogu\u0107e, izmjerite materijalne Dk i Df.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Napomena:<\/strong> Nominalna te\u017eina bakra (npr. 1 oz) je po\u010detna debljina prije graviranja. Nakon graviranja trag mo\u017ee imati su\u017eene stranice. Za stvarne provjere impedanse koristite ili prosje\u010dnu debljinu ili smjernice proizvo\u0111a\u010da plo\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. What is copper foil? Copper foil is a thin, continuous metal sheet. It is an electro-deposited, negative-type material. The 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