{"id":4769,"date":"2026-03-04T09:39:03","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T09:39:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4769"},"modified":"2026-03-04T09:39:07","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T09:39:07","slug":"rohs-compliance-for-pcbs-materials-processes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/rohs-compliance-for-pcbs-materials-processes\/","title":{"rendered":"Uskla\u0111enost sa RoHS direktivom za \u0161tampane plo\u010dice: materijali i procesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Otkako je Evropska unija decembra 2003. godine formalno donijela propis o \u201cbez olova\u201d, globalna elektroni\u010dka industrija osjetila je sna\u017ean utjecaj. Do jula 2006. godine stupile su na snagu direktive EU o otpadu elektri\u010dne i elektroni\u010dke opreme (WEEE) i o ograni\u010denju opasnih supstanci (RoHS). Istovremeno su na snagu stupila i pravila o proizvodima bez olova i bez halogena Udru\u017eenja japanske elektronike i informacione tehnologije (JEITA) i Nacionalnog udru\u017eenja proizvo\u0111a\u010da elektri\u010dne opreme SAD-a (NEMA) za industriju elektroni\u010dkog pakovanja. Od tada, elektroni\u010dki proizvodi koji se stavljaju na tr\u017ei\u0161te ne smiju sadr\u017eavati olovo, \u017eivu, kadmij, heksavalentni hrom, ograni\u010dene koli\u010dine polibromiranih bifenila (PBB) ili polibromiranih difenil etera (PBDE) i druge \u0161tetne supstance. Ova promjena utje\u010de na globalni lanac snabdijevanja i razvoj povezanih industrija, uklju\u010duju\u0107i sektor PCB-a. Ovaj \u010dlanak obja\u0161njava, kroz kontrolu sirovina, odabir i kontrolu olovnih procesa te kona\u010dnu monta\u017eu SMT-a, kako proizvodi PCB-a nove generacije mogu ispuniti sve stro\u017ee propise o za\u0161titi okoli\u0161a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Odabir i kontrola sirovina<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dobro je poznato da se \u017eiva, kadmij i heksavalentni krom gotovo nikada ne koriste u industriji PCB-a. Osim u tragovima pri mokloj obradi, proizvo\u0111a\u010di PCB-a ne koriste ove elemente namjerno. Stoga je, pri odabiru sirovina i procesa, odr\u017eavanje razina olova (Pb) i halogena ispod propisanih granica glavni zahtjev za ispunjavanje osnovnih ekolo\u0161kih propisa. Za povr\u0161inske metalne obrade PCB-a, cilj je da budu bez olova (ispod 0,11 TP3T Pb). Tradicionalni PCB i SMT <\/a>Industrije su koristile mnogo legura olova i kalaja, kao \u0161to su HASL i pasta za lemljenje. Olovo je te\u0161ki metalni element i \u0161iroko je rasprostranjeno u prirodi. Kada ljudski unos olova prema\u0161i sigurne nivoe, mogu se pojaviti simptomi poput anemije, nedostatka kalcijuma i smanjenog imuniteta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1 Za\u0161to koristiti kalaj bez olova?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0160teta od olova u lemu: Iako je olovo sadr\u017eano u lemu mali dio ukupne potro\u0161nje olova u nekim razmjerima, ono se mo\u017ee \u0161iriti i te\u0161ko ga je u potpunosti ukloniti. Zaga\u0111enje okoli\u0161a i zabrinutost zbog trovanja olovom poti\u010du odmak od olova. U tiskanim plo\u010dicama (PCB) halogeni (fluor F, klor Cl, brom Br, jod I) uglavnom se koriste u laminatima i tintama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 Materijalni pregled<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gotova tiskane plo\u010dice uglavnom sadr\u017ee tri grupe elemenata: laminat (osnovni materijal), slojeve metalne povr\u0161inske obrade i boje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2.1 Osnovni materijal<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Uobi\u010dajeni laminati kao \u0161to su FR-4<\/a> i CEM-3 \u010desto sadr\u017ee mnogo brominiranih epoksidnih smola. Ove smole mogu uklju\u010divati tetrabromobisfenol A, polibromirane bifenile i polibromirane difenil etere. Kada se ovi materijali zapale, mogu otpu\u0161tati visoko toksi\u010dne spojeve poput dioksina (TCDD) i furana. Ako ljudi unesu takve spojeve, te\u0161ko ih je ukloniti iz tijela i oni predstavljaju ozbiljne zdravstvene rizike. Stoga se industrija bakrenog laminata mora prebaciti na osnovne materijale bez halogena. Bez halogena zna\u010di da su i klor i brom ispod otprilike 0,091%. Koristiti epoksidne smole koje sadr\u017ee fosfor za zamjenu brominiranih epoksidnih smola. Koristiti fenolne smole koje sadr\u017ee du\u0161ik za zamjenu tradicionalnih sredstava za stvrdnjavanje na bazi dikinidiamida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Halogen-free<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tako\u0111er, ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljivi laminati moraju imati visoku otpornost na toplinu. Moraju izdr\u017eati vi\u0161e SMT reflow ciklusa bez olova pri otprilike 260 \u00b0C bez promjene boje, odvajanja slojeva, deformacije ili savijanja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2.2 Povr\u0161inski metalni slojevi<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Industrija sada \u0161iroko koristi olovni HASL bez olova s formulom kalaj\u2013srebro\u2013bakar (na primjer, 95,5Sn\u20133,9Ag\u20130,6Cu) umjesto legura olova i kalaja. Povr\u0161inski premazi PCB-a bez olova moraju pokazivati dobru kapilarno naprezanje i tok. Moraju stvarati nisko toplinsko naprezanje i otporni su na oksidaciju na visokim temperaturama. To poma\u017ee u obradi SMT-a bez olova. Fluks koji se koristi za HASL tako\u0111er mora biti ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljiv, reciklabilan i kompatibilan sa SMT fluksovima kako bi se zajedno refluksirali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2.3 Tinte<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Tinte koje se nanose na \u0161tampane plo\u010dice (PCB) uklju\u010duju tinte za masku za lemljenje, tinte za oznake i tinte za popunjavanje vijaka. Formula tinta je sli\u010dna formulama laminata. Uglavnom sadr\u017ee smolu, brominirane retardante i sredstva za stvrdnjavanje. Mnogi moderni brendovi tinta ve\u0107 proizvode tinte bez \u0161tetnih supstanci. Izbor tinta mora biti u skladu s ekolo\u0161kim propisima i izdr\u017eati ponovljene SMT cikluse bez olova pri visokim temperaturama. Tinte se nakon obrade ne smiju odvajati u slojeve, mijenjati boju, lju\u0161titi se ili pucati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2.4 Kontrola materijala bez olova<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Upravljanje sirovinama je vrlo va\u017ena karika u ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljivoj proizvodnji PCB-ova. Na primjer, ako se olovna lete\u0107a traka pogre\u0161no doda u posudu s \u010distim kalajem, rezultat mo\u017ee biti katastrofalan. Ostatke indirektnih materijala, poput fluksa, ne smije se zanemariti. Prakti\u010dne mjere uklju\u010duju:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Postavite kodove materijala za sirovine bez halogena i bez olova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koristite bojne oznake i od\u0161tampajte odobrenu \u201czelenu\u201d etiketu na vanjskom i unutra\u0161njem pakovanju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Green<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Skladi\u0161tite ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljive materijale odvojeno u skladi\u0161tu i na proizvodnoj liniji. Dodijelite odre\u0111eno osoblje da ih uklju\u010di u proizvodnju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Implementirati program certifikacije \u201czelenog kvalifikovanog dobavlja\u010da\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Selekcija i kontrola procesa bez olova<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Povr\u0161inski procesi bez olova za \u0161tampane plo\u010dice uklju\u010duju elektroliti\u010dki naneseni Ni\/Au, beoelektroliti\u010dki Ni\/Au uranjanjem, OSP (organsko sredstvo za o\u010duvanje lemljivosti), uranjanje u kalaj (kemijski kalaj) i uranjanje u srebro (kemijsko srebro).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1 Koraci za uvo\u0111enje procesa bez olova<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Slijedite ove korake: in\u017eenjerski dizajn \u2192 tehni\u010dki razvoj \u2192 procjena pouzdanosti \u2192 nabavka materijala \u2192 implementacija projekta i tehni\u010dko uvo\u0111enje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2 Implementacija i kontrola procesa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2.2.1 In\u017eenjerski CAM dizajn<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Dizajn na nivou projekta za ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljive PCB-ove mora uzeti u obzir utjecaje na naknadnu obradu SMT-a i funkciju PCB-a nakon sklapanja. CAM rad treba obuhvatiti SMT korake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Primjer rasporeda (rute i oblici padova):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sprije\u010dite pomicanje komponente tokom valnog ili selektivnog lemljenja. Smanjite pre\u010dnike nekih padova kako biste smanjili rizik od mostova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sprije\u010dite kratko spajanje QFP pinova tijekom talasnog lemljenja. Po potrebi nagnite QFP komponente i projektujte dummy lemne povr\u0161ine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za \u010dipove s mekim otapanjem, zadr\u017eite ranija pravila. Postavite otvore za\u0161titne folije blizu unutra\u0161njih rubova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sprije\u010dite savijanje plo\u010de:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Provjerite otpornost plo\u010de na toplinu. Obratite pa\u017enju na vr\u0161ne temperature pri mekom otapanju pod vlagom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za velike daske ili daske koje nose te\u0161ke dijelove pripremite potporna podru\u010dja u sredini kako biste smanjili savijanje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prilikom postavljanja dijelova, poku\u0161ajte ravnomjerno rasporediti toplinsku masu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanki vi\u0161eslojni dasci ili dasci s izrezanim \u017elijebovima lako se iskrivljuju pod toplinom mekog otapanja. Pa\u017eljivo razmotrite oblik i veli\u010dinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.2 Tehni\u010dki razvoj<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Razvoj i kontrola procesa klju\u010dna su oblast za ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljivu proizvodnju PCB-a. Prakti\u010dne mjere uklju\u010duju:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nemojte obra\u0111ivati ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljive i neekolo\u0161ki prihvatljive materijale na istoj liniji. Odvojite procese poput razvijanja i zavr\u0161nog \u010di\u0161\u0107enja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ozna\u010dite ekolo\u0161ke proizvode na MI (uputstvima za proizvodnju) listovima. Zahtijevajte potpis koji potvr\u0111uje proces bez olova kako biste podsjetili operatere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U\u010dinite alate i pribor za proizvodnju ekolo\u0161kih proizvoda vidljivim pomo\u0107u jasnih oznaka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tinte moraju izdr\u017eati vi\u0161estruki SMT bez olova pri visokim temperaturama. Predtretman i su\u0161enje podloge su vrlo va\u017eni. Nakon HASL-a ili SMT-a bez olova, tinta se mo\u017ee lju\u0161titi na rubovima rupa. To \u010desto nastaje zbog vlage koja je ostala u rupama i na povr\u0161inama. Pri visokim temperaturama vlaga se \u0161iri i odvaja tintu od bakra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne dodajte razrje\u0111iva\u010de u tintu za masku za lemljenje. Time se sprje\u010dava brzo isparavanje otapala u rupama pri visokim temperaturama, \u0161to mo\u017ee o\u0161tetiti rupe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odr\u017eavajte sadr\u017eaj bakra u HASL lon\u010devima za lemljenje ispod 0,851 TP3T.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.2.3 Procjena pouzdanosti<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

U pore\u0111enju s neekolo\u0161kim PCB-ovima, ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljivi PCB-ovi zahtijevaju rigoroznija ispitivanja pouzdanosti. Dodajte ove testove:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Test lemljivosti. Koristite istu vrstu olovne beze\u0161avne lete koja \u0107e se koristiti u proizvodnji.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Test toplotnog \u0161oka. Uslovi: -40 \u00b0C \/ 85 \u00b0C \/ 125 \u00b0C. Nakon 3000 ciklusa ne bi trebalo biti pukotina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Test termi\u010dkih ciklusa. Nema pukotina i nema \u0161upljina od skupljanja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Test vla\u017ene toplote. Uvjeti: 60 \u00b0C i 90\u201395%% vla\u017enosti zraka tijekom 500 sati. Pri dugotrajnoj visokoj temperaturi i vla\u017enosti ne smije do\u0107i do stvaranja metalnih vlaknastih formacija.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljiv PCB u kona\u010dnoj SMT monta\u017ei<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

3.1 Karakteristike SMT-a bez olova<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Olovo-slobodni lem ima vi\u0161u ta\u010dku topljenja. Pokazuje slabije vla\u010denje i protok, ve\u0107i toplotni napon, lo\u0161iju sposobnost vla\u010denja i skloniji je oksidaciji. To zahtijeva stro\u017ee uslove proizvodnje i kontrolu kvaliteta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1.1 Dizajn SMT linije<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Pove\u0107ajte temperaturu predgrijavanja. Kontrolirajte brzinu SMT linije na otprilike 1,2\u20131,8 m\/min. Postavite nagib transportne trake na 3\u20135 stupnjeva. Osigurajte termi\u010dku kompenzaciju gdje je potrebno kako bi podru\u010dje SMT ostalo na stabilnoj temperaturi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Da biste osigurali dobro vla\u017eenje, odr\u017eavajte odgovaraju\u0107i raspon temperature predgrijavanja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lemilica i termi\u010dka kontrola:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temperatura povr\u0161ine dijela na plo\u010di mora ostati ispod zajam\u010denog toplinskog ograni\u010denja, dok stra\u017enja strana plo\u010de mo\u017ee dose\u0107i oko 250 \u00b0C. Skratite udaljenost izme\u0111u faza grijanja kako bi pad temperature izme\u0111u valova bio unutar otprilike 55 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kada se koristi Sn\u2013Ag\u2013Cu lem, mogu\u0107e je prestati koristiti prvi val.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1.2 Ru\u010dno ponovno lemljenje<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Postavite temperaturu lemilice na oko 370 \u00b1 10 \u00b0C. Koristite kromirani vrh. Koristite lemilicu od 80 W za kratko vrijeme kontakta, npr. 3 sekunde. Predgrijte podlogu na 50\u201360 \u00b0C. Ako lemilica stoji neiskori\u0161tena du\u017ee vrijeme, o\u010distite vrh od ne\u010disto\u0107a. Navla\u017eite vrh svje\u017eim kalajem, zatim isklju\u010dite napajanje kako biste sprije\u010dili oksidaciju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1.3 Kori\u0161tenje du\u0161i\u010dne za\u0161tite i njene prednosti<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Pobolj\u0161ajte atmosferu procesa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smanjite oksidaciju i pobolj\u0161ajte vla\u017eenje kalaja na izvodima komponenti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pobolj\u0161ajte izgled, jer su lemovi bez olova manje sjajni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smanjiti promjenu boje uzrokovanu dugotrajnom izlo\u017eeno\u0161\u0107u visokim temperaturama u procesima bez olova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 Bilje\u0161ke o istra\u017eivanju i posebni procesni biljezi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

3.2.1 Istra\u017eiti kalaje s niskom temperaturom taljenja ispod 125 \u00b0C kao opciju za posebne slu\u010dajeve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.2 Koristite lokalne metode grijanja (ta\u010dkasto grijanje, infracrveno ili RF) za lemljenje odre\u0111enih dijelova na 240\u2013260 \u00b0C. Dijelovi moraju izdr\u017eati toplotu du\u017ee od 40 sekundi. Alati za lokalno grijanje mogu uklju\u010divati lasere, ksenonski bljesak (nekontaktni), vru\u0107e kliza\u010de ili pulsne grija\u010de (kontaktne).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.3 Slijedite standarde poput ISO 14000<\/a> i specifikacije procesa kupaca. Zelene prakse uklju\u010duju materijale bez olova i bez halogena, pro\u010di\u0161\u0107avanje zraka i sisteme za oporavak fluksa koji mogu filtrirati i reciklirati oko 90% fluksa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.4 Koristite mjere protiv plijesni i termita gdje je to potrebno za PCB-ove.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2.5 Istra\u017eiti i primijeniti reciklabilne i biorazgradive organske PCB podloge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Sa\u017eeti kontrolni popis za in\u017eenjere i proizvodne timove<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Provjerite sve certifikate analize sirovina (COA). Potvrdite da su razine halogena i olova ispod granica. \u010cuvajte COA datoteke za revizije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koristite odvojeno skladi\u0161tenje i jasno ozna\u010davanje za materijale bez olova i bez halogena. Obu\u010dite osoblje da izbjegava unakrsnu kontaminaciju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u017eurirajte CAD i CAM pravila za obradu bez olova. Podesite veli\u010dine padova i otvore maske za lemljenje po potrebi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Provedite probne pokuse i procijenite lemljivost, toplotni \u0161ok, toplotno cikliranje i testove pri vla\u017enoj toploti. Pratite rezultate i uporedite ih s po\u010detnim vrijednostima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kontrolirajte sastav HASL kupke i pratite sadr\u017eaj bakra. Dr\u017eite procese galvanizacije i \u010di\u0161\u0107enja dobro pod kontrolom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osigurajte da su zone predgrijavanja na SMT linijama stabilne. Koristite du\u0161ik kad god je to mogu\u0107e kako biste smanjili oksidaciju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pobolj\u0161ajte korake su\u0161enja i pe\u010denja radi uklanjanja vlage prije procesa na visokim temperaturama. Koristite kontrolisane pe\u0107nice za su\u0161enje podloge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nanesite konformalni premaz kada upotreba proizvoda ili okru\u017eenje zahtijeva dodatnu za\u0161titu od vlage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odr\u017eavajte revizije dobavlja\u010da i odobravajte samo zelene kvalificirane dobavlja\u010de. Zahtijevajte izjave dobavlja\u010da o uskla\u0111enosti s RoHS direktivom i o statusu bez halogena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Planirajte recikla\u017eu na kraju \u017eivotnog vijeka. Dizajnirajte za rastavljanje i oporavak materijala kad god je to mogu\u0107e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Zavr\u0161ne napomene<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Uskla\u0111ivanje s RoHS propisima nije samo promjena materijala. To je promjena u cijelom lancu opskrbe. Utje\u010de na odabir materijala, kontrolu procesa u tvornici, dizajn proizvoda i kona\u010dnu monta\u017eu. Tako\u0111er mijenja testiranje i rad na dugoro\u010dnoj pouzdanosti. Timovi moraju pa\u017eljivo planirati i djelovati korak po korak. Po\u010dnite sa strogo kontrolom materijala i dizajnom za proizvodnju (CAM). Razvijte stabilne procese bez olova. Provedite temeljne testove pouzdanosti. Obu\u010dite operatere i vodite jasnu evidenciju. S ovim koracima, proizvo\u0111a\u010di tiskanih plo\u010dica (PCB) mogu isporu\u010diti proizvode uskla\u0111ene s RoHS direktivom i pouzdane za kupce i za okoli\u0161.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Since the European Union formally legislated “lead-free” in December 2003, the global electronics industry felt a strong impact. 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