{"id":5022,"date":"2026-06-12T08:39:11","date_gmt":"2026-06-12T08:39:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=5022"},"modified":"2026-06-12T08:39:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-12T08:39:54","slug":"smt-reflow-soldering-process-types-design-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/bs\/smt-reflow-soldering-process-types-design-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"SMT talasno lemljenje: Proces, vrste i vodi\u010d za dizajn"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0160ta je reflow lemljenje?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Reflow lemljenje je jedna od metoda lemljenja koja se koristi u PCBA <\/a>proces. Naziva se reflow lemljenje jer se kalaj tokom procesa pretvara iz \u010dvrstog u te\u010dno stanje, a zatim iz te\u010dnog ponovo u \u010dvrsto. Reflow lemljenje koristi sistem grijanja u reflow pe\u0107i za otapanje paste od kalaja, tako da se SMT komponente i kontakti na tiskanoj plo\u010dici (PCB) zajedno zaleme i formiraju elektri\u010dnu vezu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kako se tipovi SMT paketa stalno mijenjaju, pe\u0107 za reflow je tako\u0111er pro\u0161la kroz nekoliko generacija. Za PCBA proizvode za ra\u010dunare naj\u010de\u0161\u0107a metoda je infracrveno + toplotno-zra\u010dno reflow lemljenje. Infracrveno zra\u010denje ima sna\u017enu prodornost, visoku toplotnu efikasnost i nisku potro\u0161nju energije. Topli zrak omogu\u0107ava ravnomjerniju temperaturu. Zajedno mogu posti\u0107i dobar rezultat lemljenja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Upotreba stezaljki u talasnom lemljenju<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Uzmimo za primjer mati\u010dnu plo\u010du servera. Nakon postavljanja SMT komponenti i prije taljenja lemnih pastica (reflow), poluproizvod PCBA obi\u010dno treba dr\u017ea\u010d za potporu. \u0160tampane plo\u010dice (PCB) se lako mogu deformisati kada se zagrijavaju u pe\u0107nici za reflow. Ako se PCB deformi\u0161e, to mo\u017ee uzrokovati probleme sa konektorima, otvorene lemne spojeve na BGA i druge pote\u0161ko\u0107e. Neke male PCBA plo\u010de ne trebaju dr\u017ea\u010d u pe\u0107nici za reflow, kao \u0161to su PDB plo\u010de, riser kartice i HDD backplane plo\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr\u017ea\u010d za reflow treba dizajnirati ne samo na osnovu veli\u010dine PCB-a, ve\u0107 i rasporeda komponenti. U blizini nekih te\u0161kih komponenti, potpore treba dizajnirati ispod plo\u010de kako bi se sprije\u010dilo savijanje ili deformacija PCB-a u pe\u0107nici. Potpore na donjoj strani plo\u010de tako\u0111er moraju izbjegavati komponente, kako komponente ne bi bile o\u0161te\u0107ene prilikom va\u0111enja PCBA. Pre\u010dnik lokacijskih igala koje se koriste za fiksiranje tako\u0111er treba biti odre\u0111en na osnovu prakti\u010dnog iskustva. Ako su vodi\u010dni \u010depovi premali, ne mogu precizno pozicionirati plo\u010du. Ako su preveliki, \u0161tampana plo\u010dica se mo\u017ee pro\u0161iriti ili deformisati u pe\u0107nici za taljenje, te plo\u010du mo\u017eda ne\u0107e biti mogu\u0107e ukloniti nakon lemljenja. Ako se izvadi na silu, tragovi oko rupa za pozicioniranje mogu biti o\u0161te\u0107eni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dizajn antideformacione osigura\u010de za specijalne komponente<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

SMT konektori, posebno konektori sa mnogo i gusto postavljenih pinova, skloni su otvorenim lemnim spojevima i hladnim lemnim spojevima. To je tako\u0111er zato \u0161to se plasti\u010dno ku\u0107i\u0161te konektora mo\u017ee deformisati do odre\u0111ene mjere kada se zagrije u pe\u0107nici. Stoga, pored oslonca za plo\u010du ispod PCB-a, tehni\u010dari ponekad izra\u0111uju posebne dr\u017ea\u010de sa pritiskom za neke komponente. Ovi pritisni blokovi se priti\u0161\u0107u na komponente kako bi se sprije\u010dila deformacija u pe\u0107nici za taljenje i izbjegli problemi poput otvorenih lemnih spojeva i hladnih lemova. Materijal ovih pritisnih blokova tako\u0111er je va\u017ean. Moraju biti otporni na visoke temperature, ali ne bi trebali biti veliki metalni dijelovi. Metalni dr\u017ea\u010di mogu apsorbirati toplinu i utjecati na kvalitetu lemljenja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zone pe\u0107nice za reflow i parametri procesa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Reflow pe\u0107 obi\u010dno ima 4 zone: zonu predgrijavanja, zonu namakanja, reflow zonu i zonu hla\u0111enja. Oprema ima mnogo parametara, uklju\u010duju\u0107i pode\u0161avanje temperature, brzinu zagrijavanja, brzinu hla\u0111enja, vrijeme namakanja, vrijeme iznad 220 \u00b0C, vr\u0161nu temperaturu, koncentraciju du\u0161ika i izlaznu temperaturu. Da bi se osiguralo da oprema radi ispravno i da stvarni parametri zadovoljavaju proizvodne potrebe trenutnog proizvoda, nadle\u017eno osoblje mora testirati temperaturni profil prije proizvodnje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za\u0161to je testiranje temperaturnog profila va\u017eno<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Testiranje temperaturnog profila zahtijeva loger temperature i profilnu plo\u010du. Profilna plo\u010da je SMT polugotov proizvod s priklju\u010denim termoparima. \u017dice temperaturnih sondi povezuju profilnu plo\u010du i loger temperature. Testne ta\u010dke na profilnoj plo\u010di trebaju pokriti \u010detiri ugla \u0161tampane plo\u010dice (PCB), donju i gornju stranu plo\u010de, te neke komponente koje zahtijevaju posebnu pa\u017enju pri lemljenju, kao \u0161to su pinovi memorijskih utora, polo\u017eaji kuglica kalaja (solder balls) na reprezentativnim BGA paketima i tijela temperaturno osjetljivih ure\u0111aja. Svaki proces koji koristi reflow lemljenje zahtijeva jednu profilnu plo\u010du, kao \u0161to su SMT reflow lemljenje sa donje strane, SMT reflow lemljenje sa gornje strane i stanice za popravku BGA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nitrogen reflow lemljenje i OSP plo\u010de<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kako se SMT proizvodni proces stalno razvija, \u010dak i vrlo slo\u017eene serverske mati\u010dne plo\u010de sada mogu koristiti OSP plo\u010de. Kada OSP plo\u010de prolaze kroz pe\u0107 za reflow, dodavanje du\u0161ika mo\u017ee smanjiti oksidaciju kontakata i pomo\u0107i u osiguranju kvalitetnog lemljenja. Ovo je posebno o\u010digledno kada OSP plo\u010da treba pro\u0107i kroz reflow lemljenje dva puta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koje vrste SMT reflow lemljenja postoje?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Postoji mnogo vrsta reflow lemljenja. Sve se klasificiraju prema metodi zagrijavanja. Mogu se podijeliti na lasersko reflow lemljenje, infracrveno reflow lemljenje, reflow lemljenje toplim zrakom i druge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Reworking lemljenjem toplim zrakom Reworking lemljenjem toplim zrakom je \u0161iroko kori\u0161ten. Njegov princip je da se pomo\u0107u grija\u010da ili toplinski otpornog ventilatora u pe\u0107i zagrijava plin unutar pe\u0107i, obi\u010dno zrak ili du\u0161ik, te da se osigura cirkulacija zraka kako bi se dovr\u0161ilo lemljenje. Iako je tok vru\u0107eg zraka pri reflow lemljenju pod utjecajem brzine strujanja plina, u usporedbi s drugim reflow metodama, osigurava ravnomjerno zagrijavanje, stabilnu temperaturu pe\u0107nice i pogodan je za lemljenje ve\u0107ine komponenti. Stoga je reflow lemljenje vru\u0107im zrakom sada glavna oprema za SMT lemljenje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Lasersko reflow lemljenje. Lasersko reflow lemljenje, kao \u0161to ime sugerira, koristi laser kao metodu grijanja. Njegov princip je usmjeriti laserski snop direktno na podru\u010dje za lemljenje i koristiti toplinu lasera da otopi kalaj i dovr\u0161i lemljenje. Nakon \u0161to laser prestane zra\u010diti, temperatura podru\u010dja za lemljenje brzo opada. Zatim, nakon hla\u0111enja, formira se lemni spoj i lemljenje je zavr\u0161eno. Budu\u0107i da lasersko taljenje lemljenjem zagrijava samo lokalno podru\u010dje lemljenja i ima mali utjecaj na druga podru\u010dja, pogodnije je za PCBAs plo\u010de sa osjetljivim komponentama. Ali zbog metode zagrijavanja, njegova efikasnost lemljenja je relativno niska, tako da lasersko taljenje lemljenjem nije glavna oprema za SMT lemljenje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Infraredno taljenje lemljenjem Infraredno taljenje lemljenjem koristi infracrveno svjetlo za zagrijavanje. Postoji \u010disto infracrveno zagrijavanje, a tako\u0111er i infracrveno + zagrijavanje vru\u0107im zrakom. \u010cisto infracrveno zagrijavanje uglavnom se oslanja na infracrveno toplotno zra\u010denje za dovr\u0161etak lemljenja. Metoda zagrijavanja infracrvenim zrakama i toplim zrakom koristi oko 30% infracrvenog zra\u010denja i 70% toplog zraka za zagrijavanje i zavr\u0161etak lemljenja. Ona kombinuje prednosti infracrvenog reflow lemljenja i lemljenja toplim zrakom, a tako\u0111er nadokna\u0111uje slabosti obje metode.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \"Hot<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Ostale vrste talasnog lemljenja<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Osim gore navedenih tipova, reflow lemljenje tako\u0111er uklju\u010duje reflow lemljenje vru\u0107im \u017eicama, induktivno reflow lemljenje i reflow lemljenje u parnoj fazi. Reflow lemljenje toplom \u017eicom uglavnom koristi zagrijane predmete, poput keramike ili drugih metala, za zavr\u0161etak lemljenja. Obi\u010dno se ova metoda ne koristi pastu za lemljenje, ve\u0107 koristi kalajni premaz ili vodljivi ljepilo za lemljenje. Indukcijsko taljenje lemljenjem koristi transformator i princip zavojnih struja (eddy current) iz induktora za zavr\u0161etak lemljenja. Taljenje u parnoj fazi se tako\u0111er naziva lemljenje u parnoj fazi. Uglavnom koristi paru za zagrijavanje. Budu\u0107i da svaka od ovih metoda taljenja ima svoja ograni\u010denja, one nisu glavna SMT oprema za lemljenje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Prednosti i nedostaci reflow lemljenja PCBA<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Prednosti talasnog lemljenja:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Vi\u0161e je pogodno za monta\u017eu visoke slo\u017eenosti. Reflow lemljenje se uglavnom koristi za lemljenje SMT monta\u017ee, pa mo\u017ee bolje zadovoljiti potrebe slo\u017eene monta\u017ee. Komponente poput BGA i QFN mogu se zavr\u0161iti samo reflow lemljenjem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ima visoku kvalitetu lemljenja. Pe\u0107nica za reflow koristi reflow vru\u0107eg zraka i konvekcijski prijenos, pa je temperatura ravnomjerna, a kvaliteta lemljenja dobra. Mo\u017ee posti\u0107i vrlo zadovoljavaju\u0107i rezultat lemljenja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pogodno je za masovnu proizvodnju. Reflow lemljenje ima visoku efikasnost lemljenja. Kada se temperatura postavi, parametri lemljenja mogu se kopirati iznova i iznova, pa je pogodno za masovnu proizvodnju. Ako se koristi uz uslugu potvrde prvog komada, ova prednost reflow pe\u0107i postaje jo\u0161 izra\u017eenija.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nedostaci reflow lemljenja:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Tro\u0161ak je visok. Sama reflow pe\u0107 je skuplja od pe\u0107i za talasno lemljenje. Tako\u0111er, tro\u0161i vi\u0161e struje tokom rada, pa pove\u0107ava tro\u0161kove proizvodnje za proizvo\u0111a\u010da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    To mo\u017ee lako uzrokovati gre\u0161ke pri lemljenju. Kao \u0161to je gore spomenuto, svaka metoda lemljenja mo\u017ee uzrokovati gre\u0161ke ako se ne koristi ispravno. Za pe\u0107nicu za reflow, koja je relativno slo\u017eena ma\u0161ina, pogre\u0161na pode\u0161avanja parametara ili nerazumno postavljanje zona mogu uzrokovati hladne lemne spojeve, otvorene lemne spojeve, mostove i druge gre\u0161ke pri lemljenju. Dakle, da bi se osiguralo visokokvalitetno reflow lemljenje, operater mora biti profesionalan i iskusan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Zaklju\u010dak<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Reflow lemljenje je jedan od najva\u017enijih procesa lemljenja u SMT monta\u017ei. Njegov kvalitet direktno uti\u010de na pouzdanost PCBA proizvoda. Od dizajna stezne opreme, testiranja temperaturnog profila, do lemljenja u azotnoj za\u0161titi, svaki korak uti\u010de na kona\u010dni rezultat lemljenja. Trenutno su toplotno-zra\u010dno taljenje i infracrveno + toplotno-zra\u010dno taljenje i dalje glavna rje\u0161enja u industriji, dok se lasersko taljenje i taljenje u fazi pare \u010de\u0161\u0107e koriste u posebnim slu\u010dajevima. Kako se nastavljaju razvijati serveri, komunikacioni i visokodensitetski elektronski proizvodi, procesi i oprema za talasno lemljenje tako\u0111er se nadogra\u0111uju kako bi se zadovoljile potrebe za preciznijim i pouzdanijim lemljenjem.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    What Is Reflow Soldering? Reflow soldering is one of the soldering methods used in the PCBA process. It is called […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5024,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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