{"id":4981,"date":"2026-05-28T09:29:38","date_gmt":"2026-05-28T09:29:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4981"},"modified":"2026-05-28T09:29:40","modified_gmt":"2026-05-28T09:29:40","slug":"ceramic-pcb-design-manufacturing-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/ceramic-pcb-design-manufacturing-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Kerami\u010dki \u0161tampani plo\u010dici: Kompletan vodi\u010d za dizajn i proizvodnju"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0160ta je kerami\u010dki \u0161tampani plo\u010dasti sklop?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kerami\u010dki PCB koristi neorganski kerami\u010dki supstrat umjesto tradicionalnog FR-4<\/a> stakloplastika. Uobi\u010dajeni materijali podloge su alumina (Al\u2082O\u2083), aluminij-nitrid (AlN) i berilij-oksid (BeO). Ove plo\u010de provode toplotu mnogo bolje od organskih laminata. Tako\u0111er, izdr\u017eavaju temperature do 350 \u00b0C za standardnu aluminu, a jo\u0161 vi\u0161e za SiC.\u00a0In\u017eenjeri biraju kerami\u010dke \u0161tampane plo\u010dice kada im je potrebna visoka toplotna provodnost, stabilne elektri\u010dne performanse na visokim frekvencijama ili koeficijent toplotnog \u0161irenja (CTE) koji odgovara silicijskim \u010dipovima. Za razliku od plo\u010dica s metalnom osnovom, keramika nema izolacijski sloj izme\u0111u komponente i materijala za rasipanje toplote. Komponente stoje direktno na keramici, \u0161to smanjuje toplotni otpor. Ovaj direktni put odr\u017eava niske radne temperature i produ\u017euje vijek trajanja proizvoda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vrste kerami\u010dkih \u0161tampanih plo\u010dica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Postoje tri glavne porodice procesa. Svaka odgovara razli\u010ditim ciljevima u pogledu performansi i tro\u0161kova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Types<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Visokotemperaturna keramika za suzbijanje (HTCC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

HTCC koristi aluminsku podlogu s refraktarnim metalnim pastama \u2014 volframom ili molibdenom. \u0160tanciramo uzorak kola na zelenu kerami\u010dku traku, slojevima, a zatim sve pe\u010demo na 1600\u20131700 \u00b0C u redukcijskoj plinskoj (vodoni\u010dnoj) atmosferi.\u00a0Visoka temperatura sintera keramiku i metal u monolitnu plo\u010du. HTCC dobro funkcionira za male podloge s velikim brojem slojeva. Me\u0111utim, ekstremno pe\u010denje uzrokuje skupljanje od 15\u201320%; ovo skupljanje kompenziramo tokom CAM dizajna.\u00a0Temperaturno otporni metali imaju ve\u0107u otpornost od bakra, pa tragovi u HTCC tehnologiji pokazuju ve\u0107i gubitak. Koristite HTCC kada vam je potrebno mnogo slojeva (do 10) i kada mo\u017eete prihvatiti \u0161ire \u0161irine linija. Na\u0161a fabrika mo\u017ee odr\u017eati \u0161irinu linije\/razmaka od 100 \u00b5m nakon korekcije skupljanja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keramika s niskotemperaturnim suzgaranjem (LTCC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

LTCC se pe\u010de na oko 900 \u00b0C. Ni\u017ea temperatura nam omogu\u0107ava upotrebu pastu od plemenitih metala\u2014zlata, srebra ili zlata-paladija. Podloga se pravi od staklokerami\u010dke kompozitne trake. \u0160tampamo vodnike, bu\u0161imo vijase laserom ili mehani\u010dkim probu\u0161iva\u010dem, punimo ih pastom i laminiramo slojeve.\u00a0Istovremeno pe\u010denje u oksidacijskoj pe\u0107i sve povezuje. LTCC omogu\u0107ava bolju dimenzionalnu kontrolu nego HTCC (samo 0,1\u20130,21% skupljanja), pa posti\u017eemo tanje linije: tipi\u010dno 75 \u00b5m trag\/razmak. Budu\u0107i da je pe\u010deni metal zlato, za vla\u017eenje lemom potrebni su posebni premazi za kontakte. \u010cesto dodajemo ENIG (elektroless nikl-zlatno uranjanje)<\/a>\u00a0kao zavr\u0161ni sloj. LTCC se izvrsno pokazuje u RF i mje\u0161ovitim signalnim primjenama jer je dielektri\u010dna konstanta ujedna\u010dena i ima niske gubitke.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kerami\u010dki PCB s debelim slojem<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tehnologija debelog sloja po\u010dinje s kerami\u010dkim podlogom koji je prethodno pe\u010den (obi\u010dno alumina 96%). Slikovnim sitotiskanjem nanosimo vodljive, otporni\u010dke i dielektri\u010dne paste sloj po sloj. Svaki sloj se pe\u010de na 850\u20131000 \u00b0C.\u00a0Provodni pastovi su od zlata ili srebra-paladija; dielektri\u010dni pastovi izoliraju izme\u0111u slojeva. Nakon pe\u010denja mo\u017eemo laserski rezati otpornike s tolerancijom od \u00b11%.\u00a0Tanki film je najjeftiniji kerami\u010dki proces za izradu prototipova i umjerene koli\u010dine. Vi\u0161eslojni bakreni tanki film je moderna varijanta: \u0161tampamo bakrene paste i pe\u010demo u du\u0161ikovoj atmosferi. Ovo rje\u0161ava probleme s cijenom zlatne paste i lemljivosti. \u0160tampane plo\u010dice s tankim filmom mogu imati zavr\u0161nu debljinu bakra od 10\u201315 \u00b5m, \u0161to je dovoljno za ve\u0107inu napojnih krugova do 10 A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Usporedba kerami\u010dkih materijala za tiskane plo\u010dice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Odabir prave keramike direktno utje\u010de na toplinske performanse i tro\u0161kove.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Materijal<\/th>Temperaturna provodljivost (W\/m\u00b7K)<\/th>CTE (ppm\/\u00b0C)<\/th>Dielektri\u010dna konstanta<\/th>Maksimalna radna temperatura (\u00b0C)<\/th>Tipi\u010dan slu\u010daj upotrebe<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Alumina 96%<\/td>20\u201324<\/td>6,5\u20137,0<\/td>9.4<\/td>350<\/td>LED moduli, energetski hibridi<\/td><\/tr>
Alumina 99.6%<\/td>28\u201330<\/td>7.0<\/td>9.8<\/td>350<\/td>RF podloge, nosa\u010di \u010dipova<\/td><\/tr>
Nitrid aluminija (AlN)<\/td>170\u2013230<\/td>4.5<\/td>8.8<\/td>400<\/td>GaN poja\u010dala velike snage, EV inverteri<\/td><\/tr>
Beriijum oksid (BeO)<\/td>260<\/td>6.4<\/td>6.7<\/td>450<\/td>Vojni radari (otrovni\u2014poseban postupak rukovanja)<\/td><\/tr>
Silikon-karbid (SiC)<\/td>120-270<\/td>4.0<\/td>40<\/td>800+<\/td>Ekstremni senzori za visoke temperature<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Alumina 96% pru\u017ea najbolji omjer cijene i performansi. AlN ko\u0161ta otprilike tri puta vi\u0161e, ali smanjuje temperaturu spojnice za vi\u0161e od 20 \u00b0C u dizajnu od 50 W.\u00a0Taj dodatni toplinski rezervni kapacitet mo\u017ee udvostru\u010diti prosje\u010dno vrijeme izme\u0111u kvarova sistema. Na\u0161a tvornica skladi\u0161ti obradke od alumine modela 96% i 99.6% u panelima dimenzija 4\u2033\u00d74\u2033 i 6\u2033\u00d78\u2033. Obradci od AlN-a dostupni su na zahtjev uz ne\u0161to du\u017ee rokove isporuke.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Klju\u010dne prednosti kerami\u010dkih \u0161tampanih plo\u010dica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Izuzetna toplotna provodljivost<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

FR-4 provodi toplinu pri otprilike 0,25 W\/m\u00b7K. \u010cak i standardna alumina (24 W\/m\u00b7K) prenosi toplinu 96 puta br\u017ee. Nitrid aluminija posti\u017ee 170\u2013230 W\/m\u00b7K. To zna\u010di da bakrena ravnina od jedne unce na keramici djeluje kao u\u010dinkovit raspr\u0161iva\u010d topline.\u00a0Na primjer, bakrena staza \u0161irine 2 mm i debljine 0,3 mm pri 100 A zagrijat \u0107e se na aluminijskoj plo\u010di samo za 5 \u00b0C iznad okoline. Ista staza na FR-4 bi se pregrijala i odvojila. Izravno montiranje komponenti na keramiku eliminira slojeve materijala za termi\u010dko su\u010delje, smanjuju\u0107i ukupni otpor od spoja do okoline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otpornost na visoke temperature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Na\u0161e HTCC i debelofilmske alumina plo\u010de rade kontinuirano na 350 \u00b0C. SiC plo\u010de prelaze 800 \u00b0C. Tradicionalni FR-4 ima temperaturu staklenog prijelaza (Tg) od 130\u2013170 \u00b0C; omek\u0161ava i propada znatno ispod 200 \u00b0C.\u00a0Ova tolerancija na visoke temperature \u010dini kerami\u010dke \u0161tampane plo\u010dice neophodnim za alate za bu\u0161enje u bu\u0161otinama, vo\u0111enje projektila i senzore u automobilskoj industriji ispod haube.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Niskotemperaturno otporni silicijski i kerami\u010dki paketi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Silikonski \u010dipovi se \u0161ire za oko 2,6 ppm\/\u00b0C. Kerami\u010dki nosa\u010di \u010dipova bez olova (LCCC) imaju CTE od 6\u20137 ppm\/\u00b0C. FR-4 se \u0161iri za 14\u201317 ppm\/\u00b0C.\u00a0Ova neuskla\u0111enost uzrokuje zamor lemnih spojeva tokom termi\u010dkih ciklusa. Kerami\u010dka PCB s CTE od 6,5 ppm\/\u00b0C gotovo savr\u0161eno odgovara pakovanju. U na\u0161im testovima pouzdanosti kerami\u010dki lemni spojevi na LCCC-u izdr\u017ee 2.000 ciklusa termi\u010dkog \u0161oka (\u221255 \u00b0C do +125 \u00b0C) bez rasta pukotina, dok isti spojevi na FR-4 zaka\u017eu nakon 500 ciklusa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vrhunska elektri\u010dna izolacija i visokofrekventne performanse<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dielektri\u010dka \u010dvrsto\u0107a na alumini prelazi 20 kV\/mm. Dielektri\u010dna konstanta ostaje stabilna pri razli\u010ditim temperaturama i frekvencijama, uz niski tangens gubitka. To omogu\u0107ava visokouzimpedansne vodove za RF do 20 GHz. Za mje\u0161ovito-signalne LTCC plo\u010de, parazitska kapacitivnost mo\u017ee se smanjiti za gotovo 90% u usporedbi s FR-4 dizajnima.\u00a0To smanjenje smanjuje preslu\u0161avanje i pobolj\u0161ava ta\u010dnost analognog-digitalnog pretvaranja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mehani\u010dka \u010dvrsto\u0107a i dugoro\u010dna stabilnost<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Uprkos krhkosti, kerami\u010dki supstrati imaju visoku kompresivnu \u010dvrsto\u0107u (alumina ~2.000 MPa). Otporni su na hemijsku eroziju goriva, kiselina i sredstava za \u010di\u0161\u0107enje. Upi\u0161avanje vlage je gotovo nula, pa se elektri\u010dna svojstva ne mijenjaju. Na\u0161e plo\u010de zadovoljavaju IPC-TM-650 <\/a>testovi otpornosti na vlagu bez ikakvog razaranja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Integracija i miniaturizacija visoke gusto\u0107e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Koristimo laserski bu\u0161ene mikroviase promjera do 0,06 mm. U kombinaciji s LTCC procesima finih linija (75 \u00b5m linija\/razmak) mo\u017eete smjestiti vi\u0161e komponenti na manji prostor. Vi\u0161eslojno suzbijanje (co-firing) omogu\u0107ava nam ugra\u0111ivanje pasivnih komponenti\u2014otpornika, kondenzatora\u2014unutar podloge tijekom sinteriranja.\u00a0Ovo osloba\u0111a povr\u0161inu za aktivne \u010dipove i konektore. Jedna LTCC plo\u010da mo\u017ee zamijeniti \u010ditav vi\u0161eplo\u010dasti FR-4 sklop, smanjuju\u0107i te\u017einu i zapreminu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"High\u2011Density<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Za\u0161to koristiti kerami\u010dke \u0161tampane plo\u010dice umjesto drugih plo\u010da?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Temperaturna provodnost: Stvarni brojevi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

FR-4: 0,25 W\/m\u00b7K. MCPCB (aluminijska podloga): 1\u20132 W\/m\u00b7K, ali i dalje koristi dielektri\u010dni izolacijski sloj, stvaraju\u0107i usko grlo.\u00a0Aluminijska keramika: 24 W\/m\u00b7K, bez izolacionog sloja. Tako toplina odmah te\u010de od kontakta komponente do kerami\u010dkog tijela. LED od 10 W na MCPCB-u mo\u017ee dosti\u0107i temperaturu spojnice od 120 \u00b0C; ista LED na aluminijskoj keramici ostaje ispod 100 \u00b0C. Ovaj hladniji rad udvostru\u010duje vijek trajanja odr\u017eavanja lumena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Usporedba cijena i ukupni tro\u0161kovi vlasni\u0161tva<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kerami\u010dke plo\u010de su skuplje po jedinici povr\u0161ine. Dvoslojna 96% aluminijska plo\u010da (100 \u00d7 80 mm) ko\u0161ta oko $0,8\u20131,2\/cm\u00b2 u veleprodaji (vi\u0161e od 100 komada). Ekvivalentna \u010detveroslojna FR-4 plo\u010da ko\u0161ta $0,10\/cm\u00b2. Ali tro\u0161ak sistema govori druga\u010diju pri\u010du. Keramika elimini\u0161e potrebu za termi\u010dkim padovima, rasprostira\u010dima toplote i velikim hladnjacima. Za napajanje od 50 W, u\u0161tede na rashladnoj opremi i radu pri sklapanju \u010desto prema\u0161uju $10 po jedinici. Kerami\u010dka verzija tako\u0111er smanjuje povrate iz terena. Tokom \u017eivotnog vijeka proizvoda, keramika pru\u017ea ni\u017ei ukupni tro\u0161ak vlasni\u0161tva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tehnolo\u0161ke prakse: Kada keramika pobje\u0111uje<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Koristite keramiku kada:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Temperatura spoja mora ostati ispod 150 \u00b0C pri visokoj okolini.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Dizajn ima mnogo komponenti osjetljivih na CTE (goli \u010dip, kerami\u010dki pakovani integrisani kola).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Potrebne su vam RF performanse iznad 5 GHz.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Proizvod se suo\u010dava s jakim vibracijama ili korozivnim okru\u017eenjima.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Minijaturizacija zahtijeva slijepe i zakopane provodnike te ugra\u0111ene pasivne komponente.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Ako su va\u0161i zahtjevi samo umjerena toplina i ako je tro\u0161ak presudan, MCPCB ili FR-4 s debelim bakrom mogu biti dovoljni. Ali \u010dim nai\u0111ete na toplotni zid, keramika rje\u0161ava problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kako proizvesti kerami\u010dki \u0161tampani plo\u010dasti sklop?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    U na\u0161oj fabrici koristimo \u010detiri glavna proizvodna toka. Jednostavno \u0107u pro\u0107i kroz svaki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    HTCC proces<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Izlijevanje trakom:<\/strong>\u00a0Mije\u0161amo alumina prah s organskim vezivom i lijepimo u tanke zelene plo\u010de.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Izrezivanje i probijanje VIA:<\/strong>\u00a0Re\u017eemo listove na veli\u010dinu panela i probu\u0161imo viae pomo\u0107u probija\u010da ili laserskog bu\u0161enja.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Putem punjenja i \u0161tampanja:<\/strong>\u00a0Napunite vias pastom od volframa. Sitotisakom nanesite vodljive tragove na svaki sloj.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. Laminacija:<\/strong>\u00a0Slojevite slojeve u pre\u0161i pod toplotom i pritiskom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. Kospaljenje:<\/strong>\u00a0Zagrijte laminirani sloj na 1600\u20131700 \u00b0C tokom 32\u201348 sati u kontrolisanoj vodoni\u010dno-du\u0161ikovoj atmosferi. Veznjak izgori, a keramika se sintera s metalom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    6. Post-obrada:<\/strong>\u00a0Laserski obradite sve ugra\u0111ene otpornike. Dodajte povr\u0161inske zavr\u0161ne obrade (ENIG, uranjeno srebro) ako je potrebno.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      LTCC proces<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Iste korake, ali s staklo-kerami\u010dkom trakom, zlatnom pastom i pe\u010denjem na 900 \u00b0C u zraku. Vodik nije potreban. Veli\u010dine otvora se smanjuju na 0,1 mm. Mo\u017eemo ugra\u0111ivati induktore i kondenzatore unutar sloja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Proces debelog sloja<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      1. Po\u010dnite s prethodno pe\u010denim aluminijskim podlogom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. Sitotisak provodnog sloja (zlato ili srebro-paladij), osu\u0161iti i pe\u0107i na 850\u20131000 \u00b0C.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. \u0160tampajte dielektri\u010dni sloj za izolaciju, zatim ga ispecite.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      4. Ponovite za svaki sloj. Za bakar debelog sloja, od\u0161tampajte i ispe\u010dite u azotu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      5. Nanesite zavr\u0161ni glazur ili masku za lemljenje (ako je potrebno).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      6. Laserski re\u017ei otpornike na \u017eeljenu vrijednost.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Tipi\u010dne specifikacije debelog sloja: linija\/razmak 125 \u00b5m, promjer vijke 0,3 mm, do 4 sloja vodilica, zavr\u0161na debljina bakra 10\u201315 \u00b5m po sloju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Izravno oblo\u017eena bakar (DPC) i izravno vezani bakar (DCB)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Ovo su jednostavnije metode za jednostrane ili dvostrane plo\u010de. DPC metodom raspr\u0161ivanja talo\u017ei po\u010detni sloj bakra na keramiku, a zatim galvanizira do \u017eeljene debljine. DCB metoda spaja debeli bakreni lim (0,1\u20130,3 mm) direktno na aluminu ili AlN pri visokoj temperaturi u du\u0161iku.\u00a0Koristimo DPC za LED pakete i DCB za IGBT module visokog strujnog optere\u0107enja. Oba pru\u017eaju izvrsne toplinske performanse s debljinama bakra do 300 \u00b5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Na\u0161a fabrika zadr\u017eava standardne dimenzije panela: 4\u2033\u00d74\u2033, 5\u2033\u00d75\u2033, 6\u2033\u00d78\u2033 i 8\u2033\u00d710\u2033. Broj slojeva varira od 1 do 6 za debeli sloj, do 10 za HTCC\/LTCC.\u00a0Postizujemo liniju\/razmak od 75 \u00b5m na LTCC i 100 \u00b5m na HTCC. Zavr\u0161ne obrade povr\u0161ine uklju\u010duju ENIG, ENEPIG, uranjanje u srebro i meko zlato pogodno za \u017ei\u010dano lemljenje, oboga\u0107eno \u010distim zlatom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Smjernice za dizajn kerami\u010dkih \u0161tampanih plo\u010dica i DFM kontrolna lista<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        Dizajniranje s keramikom zahtijeva posebnu pa\u017enju kako bi se izbjegle pukotine i gubici prinosa. Dat \u0107u vam glavna pravila iz 15-godi\u0161njeg iskustva na\u0161e tvornice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \"Ceramic<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        Via-to-Edge rasprodaja<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107i kvar koji vidimo je napuknuta via blizu ivice plo\u010de. Keramika je krhka. Kada de-paneliziramo plo\u010de dijamantnom pilom ili laserom, mikropukotine se mogu \u0161iriti prema unutra.\u00a0Dr\u017eite sve centre via najmanje 2,0 mm od krajnjeg ruba plo\u010de. Ako dizajn zahtijeva bli\u017ei via, koristite padove u obliku suze za oja\u010danje. Du\u017eina suze jednaka 0,5 puta promjeru pada zna\u010dajno pove\u0107ava otpornost na pukotine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Putem dizajna padova i rupa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Koristite kapljice na svakoj via i SMD padici. To raspore\u0111uje mehani\u010dki stres. Minimalni prstenasti prsten treba biti 0,15 mm za pouzdanost klase 3. Izbjegavajte postavljanje via ispod uglova BGA gdje se stres koncentri\u0161e tokom termi\u010dkog ciklusa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Profil lemljenja<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Keramika ima visoku toplinsku masu i provodljivost. Prethodno zagrijavanje postaje kriti\u010dno. Na\u0161a monta\u017ena radionica koristi brzinu zagrijavanja od 2,5 \u00b0C\/s, zadr\u017eavanje na 150\u2013170 \u00b0C tokom 90 sekundi i vr\u0161nu temperaturu reflow-a od 245 \u00b0C za kalaj SAC305.\u00a0Plata mora ostati na temperaturi iznad 217 \u00b0C samo 45\u201360 sekundi kako bi se izbjeglo pregrijavanje osjetljivih komponenti. Za THT koristite lemilicu s kontroliranom temperaturom i lokalno prethodno zagrijte platu. Nikada ne primjenjujte izravnu plamen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Postavljanje i rukovanje komponentama<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Postavite te\u0161ke komponente (transformatore, otpornike velike snage) dalje od rubova i uglova. Koristite podlijevanje (underfill) za velike BGA pakete kako biste upravljali eventualnom razlikom u koeficijentu toplinskog \u0161irenja (CTE) izme\u0111u kerami\u010dke plo\u010de i organskog supstrata \u010dipa. Prilikom ru\u010dne obrade koristite ESD-sigurne pincete s mekanim vrhovima. Kerami\u010dki rubovi su o\u0161tri; nosite rukavice. Na\u0161i operateri koriste vakuumske stezaljke za premje\u0161tanje velikih panela.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Kontrola impedanse i RF tragovi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Dielektri\u010dna konstanta keramike (9,4\u20139,8) razlikuje se od FR-4 (4,5).\u00a0Uvijek ponovo izra\u010dunajte dimenzije staze koriste\u0107i odgovaraju\u0107i solver polja, a ne generi\u010dki kalkulator za FR-4. Za 50 \u03a9 mikrostrip na alumini 96% debljine 0,635 mm, \u0161irina staze je oko 0,6 mm. Pru\u017eamo podatke o slojevima i testiranje kontrolirane impedanse za diferencijalne parove do 20 GHz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        PTH i Via Fill<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Tokom zajedni\u010dkog pe\u010denja punimo otvore provodnom pastom. U tehnologiji debelog sloja otvori se pune dielektri\u010dnim materijalom ili ostaju otvoreni. Navedite dizajn otvora u kontaktu ako su vam potrebni ispunjeni i pozlateni otvori. Povr\u0161inu mo\u017eemo izravnati bru\u0161enjem za BGA s finom razmakom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Primjene kerami\u010dkih tiskanih plo\u010dica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        Moduli memorije i visokobrzinski digitalni<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Moduli DDR memorije visokih performansi imaju koristi od niskih dielektri\u010dnih gubitaka i termi\u010dke stabilnosti keramike. Na\u0161i kupci koriste LTCC plo\u010de za usmjeravanje 64-bitnih sabirnica uz minimiziranu asimetriju. Ujedna\u010dena dielektri\u010dna konstanta smanjuje me\u0111usimbolnu interferenciju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Moduli za prijem\/prenos (RF)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Prijemnici i predajnici satelitske komunikacije zahtijevaju podloge s malim gubicima. Plo\u010de od alumine i AlN s laserskim prolazima od 0,06 mm omogu\u0107uju kompaktne fazne re\u0161etke antena. Za 50 W poja\u010dalo snage satelita, AlN plo\u010da je odr\u017eala vr\u0161nu temperaturu ispod 150 \u00b0C. Dizajn je pouzdano radio u vakuumu bez konvekcijskog hla\u0111enja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Vi\u0161eslojne interkonekcijske plo\u010de<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Kori\u0161tenjem HTCC\/LTCC integriramo do 30 ugra\u0111enih pasivnih komponenti u \u0161esteroslojnu plo\u010du. Time se \u010detveroslojni FR-4 stak komprimira u jedan kerami\u010dki modul. Kupac u zrakoplovnom sektoru smanjio je te\u017einu za 70% i pove\u0107ao gusto\u0107u veza pet puta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Analogno\/digitalne PCB plo\u010de mije\u0161anih signala<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Parazitska kapacitivnost \u0161teti performansama ADC-a. Uz LTCC smo smanjili parazitsku kapacitivnost izme\u0111u analognih i digitalnih sekcija za otprilike 90% u odnosu na istu \u0161emu na FR-4. Razina \u0161uma plo\u010de smanjila se za 12 dB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Zrakoplovstvo i avionika<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Sistemi upravljanja projektilima rade pri okolini od 300 \u00b0C. Na\u0161e HTCC plo\u010de izdr\u017ee hiljade ciklusa udaraca i vibracija. Ne treba konformni premaz jer je keramika inertna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Automobilska i elektroni\u010dka elektronika za elektri\u010dna vozila<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        Stanica za punjenje elektri\u010dnih vozila koristi AlN DCB plo\u010du za kontinuirano optere\u0107enje od 200 A. Porast temperature ostaje ispod 20 \u00b0C. Plo\u010da je pro\u0161la kvalifikaciju prema standardu IATF 16949.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        LED rasvjeta velike snage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

        10 W LED na na\u0161oj aluminijskoj plo\u010di s debelim slojem pokazuje temperaturu spoja od 105 \u00b0C, znatno ispod ograni\u010denja od 120 \u00b0C. Isti LED na MCPCB-u dose\u017ee 130 \u00b0C. Ovo direktno lijepljenje pobolj\u0161ava izlaz lumena i vijek trajanja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Nabavka kerami\u010dkih \u0161tampanih plo\u010dica: cijena, rok isporuke i minimalna koli\u010dina narud\u017ebe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        Realisti\u010dni brojevi poma\u017eu vam da isplanirate bud\u017eet i raspored va\u0161eg projekta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Raspodjela tro\u0161kova kerami\u010dke \u0161tampane plo\u010dice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
          \n
        • Dvoslojna alumina 96%, debelofilmski srebrni provodnik, 100\u00d780 mm, ENIG zavr\u0161na obrada: $8-12\/kom, u pakovanju od 100 komada.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • 2-slojna alumina 96%, bakar debelog sloja: $10-15\/kom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • 4-slojni LTCC zlatni provodnik, iste veli\u010dine: $25-40\/kom (zbog vi\u0161e koraka procesa).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Jednoslojna AlN DPC plo\u010da za LED: $1\u20132 po cm\u00b2. Ove cijene ne uklju\u010duju tro\u0161kove izrade alata. Alati (\u0161abloni, fotomaske) obi\u010dno ko\u0161taju $500\u20131.000, \u0161to amortiziramo na ukupnoj koli\u010dini.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          Minimalna koli\u010dina narud\u017ebe (MOQ)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          Za standardni proces debelog sloja prihvatamo narud\u017ebe ve\u0107 od 10 komada. Za LTCC i HTCC minimalna narud\u017eba iznosi 50 komada zbog fiksne veli\u010dine serije zajedni\u010dkog pe\u010denja. Prototipne serije su dostupne uz kra\u0107e rokove isporuke.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          Rokovi isporuke<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
            \n
          • Prototip debelog sloja s dva sloja: 10\u201312 radnih dana (uklju\u010duju\u0107i lasersko obrezivanje)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • LTCC \u010detveroslojni prototip: 18\u201320 radnih dana<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Proizvodni rokovi: 15\u201325 dana, ovisno o koli\u010dini<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • Usluga ekspresne izrade: 5\u20137 dana za debeli sloj koriste\u0107i unaprijed zalihane dimenzije praznih plo\u010dica.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            Pru\u017eamo brzu ponudu u roku od 24 sata nakon prijema va\u0161ih Gerber datoteka i stack-upa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Standardi kvaliteta i pouzdanosti za kerami\u010dke \u0161tampane plo\u010dice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

            Nemojte pretpostavljati da su sve kerami\u010dke plo\u010de \u201cvisoko pouzdane.\u201d Certifikacija je va\u017ena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            IPC-6012 Klasa 3 certifikacija<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

            Mi izra\u0111ujemo kerami\u010dke PCB-ove prema IPC-6012 klasi 3 za misijske kriti\u010dne primjene. Klasa 3 zahtijeva inspekciju 100% popre\u010dnih presjeka vijaka nakon toplotnog \u0161oka. Na\u0161a tvornica provodi 6\u00d7 testova toplotnog \u0161oka od \u221265 \u00b0C do +150 \u00b0C, a zatim mikroprezjeke vijaka. Ne dopu\u0161tamo nijednu pukotinu niti odvajanje unutra\u0161njih slojeva.\u00a0Anularni prsten na vanjskim padovima mora biti najmanje 0,050 mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Dodatni testovi koje vr\u0161imo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
              \n
            • Plutanje kalaja na 288 \u00b0C tokom 10 sekundi: nema delaminacije, nema mjehuri\u0107a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • \u010cvrsto\u0107a vu\u010denja spoja >5 gf za \u017ei\u010dane kontaktne plo\u010dice.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Ionska kontaminacija <1,5 \u00b5g\/cm\u00b2 ekvivalenta NaCl.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Dielektri\u010dni napon otpora 500 V DC za debeli sloj, 1.500 V za suzbijeno pe\u010denje.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              Na\u0161a fabrika posjeduje certifikate ISO 9001 i IATF 16949. Uskla\u0111eni smo s direktivama RoHS i REACH. Na svakoj vi\u0161eslojnoj LTCC plo\u010di vr\u0161imo rendgensku inspekciju radi provjere poravnanja vijaka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Izazovi i razmatranja<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

              Keramika nije zamjena koja se mo\u017ee jednostavno ugraditi. Zahtijeva promi\u0161ljen dizajn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              • Krhkost:<\/strong>\u00a0Keramika se mo\u017ee napuknuti pri mehani\u010dkom \u0161oku. Izbjegavajte konzolno postavljanje. Koristite nosa\u010de ili zalijepite cijelu plo\u010du na metalni nosa\u010d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Ograni\u010den broj \u010dlanova upravnog odbora:<\/strong>\u00a0Maksimalni jednodijelni panel iznosi oko 200\u00d7200 mm zbog izobli\u010denja tokom suzgaranja. Ve\u0107i sklopovi moraju koristiti modularne dizajne.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Rok isporuke za prilago\u0111ene materijale:<\/strong>\u00a0Blankovi oksida berilija i AlN ponekad imaju rok isporuke od 4 do 6 sedmica od proizvo\u0111a\u010da podloge. Planirajte rano.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Proces lemljenja:<\/strong>\u00a0Bez prethodnog zagrijavanja, toplotni \u0161ok mo\u017ee napuknuti plo\u010du. Uvijek prethodno zagrijte na temperaturu unutar 100 \u00b0C od ta\u010dke topljenja kalaja.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Cijena:<\/strong>\u00a0Za proizvode \u0161iroke potro\u0161nje keramika mo\u017ee biti prekomjerno propisana. Koristite je samo tamo gdje prednost u termi\u010dkim ili RF performansama opravdava dodatne tro\u0161kove.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                \u010cesto postavljana pitanja<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

                Mo\u017eete li lemiti na kerami\u010dki tiskani plo\u010dasti sklop?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                Da. Kalaj se dobro prianja na povr\u0161inske obrade poput ENIG-a, srebro-paladija ili bakra s debelim slojem. Koristite fluks na bazi smole i kontrolirano predgrijavanje kako biste izbjegli toplotni \u0161ok. Za LTCC s zlatnom pastom, na padove nanesemo ENIG kako bismo osigurali pravilno vla\u017eenje kalaja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Koja je dielektri\u010dna konstanta kerami\u010dke tiskane plo\u010dice?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                Alumina 96% ima dielektri\u010dnu konstantu od 9,4\u20139,8, AlN oko 8,8, BeO 6,7. Za RF dizajne, ova vi\u0161a vrijednost omogu\u0107ava u\u017ei tragove pri zadanoj impedansi u usporedbi s FR-4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Koja je maksimalna temperatura za kerami\u010dku \u0161tampanu plo\u010dicu?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                Alumina i AlN plo\u010de mogu neprekidno raditi na 350 \u00b0C. SiC plo\u010de prelaze 800 \u00b0C. Ograni\u010denje temperature obi\u010dno proizlazi iz metalne paste (zlato se ne topi, ali srebro mo\u017ee migrirati pri visokim temperaturama pod DC naponom) i svih ugra\u0111enih komponenti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Kako rezati kerami\u010dki \u0161tampani plo\u010dasti sklop?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                Koristimo lasersko iscrtavanje ili rezanje dijamantskom pilom. Ru\u010dno mo\u017eete napraviti utor i slomiti ravne linije, ali o\u010dekujte grube rubove. Za prototipove naru\u010dite plo\u010de s finalnim routiranjem kontura u fabrici.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Koliko je debela kerami\u010dka \u0161tampana plo\u010da?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                Standardne debljine podloge su 0,25 mm, 0,38 mm, 0,5 mm, 0,635 mm i 1,0 mm. Za visok napon mogu\u0107e su podloge debljine do 2,0 mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Kolika je cijena kerami\u010dke \u0161tampane plo\u010de u pore\u0111enju sa FR-4?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                Kerami\u010dka plo\u010da ko\u0161ta 5\u201330 puta vi\u0161e po jedinici povr\u0161ine nego FR-4, ali tro\u0161ak na nivou sistema mo\u017ee biti ni\u017ei kada elimini\u0161ete hardver za upravljanje toplotom i pove\u0107ate pouzdanost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Mogu li kerami\u010dke \u0161tampane plo\u010dice imati vi\u0161e od dva sloja?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

                Da. HTCC i LTCC lako podr\u017eavaju 4 do 10 slojeva. Ugradnjom pasivnih komponenti interno pove\u0107avamo funkcionalnu gusto\u0107u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Klju\u010dne poruke<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
                  \n
                • Kerami\u010dki PCB supstrati (alumina, AlN itd.) provode toplinu 100 puta br\u017ee nego FR-4.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Niski CTE odgovara silikonskim i kerami\u010dkim paketima, sprje\u010davaju\u0107i zamor lemljenja.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Odaberite odgovaraju\u0107i proizvodni proces: debeli sloj za tro\u0161kove, LTCC za preciznost\/RF, HTCC za ekstremno visoke temperature kod vi\u0161eslojnog keramika.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Primijenite DFM pravila: dr\u017eite viae 2 mm od rubova, koristite kapljice kalaja, prethodno zagrijte lem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Uzmite u obzir ukupne tro\u0161kove, a ne samo cijenu plo\u010de; keramika \u0161tedi novac na hla\u0111enju i kvarovima na terenu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Radite s fabrikom koja pru\u017ea IPC-6012 Class 3 certifikaciju i realne rokove isporuke.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                  Na\u0161 tim ima vi\u0161e od 15 godina iskustva u proizvodnji kerami\u010dkih \u0161tampanih plo\u010dica. Podr\u017eavamo vas od odabira materijala do inspekcije prvog artikla. Po\u0161aljite svoje dizajnerske datoteke ili zahtjeve na\u0161im in\u017eenjerima za besplatnu reviziju dizajna i procjenu tro\u0161kova. Dostavljamo pouzdane kerami\u010dke plo\u010dice koje rade u najzahtjevnijim okru\u017eenjima.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  What Is a Ceramic PCB? A ceramic PCB uses an inorganic ceramic substrate instead of traditional FR\u20114 fiberglass.\u00a0Common substrate materials […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4984,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,30],"tags":[118,345,27,37,29],"class_list":["post-4981","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pcb-design","category-pcb-manufacturers","tag-ceramic-pcb","tag-fr-4-pcb","tag-pcb-assembly","tag-pcb-design","tag-pcb-manufacturers"],"spectra_custom_meta":{"_edit_lock":["1779960816:1"],"rank_math_internal_links_processed":["1"],"rank_math_primary_category":["36"],"rank_math_seo_score":["90"],"rank_math_title":["Ceramic PCB: Complete Guide to Design & Manufacturing"],"rank_math_description":["Discover ceramic PCB manufacturing and DFM rules. Learn how AlN and alumina boards solve thermal and high-frequency challenges. 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