{"id":4765,"date":"2026-03-04T07:26:34","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T07:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4765"},"modified":"2026-03-04T07:26:37","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T07:26:37","slug":"preventing-caf-in-pcbs-causes-fixes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/preventing-caf-in-pcbs-causes-fixes\/","title":{"rendered":"Sprje\u010davanje CAF-a u PCB-ovima: Uzroci i rje\u0161enja"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Pregled nedavnog problema curenja na PCB-u<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nedavno smo se suo\u010dili s problemom curenja na \u0161tampanoj plo\u010dici (PCB). Proizvod je niskopotro\u0161nje. Cijeli ure\u0111aj obi\u010dno vu\u010de struju na nivou mikroampera (\u00b5A). Nakon starenja na normalnoj temperaturi neko vrijeme, primijetili smo da mu je potro\u0161nja energije porasla. Neki su uzorci \u010dak dostigli nivo miliampera (mA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pa\u017eljivo smo isklju\u010dili kvarove komponenti. Na kraju smo prona\u0161li 5 V \u010dvor. Kada je proizvod bio u stanju mirovanja, taj \u010dvor je trebao biti na 0 V, ali je imao pad napona od oko 1,8 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pa\u017eljivo smo presjekli tragove na PCB-u. Na na\u0161e iznena\u0111enje, dvije vije koje nisu imale elektri\u010dnu vezu na PCB-u mogle su se izmjeriti i pokazale su otpor od nekoliko stotina oma me\u0111u njima. Provjerili smo datoteke dizajna. To je dvostruka plo\u010da. Razmak izme\u0111u vija i razmak izme\u0111u padova > 6 mil. Razmak izme\u0111u zida rupe i padova > 18 mil. Ovaj dizajn je uobi\u010dajen za standardno bu\u0161enje u industriji PCB-a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uklonili smo masku za lemljenje kako bismo isklju\u010dili vodljivu kontaminaciju na maski ili povr\u0161ini via. Mjereni otpor izme\u0111u via i dalje je postojao. Neko vrijeme nismo mogli objasniti za\u0161to. Zatim smo otkrili da je curenje uzrokovano \u201cCAF efektom.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u0160ta je CAF<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

CAF zna\u010di Conductive Anodic Filamentation. To je curenje unutar \u0161tampane plo\u010dice (PCB) pri kojem se bakrovi ioni kre\u0107u od anode (vi\u0161i napon) kroz mikrokanale pukotina izme\u0111u staklenih vlakana prema katodi (ni\u017ei napon). Tokom ovog procesa bakar i bakrene soli uzrokuju curenje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na slici, nakon uzdu\u017enog bru\u0161enja dvije susjedne via i njihovog pregleda pod elektronskim mikroskopom pri uve\u0107anju od 100\u00d7, laminat izgleda tamno. Svijetla zlatna podru\u010dja su bakar. Mo\u017eete vidjeti bakarne mrlje i bakarne filamente izme\u0111u te dvije via.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"CAF\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. Kako se formiraju CAF (mehanizam)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Normalno FR4 laminat za \u0161tampane plo\u010dice<\/a> Pravi se tkanjem staklenih vlakana u tkaninu, zatim natapanjem epoksidnom smolom i polu-su\u0161enjem. Ako je adhezija izme\u0111u smole i staklenih vlakana slaba ili smola ne natapa u potpunosti staklo, mogu se pojaviti praznine izme\u0111u njih. Tokom mehani\u010dke obrade, poput bu\u0161enja, tangencijalno povla\u010denje i aksijalni udar mogu dodatno o\u0161tetiti vezu smole. To mo\u017ee olabaviti ili odvojiti snopove vlakana i stvoriti praznine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kada je okru\u017eenje vru\u0107e i vla\u017eno, adhezija izme\u0111u epoksida i staklenih vlakana dodatno se pogor\u0161ava. Silanski spojni agensi na povr\u0161ini staklenih vlakana mogu se hidrolizirati. To stvara puteve du\u017e oja\u010danja od staklenih vlakana koji omogu\u0107avaju migraciju elektrona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzimaju\u0107i u obzir ove uslove, ako dvije obli\u017enje via imaju potencijalnu razliku, bakar na anodi vi\u0161eg napona mo\u017ee se oksidovati u bakarne ione. Pod uticajem elektri\u010dnog polja, bakarni ioni se kre\u0107u prema katodi ni\u017eeg napona. Tokom migracije, oni se kombinuju sa jonima ne\u010disto\u0107a u laminatu ili sa OH\u2013 da formiraju netopive provodne soli, koje se talo\u017ee. Kao rezultat toga, elektri\u010dni razmak izme\u0111u dvije izolacione via naglo opada. U te\u0161kim slu\u010dajevima, one mogu \u010dak formirati direktan provodni\u010dki put i izazvati kratki spoj.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reakcije na anodi i katodi (kao \u0161to je uo\u010deno):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anoda:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu \u2192 Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 e\u207b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u2082O \u2192 H\u207a + OH\u207b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Katoda:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 H\u207a + 2 e\u207b \u2192 H\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 OH\u207b \u2192 Cu(OH)\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu(OH)\u2082 \u2192 CuO + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CuO + H\u2082O \u2192 Cu(OH)\u2082 \u2192 Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 OH\u207b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 e\u207b \u2192 Cu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Bilje\u0161ke iz na\u0161eg iskustva<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Prije nego \u0161to smo saznali da je uzrok CAF, bili smo zbunjeni otporom izme\u0111u dvije izolirane provodne veze. Nakon pretra\u017eivanja literature, otkrili smo da su mnogi kolege imali isti problem. CAF je postao zna\u010dajan problem pouzdanosti u industriji tiskanih plo\u010dica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Kako sprije\u010diti ili smanjiti CAF<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pobolj\u0161ajte otpornost laminata na CAF. Za proces PCB podloge pove\u0107ajte ionsku \u010disto\u0107u materijala. Koristite smole s niskom apsorpcijom vlage. Osigurajte da je staklena tkanina potpuno natopljena smolom i dobro prianja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Budite oprezni pri bu\u0161enju ili laserskom izradi vijaka. Bu\u0161enje ili laserska obrada mogu proizvesti visoku lokalnu toplinu. Ako temperatura prema\u0161i Tg plo\u010de, smola se mo\u017ee otopiti i stvoriti ostatke. Ostaci na zidovima rupa mogu uzrokovati lo\u0161 kontakt tijekom pozlatbe. Stoga uklonite ostatke prije pozlatbe. Napomena: namakanje tijekom uklanjanja ostataka mo\u017ee erodirati prolazne rupe i uzrokovati kontaminaciju bakrom, \u0161to mo\u017ee olak\u0161ati kasniju migraciju bakra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pove\u0107ajte razmak izme\u0111u via-a i via-a u Dizajn \u0161tampane plo\u010dice<\/a>. Tako\u0111er, CAF kanali obi\u010dno prate isti snop staklenih vlakana. Pomicanje ili pomjeranje susjednih via poma\u017ee smanjiti rizik od CAF-a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O\u010distite povr\u0161ine PCBA. Na primjer, upotrijebite pi\u0161tolj za visokotla\u010dno zraku kako biste uklonili pra\u0161inu i sprije\u010dili ostatke ne\u010disto\u0107a koji bi mogli izazvati ne\u017eeljenu elektrokhemiju. Nanesite konformni premaz na povr\u0161inu PCBA kako biste sprije\u010dili prodiranje vlage, posebno u vru\u0107im i vla\u017enim uvjetima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1. Recent PCB Leakage Issue Overview We recently faced a PCB leakage issue. The product is low-power. The whole device 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