{"id":1909,"date":"2025-08-25T02:07:24","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T02:07:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=1909"},"modified":"2025-09-25T08:26:33","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T08:26:33","slug":"high-frequency-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/pcb-manufacturer\/high-frequency-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"Vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f: n\u00edzk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty, vysok\u00e1 rychlost"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1909\" class=\"elementor elementor-1909\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fe9c4e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2fe9c4e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f058cdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f058cdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"315\" data-end=\"345\">Co je vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/h2><p data-start=\"347\" data-end=\"753\">A<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Printed_circuit_board#High_frequency_PCBs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed PCB<\/a> je speci\u00e1ln\u00ed deska s plo\u0161n\u00fdmi spoji (PCB), kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro sign\u00e1ly s vysokou elektromagnetickou frekvenc\u00ed. Tyto desky jsou ur\u010deny pro r\u00e1diov\u00e9 frekvence nad p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 300 MHz (vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka &lt; 1 m) a pro mikrovlnn\u00e9 frekvence nad p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3 GHz (vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka &lt; 0,1 m). Jsou vyrobeny na lamin\u00e1tech s m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdm pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011bm na mikrovlnn\u00e9 b\u00e1zi. P\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b lze pou\u017e\u00edt n\u011bkter\u00e9 standardn\u00ed kroky pro pevn\u00e9 desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f nebo pou\u017e\u00edt speci\u00e1ln\u00ed metody pro tyto materi\u00e1ly.<\/p><p data-start=\"347\" data-end=\"753\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2728\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/High-Frequency-PCB.webp\" alt=\"High-Frequency PCB\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/High-Frequency-PCB.webp 600w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/High-Frequency-PCB-300x186.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p><p data-start=\"755\" data-end=\"1165\">S rychl\u00fdm technologick\u00fdm pokrokem pracuje st\u00e1le v\u00edce za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v mikrovlnn\u00e9m p\u00e1smu (&gt; 1 GHz) a dokonce i v p\u00e1smu milimetrov\u00fdch vln (&gt; 30 GHz). To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se zvy\u0161uj\u00ed frekvence a roste pot\u0159eba materi\u00e1lu. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly mus\u00ed m\u00edt velmi dobr\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti a dobrou chemickou stabilitu. S rostouc\u00ed frekvenc\u00ed sign\u00e1lu mus\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty materi\u00e1lu z\u016fstat velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9. S p\u0159\u00edchodem 5G se zv\u00fd\u0161il v\u00fdznam vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p><hr data-start=\"1167\" data-end=\"1170\" \/><h1 data-start=\"1172\" data-end=\"1207\">V\u00fdhody vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/h1><p data-start=\"1209\" data-end=\"1430\"><strong data-start=\"1209\" data-end=\"1231\">1. Vysok\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost<\/strong><br data-start=\"1231\" data-end=\"1234\" \/>Materi\u00e1ly s n\u00edzkou dielektrickou konstantou zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. Modern\u00ed induk\u010dn\u00ed oh\u0159ev a dal\u0161\u00ed metody mohou zas\u00e1hnout c\u00edle a zachovat vysokou \u00fa\u010dinnost. Tyto desky tak\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed sni\u017eovat mno\u017estv\u00ed odpadu a odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed ekologick\u00fdm c\u00edl\u016fm.<\/p><p data-start=\"1432\" data-end=\"1677\"><strong data-start=\"1432\" data-end=\"1449\">2. Vysok\u00e1 rychlost<\/strong><br data-start=\"1449\" data-end=\"1452\" \/>Rychlost sign\u00e1lu je nep\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 druh\u00e9 odmocnin\u011b dielektrick\u00e9 konstanty. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta znamen\u00e1 rychlej\u0161\u00ed p\u0159enos. Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed materi\u00e1ly udr\u017euj\u00ed n\u00edzkou a stabiln\u00ed dielektrickou konstantu. To napom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159enosu sign\u00e1lu.<\/p><p data-start=\"1679\" data-end=\"1970\"><strong data-start=\"1679\" data-end=\"1723\">3. Dobr\u00e1 kontrola oh\u0159evu nebo zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><br data-start=\"1723\" data-end=\"1726\" \/>Vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed desky se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v mnoha oborech, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fd oh\u0159ev kovov\u00fdch d\u00edl\u016f. M\u016f\u017eete ovl\u00e1dat, jak hluboko nebo kde se m\u00e1 oh\u0159\u00edvat. M\u016f\u017eete se zam\u011b\u0159it na povrchov\u00fd nebo hloubkov\u00fd oh\u0159ev. M\u016f\u017eete oh\u0159\u00edvat c\u00edlen\u011b nebo rozprost\u0159en\u011b. Deska umo\u017e\u0148uje jemnou regulaci.<\/p><p data-start=\"1972\" data-end=\"2316\"><strong data-start=\"1972\" data-end=\"1996\">4. Siln\u00e1 odolnost<\/strong><br data-start=\"1996\" data-end=\"1999\" \/>Dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta a dielektrick\u00fd materi\u00e1l z\u00e1vis\u00ed na prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Ve vlhk\u00fdch oblastech desk\u00e1m \u0161kod\u00ed vlhkost. Vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed desky vyroben\u00e9 z materi\u00e1lu s n\u00edzkou absorpc\u00ed vody j\u00ed odol\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Odol\u00e1vaj\u00ed chemick\u00e9 korozi, vlhkosti, vysok\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m a maj\u00ed vysokou pevnost v odlupov\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u00edky t\u011bmto vlastnostem jsou odoln\u00e9 v n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00edch.<\/p><hr data-start=\"2318\" data-end=\"2321\" \/><h1 data-start=\"2323\" data-end=\"2375\">B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed a vysokorychlostn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly pro desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/h1><div class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2727\"><thead data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2419\"><tr data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2419\"><th data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2393\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Zna\u010dka \/ v\u00fdrobce<\/th><th data-start=\"2393\" data-end=\"2419\" data-col-size=\"md\">Typick\u00e9 \u0159ady \/ typy<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"2430\" data-end=\"2727\"><tr data-start=\"2430\" data-end=\"2473\"><td data-start=\"2430\" data-end=\"2439\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Rogers<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2439\" data-end=\"2473\">RO4003, RO3003, RO4350, RO5880<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"2474\" data-end=\"2537\"><td data-start=\"2474\" data-end=\"2509\" data-col-size=\"sm\">TUC (zna\u010dka Taiyao \/ TaYa nebo TUC)<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2509\" data-end=\"2537\">TUC862, 872SLK, 883, 933<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"2538\" data-end=\"2574\"><td data-start=\"2538\" data-end=\"2550\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Panasonic<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2550\" data-end=\"2574\">Megtron 4, Megtron 6<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"2575\" data-end=\"2608\"><td data-start=\"2575\" data-end=\"2583\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Isola<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2583\" data-end=\"2608\">FR408HR, IS620, IS680<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"2609\" data-end=\"2643\"><td data-start=\"2609\" data-end=\"2617\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Nelco<\/td><td data-start=\"2617\" data-end=\"2643\" data-col-size=\"md\">N4000-13, N4000-13EPSI<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"2644\" data-end=\"2727\"><td data-start=\"2644\" data-end=\"2670\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Dom\u00e1c\u00ed v\u00fdrobci (\u010c\u00edna)<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2670\" data-end=\"2727\">Dongguan Shengyi, Taizhou Wangling, Taixing Mikrovlnn\u00e1 trouba<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><p data-start=\"2729\" data-end=\"2849\">(Jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed bod pou\u017eijte tyto uk\u00e1zkov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly. Ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u00e1vrh pot\u0159ebuje spr\u00e1vnou volbu materi\u00e1lu pro frekvenci a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.)<\/p><hr data-start=\"2851\" data-end=\"2854\" \/><h1 data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"2913\">Rozd\u00edl mezi vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edmi deskami a deskami HDI<\/h1><p data-start=\"2915\" data-end=\"3218\">Vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f jsou ur\u010deny pro radary, testovac\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje, automobilov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my pro odvr\u00e1cen\u00ed kolize, komunika\u010dn\u00ed satelity, bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my a dal\u0161\u00ed oblasti. Desky HDI (High Density Interconnect) jsou ur\u010deny pro mal\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed s mnoha sou\u010d\u00e1stkami. HDI \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 oboustrann\u00e9 desky ve v\u00fdrobc\u00edch s mal\u00fdm objemem.<\/p><p data-start=\"3220\" data-end=\"3555\">Vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed deska vy\u017eaduje velmi vysokou kontrolu a p\u0159esnost procesu. Konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i \u010dasto vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z epoxidov\u00e9ho skla FR-4, ale skute\u010dn\u00e9 vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed desky pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed lamin\u00e1ty. Deska mus\u00ed m\u00edt malou a stabiln\u00ed dielektrickou konstantu, n\u00edzk\u00e9 dielektrick\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty, n\u00edzkou absorpci vody, vysokou teplotn\u00ed toleranci a dobrou odolnost proti korozi.<\/p><p data-start=\"3557\" data-end=\"3824\">Deska HDI pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mikro slep\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky k dosa\u017een\u00ed vysok\u00e9 hustoty sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed. M\u00e1 vnit\u0159n\u00ed a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se spojuje vrt\u00e1n\u00edm a pokovov\u00e1n\u00edm. HDI je ur\u010dena pro kompaktn\u00ed v\u00fdrobky. N\u011bkter\u00e9 konstrukce HDI pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed modul\u00e1rn\u00ed paraleln\u00ed moduly a siln\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed DSP pro v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 a z\u00e1t\u011b\u017eov\u00e9 funkce.<\/p><hr data-start=\"3826\" data-end=\"3829\" \/><h1 data-start=\"3831\" data-end=\"3880\">Typy \/ klasifikace vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch desek<\/h1><p data-start=\"3882\" data-end=\"3938\">N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 typy a pozn\u00e1mky k jejich zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed:<\/p><p data-start=\"3940\" data-end=\"3989\"><strong data-start=\"3940\" data-end=\"3987\">1. Pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u011b pln\u011bn\u00e9 termosety (pln\u011bn\u00e9 keramikou)<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"3990\" data-end=\"4260\"><li data-start=\"3990\" data-end=\"4078\"><p data-start=\"3992\" data-end=\"4078\">Materi\u00e1ly a dodavatel\u00e9: Rogers 4350B \/ 4003C; Arlon 25N \/ 25FR; Taconic TLG series.<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2730 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Rogers-4350b.webp\" alt=\"Rogers 4350b\" width=\"600\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Rogers-4350b.webp 600w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Rogers-4350b-300x154.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4079\" data-end=\"4260\"><p data-start=\"4081\" data-end=\"4260\">Zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed: Kroky jsou podobn\u00e9 jako u epoxidov\u00fdch skeln\u00fdch lamin\u00e1t\u016f FR-4. Desky jsou v\u0161ak k\u0159ehk\u00e9 a snadno se l\u00e1mou. \u017divotnost n\u00e1stroj\u016f pro vrt\u00e1ky a fr\u00e9zy kles\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o 20%. Zach\u00e1zejte s nimi opatrn\u011b.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"4262\" data-end=\"4309\"><strong data-start=\"4262\" data-end=\"4307\">2. PTFE (polytetrafluoretylen, teflon)<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"4310\" data-end=\"5232\"><li data-start=\"4310\" data-end=\"4539\"><p data-start=\"4312\" data-end=\"4338\">Materi\u00e1ly a dodavatel\u00e9:<\/p><ul data-start=\"4341\" data-end=\"4539\"><li data-start=\"4341\" data-end=\"4389\"><p data-start=\"4343\" data-end=\"4389\">Rogers: \u0158ada RO3000, \u0159ada RT, \u0159ada TMM<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2731\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Rogers-RO3003.webp\" alt=\"Rogers RO3003\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Rogers-RO3003.webp 600w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Rogers-RO3003-300x225.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4392\" data-end=\"4439\"><p data-start=\"4394\" data-end=\"4439\">Arlon: \u0158ada AD\/AR, IsoClad, CuClad<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4442\" data-end=\"4488\"><p data-start=\"4444\" data-end=\"4488\">Taconic: \u0158ada RF, \u0159ada TLX, \u0159ada TLY<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4491\" data-end=\"4539\"><p data-start=\"4493\" data-end=\"4539\">Mikrovlnn\u00e1 trouba Taixing: F4B \/ F4BM \/ F4BK \/ TP-2B<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"4540\" data-end=\"5232\"><p data-start=\"4542\" data-end=\"4570\">Pozn\u00e1mky ke zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed PTFE:<\/p><ul data-start=\"4573\" data-end=\"5232\"><li data-start=\"4573\" data-end=\"4657\"><p data-start=\"4575\" data-end=\"4657\">P\u0159i \u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed surov\u00fdch list\u016f si ponechte ochrannou f\u00f3lii, abyste zabr\u00e1nili po\u0161kr\u00e1b\u00e1n\u00ed a otisk\u016fm po lisov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4660\" data-end=\"4791\"><p data-start=\"4662\" data-end=\"4791\">Pou\u017eijte nov\u00e9 vrt\u00e1ky (doporu\u010dujeme standardn\u00ed vrt\u00e1ky #130). Nejlep\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f dos\u00e1hnete, kdy\u017e budete vrtat po jednom listu. Udr\u017eujte up\u00ednac\u00ed tlak na ~40 psi.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4794\" data-end=\"4872\"><p data-start=\"4796\" data-end=\"4872\">P\u0159i vrt\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eijte hlin\u00edkovou podlo\u017eku a 1mm melaminov\u00e9 podlo\u017eky, kter\u00e9 dr\u017e\u00ed teflon.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4875\" data-end=\"4931\"><p data-start=\"4877\" data-end=\"4931\">Po vrt\u00e1n\u00ed vyfoukejte prach z otvor\u016f hork\u00fdm vzduchem.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4934\" data-end=\"5044\"><p data-start=\"4936\" data-end=\"5044\">Pou\u017e\u00edvejte stabiln\u00ed vrta\u010dku. U mal\u00fdch otvor\u016f zvy\u0161te ot\u00e1\u010dky a sni\u017ete zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed t\u0159\u00edskami a rychlost n\u00e1vratu v\u0159etena.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5047\" data-end=\"5155\"><p data-start=\"5049\" data-end=\"5155\">Povrchov\u00e1 \u00faprava otvor\u016f: n\u00edzkoteplotn\u00ed plazma nebo aktivace naftal\u00ednem sodn\u00fdm napom\u00e1haj\u00ed metalizaci otvor\u016f.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5158\" data-end=\"5232\"><p data-start=\"5160\" data-end=\"5232\">Je t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat pozornost usazov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159ilnavosti m\u011bdi PTH (pokoven\u00e9 otvorem).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"5234\" data-end=\"5264\"><strong data-start=\"5234\" data-end=\"5262\">3. Usazov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bdi PTH<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"5265\" data-end=\"5384\"><li data-start=\"5265\" data-end=\"5384\"><p data-start=\"5267\" data-end=\"5384\">Po mikrolept\u00e1n\u00ed (kontrola ~20 mikroinch\u016f) prove\u010fte PTH. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby prove\u010fte druh\u00fd pr\u016fchod PTH podle po\u017eadavk\u016f na trasov\u00e1n\u00ed desky.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"5386\" data-end=\"5427\"><strong data-start=\"5386\" data-end=\"5425\">4. Proces p\u00e1jen\u00ed (zelen\u00e1 maska)<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"5428\" data-end=\"5701\"><li data-start=\"5428\" data-end=\"5498\"><p data-start=\"5430\" data-end=\"5498\">P\u0159edb\u011b\u017en\u00e1 \u00faprava: pou\u017eijte kysel\u00e9\/alkalick\u00e9 \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed; vyhn\u011bte se mechanick\u00e9mu brou\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5499\" data-end=\"5574\"><p data-start=\"5501\" data-end=\"5574\">Po p\u0159edzpracov\u00e1n\u00ed desku zape\u010dte (90 \u00b0C po dobu 30 minut) a naneste suchou f\u00f3lii.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5575\" data-end=\"5701\"><p data-start=\"5577\" data-end=\"5701\">Pe\u010dte ve t\u0159ech f\u00e1z\u00edch: 80 \u00b0C, 100 \u00b0C, 150 \u00b0C, v\u017edy 30 minut. Pokud se na masce objev\u00ed olejov\u00e9 skvrny, masku sejm\u011bte a aktiva\u010dn\u00ed o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed opakujte.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"5703\" data-end=\"5741\"><strong data-start=\"5703\" data-end=\"5739\">5. Fr\u00e9zov\u00e1n\u00ed \/ fr\u00e9zov\u00e1n\u00ed teflonov\u00fdch desek<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"5742\" data-end=\"6038\"><li data-start=\"5742\" data-end=\"5835\"><p data-start=\"5744\" data-end=\"5835\">P\u0159i trasov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017eijte tenk\u00fd pap\u00edr na teflonov\u00e9 stran\u011b a upn\u011bte jej pomoc\u00ed FR-4 nebo fenolov\u00e9 podlo\u017eky.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5836\" data-end=\"6038\"><p data-start=\"5838\" data-end=\"6038\">Po fr\u00e9zov\u00e1n\u00ed ru\u010dn\u011b do\u010dist\u011bte ot\u0159epy na hran\u00e1ch a pe\u010dliv\u011b je zkontrolujte. Vyvarujte se po\u0161kozen\u00ed m\u011bdi a povrchu desky. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte separa\u010dn\u00ed pap\u00edr bez obsahu s\u00edry. Dob\u0159e redukujte ot\u0159epy. Krok fr\u00e9zov\u00e1n\u00ed mus\u00ed zanechat dobrou povrchovou \u00fapravu hran.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"6040\" data-end=\"6043\" \/><h1 data-start=\"6045\" data-end=\"6093\">V\u00fdrobn\u00ed postup pro vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed teflonov\u00e9 desky<\/h1><p data-start=\"6095\" data-end=\"6167\">N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny t\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 procesy. Pro p\u0159ehlednost je uv\u00e1d\u00edm v tabulce.<\/p><div class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"6169\" data-end=\"6917\"><thead data-start=\"6169\" data-end=\"6207\"><tr data-start=\"6169\" data-end=\"6207\"><th data-start=\"6169\" data-end=\"6184\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Typ procesu<\/th><th data-start=\"6184\" data-end=\"6207\" data-col-size=\"xl\">Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 kroky (shrnut\u00ed)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"6218\" data-end=\"6917\"><tr data-start=\"6218\" data-end=\"6482\"><td data-start=\"6218\" data-end=\"6260\" data-col-size=\"sm\">NPTH (Non-Plated Through Hole) pro PTFE<\/td><td data-col-size=\"xl\" data-start=\"6260\" data-end=\"6482\">\u0158ez\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 Vrt\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 Such\u00fd film \u2192 Kontrola \u2192 Lept\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 Kontrola lept\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 P\u00e1jec\u00ed maska \u2192 Osvit such\u00fdm filmem \u2192 Horkovzdu\u0161n\u00e9 p\u00e1jen\u00ed (HASL) nebo st\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00ed c\u00ednem \u2192 Fr\u00e9zov\u00e1n\u00ed\/tvarov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 Kontrola \u2192 Kone\u010dn\u00e1 kontrola \u2192 Balen\u00ed \u2192 Dod\u00e1vka<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"6483\" data-end=\"6822\"><td data-start=\"6483\" data-end=\"6520\" data-col-size=\"sm\">PTH (pokoven\u00fd pr\u016fchoz\u00ed otvor) pro PTFE<\/td><td data-col-size=\"xl\" data-start=\"6520\" data-end=\"6822\">\u0158ez\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 Vrt\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 \u00daprava otvor\u016f (n\u00edzkoteplotn\u00ed plazma nebo aktivace naftalenem sodn\u00fdm) \u2192 M\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed \u2192 Elektrick\u00e1 zkou\u0161ka panelu \u2192 Such\u00fd film \u2192 Kontrola \u2192 Zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 Lept\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 Kontrola lept\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 P\u00e1jec\u00ed maska \u2192 Osvit such\u00fdm filmem \u2192 HASL \u2192 Fr\u00e9zov\u00e1n\u00ed\/tvarov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2192 Kontrola \u2192 Kone\u010dn\u00e1 kontrola \u2192 Balen\u00ed \u2192 Dod\u00e1vka<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"6823\" data-end=\"6917\"><td data-start=\"6823\" data-end=\"6854\" data-col-size=\"sm\">\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed procesu p\u00e1jec\u00ed masky<\/td><td data-col-size=\"xl\" data-start=\"6854\" data-end=\"6917\">Pe\u010dliv\u011b kontrolujte p\u0159ilnavost zelen\u00e9 masky a tvorbu bublin.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><p data-start=\"6919\" data-end=\"6999\">Pozn\u00e1mka: Ka\u017ed\u00fd krok procesu mus\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b kontrolovat po\u0161kr\u00e1b\u00e1n\u00ed povrchu a jin\u00e9 vady.<\/p><hr data-start=\"7001\" data-end=\"7004\" \/><h1 data-start=\"7006\" data-end=\"7043\">Aplikace vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/h1><p data-start=\"7045\" data-end=\"7084\">Vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed PCB se b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed v:<\/p><ul data-start=\"7086\" data-end=\"7468\"><li data-start=\"7086\" data-end=\"7137\"><p data-start=\"7088\" data-end=\"7137\">V\u00fdkonov\u00e9 zesilova\u010de a n\u00edzko\u0161umov\u00e9 zesilova\u010de (LNA)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7138\" data-end=\"7198\"><p data-start=\"7140\" data-end=\"7198\">Mobiln\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00ed produkty a inteligentn\u00ed osv\u011btlovac\u00ed syst\u00e9my<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7199\" data-end=\"7273\"><p data-start=\"7201\" data-end=\"7273\">D\u011bli\u010de v\u00fdkonu, spojky, duplexery, filtry a dal\u0161\u00ed pasivn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7274\" data-end=\"7366\"><p data-start=\"7276\" data-end=\"7366\">Automobilov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my pro p\u0159edch\u00e1zen\u00ed koliz\u00edm, komunika\u010dn\u00ed satelity, bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9 telefonn\u00ed syst\u00e9my.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7367\" data-end=\"7468\"><p data-start=\"7369\" data-end=\"7468\">Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, elektronika p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed frekvence a vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed desky tento trend n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"7470\" data-end=\"7473\" \/><h1 data-start=\"7475\" data-end=\"7510\">Jak navrhovat vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/h1><p data-start=\"7512\" data-end=\"7840\">P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f je rozlo\u017een\u00ed nap\u00e1jec\u00ed roviny kritick\u00e9. Nap\u00e1jen\u00ed se obvykle umis\u0165uje na vlastn\u00ed vrstvu. To pom\u00e1h\u00e1 obvodu sledovat cestu nejmen\u0161\u00ed impedance. Nap\u00e1jec\u00ed rovina mus\u00ed zajistit zp\u011btn\u00e9 cesty pro v\u0161echny sign\u00e1ly na desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. To sni\u017euje plochu smy\u010dky a sni\u017euje \u0161um. N\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh\u00e1\u0159i \u010dasto n\u011bkter\u00e9 z t\u011bchto probl\u00e9m\u016f s \u0161umem ignoruj\u00ed.<\/p><p data-start=\"7842\" data-end=\"7890\">P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f dodr\u017eujte tato pravidla:<\/p><ul data-start=\"7892\" data-end=\"8086\"><li data-start=\"7892\" data-end=\"7937\"><p data-start=\"7894\" data-end=\"7937\">Udr\u017eujte stabiln\u00ed a jednotnou s\u00edlu a p\u016fdu.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7938\" data-end=\"8001\"><p data-start=\"7940\" data-end=\"8001\">Pe\u010dliv\u00e9 sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zakon\u010den\u00ed odstra\u0148uje odrazy.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8002\" data-end=\"8086\"><p data-start=\"8004\" data-end=\"8086\">Pe\u010dliv\u00e9 sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zakon\u010den\u00ed sni\u017euj\u00ed kapacitu a m\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 p\u0159eslechy.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"8088\" data-end=\"8124\">N\u00ed\u017ee rozv\u00e1d\u00edm n\u011bkolik kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch t\u00e9mat.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"8126\" data-end=\"8156\">(1) \u0160\u00ed\u0159ka p\u0159enosov\u00e9ho veden\u00ed<\/h2><p data-start=\"8158\" data-end=\"8249\">\u0160\u00ed\u0159ka p\u0159enosov\u00e9ho veden\u00ed p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f se mus\u00ed \u0159\u00eddit teori\u00ed impedan\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed.<\/p><p data-start=\"8251\" data-end=\"8701\"><strong data-start=\"8251\" data-end=\"8273\">Impedan\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed<\/strong><br data-start=\"8273\" data-end=\"8276\" \/>Pokud se vstupn\u00ed\/v\u00fdstupn\u00ed impedance a impedance p\u0159enosov\u00e9ho veden\u00ed shoduj\u00ed, syst\u00e9m poskytuje maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon a minim\u00e1ln\u00ed odraz. U mikrovlnn\u00fdch obvod\u016f mus\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed zohled\u0148ovat tak\u00e9 body p\u0159edp\u011bt\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Vias na sign\u00e1lov\u00fdch veden\u00edch m\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159enosov\u00e9 vlastnosti. U TTL a CMOS je charakteristick\u00e1 impedance vysok\u00e1, tak\u017ee vliv je mal\u00fd. Ale u VF veden\u00ed s n\u00edzkou impedanc\u00ed 50 \u03a9 je t\u0159eba pr\u016fchodky zohlednit. Obvykle se pr\u016fchodk\u00e1m na takov\u00fdch veden\u00edch vyhn\u011bte.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"8703\" data-end=\"8755\">(2) P\u0159eslechy mezi paraleln\u00edmi p\u0159enosov\u00fdmi veden\u00edmi<\/h2><p data-start=\"8757\" data-end=\"9122\">Pokud jsou dv\u011b mikrop\u00e1skov\u00e1 veden\u00ed vedena bl\u00edzko sebe a paraleln\u011b, doch\u00e1z\u00ed k vazb\u011b. Vznikaj\u00ed p\u0159eslechy a m\u011bn\u00ed se charakteristick\u00e1 impedance veden\u00ed. Pozornost v\u011bnujte obvod\u016fm 50 \u03a9 a 75 \u03a9. Konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i mohou spojov\u00e1n\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 funkce, jako jsou sm\u011brov\u00e9 vazebn\u00ed \u010dleny nebo m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu. P\u0159\u00edklad hodnot z jednoho n\u00e1vrhu (koncov\u00fd zesilova\u010d z\u00e1kladnov\u00e9 stanice PCS 1,97 GHz, dielektrikum \u03b5r = 3,48):<\/p><ul data-start=\"9124\" data-end=\"9266\"><li data-start=\"9124\" data-end=\"9195\"><p data-start=\"9126\" data-end=\"9195\">Pro sm\u011brovou spojku 10 dB: S = 5 mil, l = 920 mil, W = 53 mil.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"9196\" data-end=\"9266\"><p data-start=\"9198\" data-end=\"9266\">Pro sm\u011brov\u00fd vazebn\u00ed \u010dlen 20 dB: S = 35 mil, l = 920 mil, W = 62 mil.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"9268\" data-end=\"9308\">Chcete-li omezit p\u0159eslechy, dodr\u017eujte tato pravidla:<\/p><p data-start=\"9310\" data-end=\"9556\">A. Mezi vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edmi nebo vysokorychlostn\u00edmi rovnob\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi linkami udr\u017eujte odstup S alespo\u0148 na \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku jedn\u00e9 linky.<br data-start=\"9404\" data-end=\"9407\" \/>B. Pokud je to mo\u017en\u00e9, zkra\u0165te soub\u011b\u017enou d\u00e9lku.<br data-start=\"9450\" data-end=\"9453\" \/>C. Drobn\u00e9 vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly udr\u017eujte v dostate\u010dn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti od nap\u00e1jec\u00edch a logick\u00fdch linek, kter\u00e9 mohou zp\u016fsobovat siln\u00e9 ru\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"9558\" data-end=\"9600\">(3) Uzemn\u011bn\u00ed pomoc\u00ed elektromagnetick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy<\/h2><p data-start=\"9602\" data-end=\"10021\">U zemnic\u00edch v\u00fdvod\u016f integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu nebo jin\u00fdch zemnic\u00edch v\u00fdvod\u016f um\u00edst\u011bte zemnic\u00ed pr\u016fchodky v bl\u00edzkosti v\u00fdvod\u016f ve vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch obvodech. My\u0161lenka: kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 zemn\u00ed cesta se chov\u00e1 jako induk\u010dn\u00ed impedance. Zemn\u00ed pr\u016fchodky tak\u00e9 vypadaj\u00ed induktivn\u011b. To ovliv\u0148uje funkci filtru. Proto um\u00edst\u011bte zemnic\u00ed pr\u016fchodky bl\u00edzko v\u00fdvod\u016f. Chcete-li sn\u00ed\u017eit induktivn\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, pou\u017eijte v\u00edce zemnic\u00edch pr\u016fchodek ne\u017e v n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00edch desk\u00e1ch. To zvy\u0161uje kapacitu zemn\u00edho proudu a pom\u00e1h\u00e1 udr\u017eet v\u0161echny body bl\u00edzko 0 V.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"10023\" data-end=\"10045\">(4) Filtrov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu<\/h2><p data-start=\"10047\" data-end=\"10529\">U TTL a CMOS p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i v bl\u00edzkosti nap\u00e1jec\u00edch pin\u016f bypassov\u00e9 kondenz\u00e1tory, aby sn\u00ed\u017eili logick\u00fd \u0161um. U vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch a mikrovlnn\u00fdch obvod\u016f to nesta\u010d\u00ed. Vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed ru\u0161en\u00ed na nap\u00e1jen\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte s\u00e9riov\u00e9 c\u00edvky a kondenz\u00e1tory. C\u00edvky vyb\u00edrejte podle pracovn\u00ed frekvence. P\u0159\u00edklad: Chcete-li odfiltrovat \u0161um &gt; 1 MHz s C = 0,1 \u03bcF, zvolte L = 1 \u03bcH. P\u0159i p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed induk\u010dnosti na sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 kol\u00edky s otev\u0159en\u00fdm obvodem kolektoru bu\u010fte opatrn\u00ed. Induktor se pak chov\u00e1 jako p\u0159izp\u016fsobovac\u00ed induk\u010dnost.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"10531\" data-end=\"10547\">(5) St\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2><p data-start=\"10549\" data-end=\"10680\">K ochran\u011b mal\u00fdch nebo vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch sign\u00e1l\u016f pou\u017eijte st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. T\u00edm se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed ru\u0161en\u00ed siln\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f a omez\u00ed se elektromagnetick\u00e9 ru\u0161en\u00ed. N\u011bkter\u00e9 pokyny:<\/p><p data-start=\"10682\" data-end=\"10902\">A. U n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00edch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch\/analogov\u00fdch (&lt;30 MHz) malosign\u00e1lov\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed rozd\u011blte digit\u00e1ln\u00ed a analogov\u00e9 uzemn\u011bn\u00ed a v malosign\u00e1lov\u00fdch z\u00f3n\u00e1ch zalijte zemn\u00edc\u00ed rovinu. Udr\u017eujte vzd\u00e1lenost mezi zemn\u00ed rovinou a stopami v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka stopy.<\/p><p data-start=\"10904\" data-end=\"11021\">B. P\u0159i vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edm digit\u00e1ln\u00edm\/analogov\u00e9m n\u00e1vrhu mal\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f p\u0159idejte st\u00ednic\u00ed plechovky nebo pro\u0161it\u00e9 zemnic\u00ed pr\u016fchodky, abyste izolovali oblasti.<\/p><p data-start=\"10904\" data-end=\"11021\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2729\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Isola-PCB.webp\" alt=\"Isola-PCB\" width=\"600\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Isola-PCB.webp 600w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Isola-PCB-300x225.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p><p data-start=\"11023\" data-end=\"11245\">C. U v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch obvod\u016f vytvo\u0159te vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st jako samostatn\u00fd funk\u010dn\u00ed modul a p\u0159idejte kovovou st\u00ednic\u00ed sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148ku pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad moduly optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1knov\u00fdch transceiver\u016f s rychlost\u00ed 155 M, 622 M nebo 2 Gb\/s.<\/p><p data-start=\"11247\" data-end=\"11435\">V\u00edcevrstv\u00e1 deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f pro mobiln\u00ed telefon (p\u0159\u00edklad: Nokia 6110) m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat sou\u010d\u00e1stky na obou stran\u00e1ch a pou\u017e\u00edvat vnit\u0159n\u00ed zemn\u00edc\u00ed vrstvy, jak je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno na p\u016fvodn\u00edm obr\u00e1zku. (Odkazy na obr\u00e1zek jsou zde vynech\u00e1ny.)<\/p><hr data-start=\"11437\" data-end=\"11440\" \/><h1 data-start=\"11442\" data-end=\"11490\">P\u0159\u00edklady v\u00fdb\u011bru materi\u00e1lu pro vysok\u00e9 desky<\/h1><p data-start=\"11492\" data-end=\"11548\">N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny p\u0159\u00edklady desek, kter\u00e9 jsme navrhli a odladili:<\/p><div class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"11550\" data-end=\"12491\"><thead data-start=\"11550\" data-end=\"11608\"><tr data-start=\"11550\" data-end=\"11608\"><th data-start=\"11550\" data-end=\"11580\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Aplikace (frekvence \/ za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed)<\/th><th data-start=\"11580\" data-end=\"11599\" data-col-size=\"md\">Materi\u00e1l \/ z\u00e1sobn\u00edk<\/th><th data-start=\"11599\" data-end=\"11608\" data-col-size=\"md\">Pozn\u00e1mky<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"11624\" data-end=\"12491\"><tr data-start=\"11624\" data-end=\"11797\"><td data-start=\"11624\" data-end=\"11656\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Rel\u00e9 s rozprost\u0159en\u00fdm spektrem 2,4 GHz<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11656\" data-end=\"11700\">FR-4, 4vrstv\u00e1 deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f s velk\u00fdmi zemn\u00edmi n\u00e1pln\u011bmi<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11700\" data-end=\"11797\">Odd\u011blen\u00e1 vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed analogov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st. Silov\u00e1 veden\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k odd\u011blen\u00ed od digit\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti induktory.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"11798\" data-end=\"11939\"><td data-start=\"11798\" data-end=\"11823\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Vys\u00edla\u010d RF 2,4 GHz<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11823\" data-end=\"11859\">Materi\u00e1l PTFE, oboustrann\u00e1 deska<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11859\" data-end=\"11939\">VF vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edjem v odd\u011blen\u00fdch kovov\u00fdch st\u00ednic\u00edch; vstupn\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed filtrov\u00e1no.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"11940\" data-end=\"12035\"><td data-start=\"11940\" data-end=\"11965\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Vys\u00edla\u010d RF 1,9 GHz<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11965\" data-end=\"11994\">Materi\u00e1l PTFE, 4vrstv\u00e1 deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11994\" data-end=\"12035\">Pou\u017e\u00edvejte velk\u00e9 zemn\u00ed z\u00e1livky a st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"12036\" data-end=\"12123\"><td data-start=\"12036\" data-end=\"12061\" data-col-size=\"sm\">140 MHz IF transceiver<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12061\" data-end=\"12086\">Vrchn\u00ed vrstva S1139 0,3 mm<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12086\" data-end=\"12123\">Velk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed n\u00e1lev; p\u0159es izolaci.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"12124\" data-end=\"12223\"><td data-start=\"12124\" data-end=\"12148\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Vys\u00edla\u010d s IF 70 MHz<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12148\" data-end=\"12168\">FR-4, 4vrstv\u00e1 deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12168\" data-end=\"12223\">Velk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed n\u00e1lev; izolace modul\u016f pomoc\u00ed plot\u016f.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"12224\" data-end=\"12385\"><td data-start=\"12224\" data-end=\"12247\" data-col-size=\"sm\">V\u00fdkonov\u00fd zesilova\u010d 30 W<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12247\" data-end=\"12283\">Materi\u00e1l RO4350, oboustrann\u00e1 deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12283\" data-end=\"12385\">Velk\u00e1 zemn\u00ed z\u00e1livka; rozte\u010d kontrolovan\u00e1 na &gt;= 50 \u03a9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky veden\u00ed; st\u00ednic\u00ed box a filtrace nap\u00e1jec\u00edho vstupu.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"12386\" data-end=\"12491\"><td data-start=\"12386\" data-end=\"12414\" data-col-size=\"sm\">zdroj mikrovln 2000 MHz<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12414\" data-end=\"12433\">S1139 0,8 mm naho\u0159e<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12433\" data-end=\"12491\">Oboustrann\u00e1 deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f; p\u0159esn\u00e1 kontrola rozm\u011br\u016f stop.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><p data-start=\"12493\" data-end=\"12573\">Pou\u017eijte je jako p\u0159\u00edklady. Ka\u017ed\u00fd projekt vy\u017eaduje vlastn\u00ed volbu materi\u00e1lu a tlou\u0161\u0165ky.<\/p><hr data-start=\"12575\" data-end=\"12578\" \/><h1 data-start=\"12580\" data-end=\"12622\">Po\u017eadavky na materi\u00e1l vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/h1><p data-start=\"12624\" data-end=\"12677\">Konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i by m\u011bli zkontrolovat tyto kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 vlastnosti materi\u00e1lu:<\/p><ol data-start=\"12679\" data-end=\"13167\"><li data-start=\"12679\" data-end=\"12784\"><p data-start=\"12682\" data-end=\"12784\"><strong data-start=\"12682\" data-end=\"12720\">Dielektrick\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty (Df, ztr\u00e1tov\u00fd tangens)<\/strong> mus\u00ed b\u00fdt velmi mal\u00e9. Mal\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty znamenaj\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed \u00fatlum sign\u00e1lu.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12785\" data-end=\"12884\"><p data-start=\"12788\" data-end=\"12884\"><strong data-start=\"12788\" data-end=\"12812\">N\u00edzk\u00e1 absorpce vody<\/strong> je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd. Vysok\u00fd p\u0159\u00edjem vody m\u011bn\u00ed dielektrickou konstantu a ztr\u00e1ty.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12885\" data-end=\"13021\"><p data-start=\"12888\" data-end=\"13021\"><strong data-start=\"12888\" data-end=\"12916\">Dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta (DK)<\/strong> mus\u00ed b\u00fdt n\u00edzk\u00e1 a stabiln\u00ed. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed DK poskytuje vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rychlost sign\u00e1lu. Stabilita DK tak\u00e9 napom\u00e1h\u00e1 impedan\u010dn\u00edmu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"13022\" data-end=\"13167\"><p data-start=\"13025\" data-end=\"13167\"><strong data-start=\"13025\" data-end=\"13050\">CTE a tepeln\u00e1 shoda<\/strong> mezi m\u011bd\u011bnou f\u00f3li\u00ed a z\u00e1kladnou mus\u00ed b\u00fdt podobn\u00e9. Velk\u00fd nesoulad p\u0159i zm\u011bn\u00e1ch teploty m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit delaminaci m\u011bdi.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p data-start=\"13169\" data-end=\"13256\">Vysok\u00e1 frekvence \u010dasto znamen\u00e1 pou\u017eit\u00ed fluoropolymerov\u00fdch substr\u00e1t\u016f, jako je PTFE (zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako teflon).<\/p><hr data-start=\"13258\" data-end=\"13261\" \/><h1 data-start=\"13263\" data-end=\"13321\">Pozn\u00e1mky a upozorn\u011bn\u00ed k v\u00fdrob\u011b vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/h1><ol data-start=\"13323\" data-end=\"13843\"><li data-start=\"13323\" data-end=\"13424\"><p data-start=\"13326\" data-end=\"13424\"><strong data-start=\"13326\" data-end=\"13358\">Kontrola impedance je p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e1.<\/strong> Tolerance \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky \u010d\u00e1ry je mal\u00e1. Typick\u00e1 kontroln\u00ed tolerance ~ \u00b12%.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"13425\" data-end=\"13580\"><p data-start=\"13428\" data-end=\"13580\"><strong data-start=\"13428\" data-end=\"13473\">Adheze PTH je na speci\u00e1ln\u00edch materi\u00e1lech n\u00edzk\u00e1.<\/strong> Pou\u017eijte plazmov\u00e9 zdrsn\u011bn\u00ed povrchu otvor\u016f a povrch\u016f pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159ilnavosti pro pokovov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u00e1jen\u00ed.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"13581\" data-end=\"13711\"><p data-start=\"13584\" data-end=\"13711\"><strong data-start=\"13584\" data-end=\"13627\">P\u0159ed p\u00e1jen\u00edm desku nebruste.<\/strong> T\u00edm se sni\u017euje p\u0159ilnavost. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte pouze mikroleptac\u00ed roztoky nebo jin\u00e9 metody zdrs\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"13712\" data-end=\"13843\"><p data-start=\"13715\" data-end=\"13843\"><strong data-start=\"13715\" data-end=\"13783\">PTFE desky \u010dasto zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed hrub\u00e9 hrany p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed standardn\u00edch fr\u00e9zovac\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f.<\/strong> Pou\u017e\u00edvejte speci\u00e1ln\u00ed fr\u00e9zy a dodr\u017eujte postupy fr\u00e9zov\u00e1n\u00ed PTFE.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><hr data-start=\"13845\" data-end=\"13848\" \/><h1 data-start=\"13850\" data-end=\"13868\">Kr\u00e1tk\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h1><p data-start=\"13870\" data-end=\"14235\">Vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f vy\u017eaduj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed materi\u00e1ly a pe\u010dlivou kontrolu procesu. Vyberte si materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fd vyhovuje va\u0161im frekven\u010dn\u00edm a tepeln\u00fdm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m. Kontrolujte impedanci a pe\u010dliv\u011b um\u00edst\u011bte zemnic\u00ed pr\u016fchodky. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed a spr\u00e1vnou filtraci nap\u00e1jen\u00ed. Dodr\u017eujte speci\u00e1ln\u00ed manipula\u010dn\u00ed postupy pro PTFE a dal\u0161\u00ed mikrovlnn\u00e9 lamin\u00e1ty. Tyto kroky zlep\u0161uj\u00ed v\u00fdkon a v\u00fdt\u011b\u017enost vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch obvod\u016f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-brlk2x4 elementor-section-content-top elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"brlk2x4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7882748\" data-id=\"7882748\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fc6712 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9fc6712\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-631b990 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"631b990\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Kter\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly substr\u00e1t\u016f se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1031\"><p>Mezi typick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly pat\u0159\u00ed lamin\u00e1ty na b\u00e1zi teflonu (PTFE) a technick\u00e9 kompozity od dodavatel\u016f, jako jsou Rogers (RO3000\/RO4000\/RT\/duroid) a Isola, vybran\u00e9 pro n\u00edzk\u00fd tangens ztr\u00e1t a stabiln\u00ed dielektrickou konstantu.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Pro\u010d nepou\u017e\u00edvat FR-4 jen pro RF\/vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed konstrukce?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1032\"><p>FR-4 m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed dielektrick\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty a m\u00e9n\u011b stabiln\u00ed dielektrickou konstantu na frekvenc\u00edch GHz, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje ztr\u00e1ty sign\u00e1lu a variabilitu impedance; pro mnoho VF nebo mikrovlnn\u00fdch aplikac\u00ed jsou mnohem vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lamin\u00e1ty t\u0159\u00eddy PTFE\/Rogers.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Na jak\u00fdch elektrick\u00fdch vlastnostech nejv\u00edce z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed (Dk, ztr\u00e1tov\u00fd tangens)?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1033\"><p>Dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta (Dk) \u0159\u00edd\u00ed impedanci a rychlost sign\u00e1lu; tangens ztr\u00e1t (Df) \u0159\u00edd\u00ed \u00fatlum sign\u00e1lu. N\u00edzk\u00e1, stabiln\u00ed Dk a n\u00edzk\u00fd ztr\u00e1tov\u00fd tangens jsou nezbytn\u00e9 pro konzistentn\u00ed vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdkon.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Typick\u00e9 aplikace pro vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1034\"><p>Ant\u00e9ny, RF zesilova\u010de, filtry, z\u00e1kladnov\u00e9 stanice 5G, mikrovlnn\u00e9 r\u00e1diov\u00e9 spoje, satelitn\u00ed komunikace, radary a vysokorychlostn\u00ed RF moduly.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Jak vybrat spr\u00e1vn\u00fd vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed lamin\u00e1t?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1035\"><p>Shodujte se s po\u017eadovan\u00fdm frekven\u010dn\u00edm rozsahem, c\u00edlovou impedan\u010dn\u00ed stabilitou, tepeln\u00fdmi\/CTE pot\u0159ebami a ztr\u00e1tov\u00fdm tangensem. Projd\u011bte si katalogov\u00e9 listy dodavatele (Rogers, Isola atd.) a vy\u017e\u00e1dejte si \u00fadaje z test\u016f materi\u00e1lu (Dk\/Df v z\u00e1vislosti na frekvenci).<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What Is a High-Frequency PCB A high-frequency PCB is a special printed circuit board (PCB) used for high electromagnetic frequency 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center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}}"],"footnotes":[""],"_elementor_edit_mode":["builder"],"_elementor_template_type":["wp-page"],"_elementor_data":["[{\"id\":\"2fe9c4e\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"flex_direction\":\"column\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"05b937f\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"f058cdb\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<h2 data-start=\\\"315\\\" data-end=\\\"345\\\">What Is a High-Frequency PCB<\\\/h2><p data-start=\\\"347\\\" data-end=\\\"753\\\">A<a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/en.wikipedia.org\\\/wiki\\\/Printed_circuit_board#High_frequency_PCBs\\\"> high-frequency PCB<\\\/a> is a special printed circuit board (PCB) used for high electromagnetic frequency signals. These boards are for radio frequencies above about 300 MHz (wavelength &lt; 1 m) and for microwave frequencies above about 3 GHz (wavelength &lt; 0.1 m). They are made on microwave base copper clad laminates. Production may use some standard rigid PCB steps or use special methods for these materials.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"347\\\" data-end=\\\"753\\\"><img class=\\\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2728\\\" src=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/flj-pcb.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/High-Frequency-PCB.webp\\\" alt=\\\"High-Frequency PCB\\\" width=\\\"600\\\" height=\\\"372\\\" \\\/><\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"755\\\" data-end=\\\"1165\\\">With fast progress in technology, more devices work in the microwave band (&gt;1 GHz) and even in millimeter wave ranges (&gt;30 GHz). This means frequencies rise and material needs increase. Base materials must have very good electrical properties and good chemical stability. As the signal frequency goes up, material loss must stay very low. With the arrival of 5G, high-frequency materials became more important.<\\\/p><hr data-start=\\\"1167\\\" data-end=\\\"1170\\\" \\\/><h1 data-start=\\\"1172\\\" data-end=\\\"1207\\\">Advantages of High-Frequency PCBs<\\\/h1><p data-start=\\\"1209\\\" data-end=\\\"1430\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"1209\\\" data-end=\\\"1231\\\">1. High efficiency<\\\/strong><br data-start=\\\"1231\\\" data-end=\\\"1234\\\" \\\/>Materials with low dielectric constant cause low loss. Modern induction heating and other methods can hit targets and keep high efficiency. These boards also help reduce waste and fit green goals.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"1432\\\" data-end=\\\"1677\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"1432\\\" data-end=\\\"1449\\\">2. High speed<\\\/strong><br data-start=\\\"1449\\\" data-end=\\\"1452\\\" \\\/>Signal speed is inversely proportional to the square root of the dielectric constant. Lower dielectric constant means faster transmission. Special materials keep dielectric constant low and stable. This helps signal transfer.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"1679\\\" data-end=\\\"1970\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"1679\\\" data-end=\\\"1723\\\">3. Good control of heating or processing<\\\/strong><br data-start=\\\"1723\\\" data-end=\\\"1726\\\" \\\/>High-frequency boards are used in many fields that need precise heating of metal parts. You can control how deep or where to heat. You can focus on surface or deep heating. You can heat in a focused or spread way. The board allows fine control.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"1972\\\" data-end=\\\"2316\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"1972\\\" data-end=\\\"1996\\\">4. Strong durability<\\\/strong><br data-start=\\\"1996\\\" data-end=\\\"1999\\\" \\\/>Dielectric constant and dielectric material depend on environment. In humid areas, moisture hurts boards. High-frequency boards made from low water absorption material resist this. They resist chemical corrosion, moisture, high heat, and have high peel strength. These qualities make them strong in hard environments.<\\\/p><hr data-start=\\\"2318\\\" data-end=\\\"2321\\\" \\\/><h1 data-start=\\\"2323\\\" data-end=\\\"2375\\\">Common High-Frequency and High-Speed PCB Materials<\\\/h1><div class=\\\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\\\"><div class=\\\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\"><table class=\\\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\\\" data-start=\\\"2377\\\" data-end=\\\"2727\\\"><thead data-start=\\\"2377\\\" data-end=\\\"2419\\\"><tr data-start=\\\"2377\\\" data-end=\\\"2419\\\"><th data-start=\\\"2377\\\" data-end=\\\"2393\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">Brand \\\/ Maker<\\\/th><th data-start=\\\"2393\\\" data-end=\\\"2419\\\" data-col-size=\\\"md\\\">Typical Series \\\/ Types<\\\/th><\\\/tr><\\\/thead><tbody data-start=\\\"2430\\\" data-end=\\\"2727\\\"><tr data-start=\\\"2430\\\" data-end=\\\"2473\\\"><td data-start=\\\"2430\\\" data-end=\\\"2439\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">Rogers<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"2439\\\" data-end=\\\"2473\\\">RO4003, RO3003, RO4350, RO5880<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"2474\\\" data-end=\\\"2537\\\"><td data-start=\\\"2474\\\" data-end=\\\"2509\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">TUC (Taiyao \\\/ TaYa or TUC brand)<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"2509\\\" data-end=\\\"2537\\\">TUC862, 872SLK, 883, 933<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"2538\\\" data-end=\\\"2574\\\"><td data-start=\\\"2538\\\" data-end=\\\"2550\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">Panasonic<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"2550\\\" data-end=\\\"2574\\\">Megtron 4, Megtron 6<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"2575\\\" data-end=\\\"2608\\\"><td data-start=\\\"2575\\\" data-end=\\\"2583\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">Isola<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"2583\\\" data-end=\\\"2608\\\">FR408HR, IS620, IS680<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"2609\\\" data-end=\\\"2643\\\"><td data-start=\\\"2609\\\" data-end=\\\"2617\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">Nelco<\\\/td><td data-start=\\\"2617\\\" data-end=\\\"2643\\\" data-col-size=\\\"md\\\">N4000-13, N4000-13EPSI<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"2644\\\" data-end=\\\"2727\\\"><td data-start=\\\"2644\\\" data-end=\\\"2670\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">Domestic makers (China)<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"2670\\\" data-end=\\\"2727\\\">Dongguan Shengyi, Taizhou Wangling, Taixing Microwave<\\\/td><\\\/tr><\\\/tbody><\\\/table><\\\/div><\\\/div><p data-start=\\\"2729\\\" data-end=\\\"2849\\\">(Use these example materials as a starting point. Each design needs the right material choice for frequency and layout.)<\\\/p><hr data-start=\\\"2851\\\" data-end=\\\"2854\\\" \\\/><h1 data-start=\\\"2856\\\" data-end=\\\"2913\\\">Difference Between High-Frequency Boards and HDI Boards<\\\/h1><p data-start=\\\"2915\\\" data-end=\\\"3218\\\">High-frequency PCBs are for radar, test instruments, automotive collision-avoidance systems, communication satellites, wireless systems, and other fields. HDI (High Density Interconnect) boards are for small devices with many components. HDI often uses double-sided boards in products with small volume.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"3220\\\" data-end=\\\"3555\\\">A high-frequency board needs very high process control and precision. Many times designers start from FR-4 glass epoxy, but true high-frequency boards use special laminates. The board must have a small and stable dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, low water absorption, high temperature tolerance, and good corrosion resistance.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"3557\\\" data-end=\\\"3824\\\">An HDI board uses micro blind vias to reach high routing density. It has internal and external routing that connect by drilling and plating. HDI is for compact products. Some HDI designs use modular parallel modules and strong DSP control for power and load features.<\\\/p><hr data-start=\\\"3826\\\" data-end=\\\"3829\\\" \\\/><h1 data-start=\\\"3831\\\" data-end=\\\"3880\\\">Types \\\/ Classification of High-Frequency Boards<\\\/h1><p data-start=\\\"3882\\\" data-end=\\\"3938\\\">Below are common types and notes about their processing:<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"3940\\\" data-end=\\\"3989\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"3940\\\" data-end=\\\"3987\\\">1. Powder-filled thermoset (ceramic filled)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><ul data-start=\\\"3990\\\" data-end=\\\"4260\\\"><li data-start=\\\"3990\\\" data-end=\\\"4078\\\"><p data-start=\\\"3992\\\" data-end=\\\"4078\\\">Materials and suppliers: Rogers 4350B \\\/ 4003C; Arlon 25N \\\/ 25FR; Taconic TLG series.<img class=\\\"size-full wp-image-2730 aligncenter\\\" src=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/flj-pcb.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/Rogers-4350b.webp\\\" alt=\\\"Rogers 4350b\\\" width=\\\"600\\\" height=\\\"308\\\" \\\/><\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"4079\\\" data-end=\\\"4260\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4081\\\" data-end=\\\"4260\\\">Processing: Steps are similar to FR-4 epoxy glass laminates. However, boards are brittle and easy to break. Tool life for drills and router bits drops about 20%. Handle with care.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul><p data-start=\\\"4262\\\" data-end=\\\"4309\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"4262\\\" data-end=\\\"4307\\\">2. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene, Teflon)<\\\/strong><\\\/p><ul data-start=\\\"4310\\\" data-end=\\\"5232\\\"><li data-start=\\\"4310\\\" data-end=\\\"4539\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4312\\\" data-end=\\\"4338\\\">Materials and suppliers:<\\\/p><ul data-start=\\\"4341\\\" data-end=\\\"4539\\\"><li data-start=\\\"4341\\\" data-end=\\\"4389\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4343\\\" data-end=\\\"4389\\\">Rogers: RO3000 series, RT series, TMM series<img class=\\\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2731\\\" src=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/flj-pcb.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/Rogers-RO3003.webp\\\" alt=\\\"Rogers RO3003\\\" width=\\\"600\\\" height=\\\"450\\\" \\\/><\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"4392\\\" data-end=\\\"4439\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4394\\\" data-end=\\\"4439\\\">Arlon: AD\\\/AR series, IsoClad, CuClad series<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"4442\\\" data-end=\\\"4488\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4444\\\" data-end=\\\"4488\\\">Taconic: RF series, TLX series, TLY series<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"4491\\\" data-end=\\\"4539\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4493\\\" data-end=\\\"4539\\\">Taixing Microwave: F4B \\\/ F4BM \\\/ F4BK \\\/ TP-2B<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"4540\\\" data-end=\\\"5232\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4542\\\" data-end=\\\"4570\\\">Processing notes for PTFE:<\\\/p><ul data-start=\\\"4573\\\" data-end=\\\"5232\\\"><li data-start=\\\"4573\\\" data-end=\\\"4657\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4575\\\" data-end=\\\"4657\\\">Keep protective film when cutting raw sheets to avoid scratches and press marks.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"4660\\\" data-end=\\\"4791\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4662\\\" data-end=\\\"4791\\\">Use new drills (standard #130 drills recommended). For best results, drill one sheet at a time. Keep clamp pressure at ~40 psi.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"4794\\\" data-end=\\\"4872\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4796\\\" data-end=\\\"4872\\\">Use aluminum backstop and 1 mm melamine pads to hold PTFE during drilling.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"4875\\\" data-end=\\\"4931\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4877\\\" data-end=\\\"4931\\\">After drilling, blow dust out of holes with hot air.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"4934\\\" data-end=\\\"5044\\\"><p data-start=\\\"4936\\\" data-end=\\\"5044\\\">Use a stable drill machine. For small holes, increase speed and reduce chip load and spindle return speed.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"5047\\\" data-end=\\\"5155\\\"><p data-start=\\\"5049\\\" data-end=\\\"5155\\\">Hole surface treatment: low-temperature plasma or sodium naphthalene activation help hole metallization.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"5158\\\" data-end=\\\"5232\\\"><p data-start=\\\"5160\\\" data-end=\\\"5232\\\">PTH (plated through hole) copper deposition and adhesion need attention.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul><\\\/li><\\\/ul><p data-start=\\\"5234\\\" data-end=\\\"5264\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"5234\\\" data-end=\\\"5262\\\">3. PTH copper deposition<\\\/strong><\\\/p><ul data-start=\\\"5265\\\" data-end=\\\"5384\\\"><li data-start=\\\"5265\\\" data-end=\\\"5384\\\"><p data-start=\\\"5267\\\" data-end=\\\"5384\\\">After micro-etch (~20 microinch control), perform PTH. If needed, run a second PTH pass as required by board routing.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul><p data-start=\\\"5386\\\" data-end=\\\"5427\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"5386\\\" data-end=\\\"5425\\\">4. Solder mask (green mask) process<\\\/strong><\\\/p><ul data-start=\\\"5428\\\" data-end=\\\"5701\\\"><li data-start=\\\"5428\\\" data-end=\\\"5498\\\"><p data-start=\\\"5430\\\" data-end=\\\"5498\\\">Pre-process: use acid\\\/alkaline cleaning; avoid mechanical sanding.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"5499\\\" data-end=\\\"5574\\\"><p data-start=\\\"5501\\\" data-end=\\\"5574\\\">After pre-process, bake the board (90\\u00b0C for 30 min) and apply dry film.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"5575\\\" data-end=\\\"5701\\\"><p data-start=\\\"5577\\\" data-end=\\\"5701\\\">Bake in three stages: 80\\u00b0C, 100\\u00b0C, 150\\u00b0C, 30 min each. If mask shows oil spots, remove mask and repeat activation treatment.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul><p data-start=\\\"5703\\\" data-end=\\\"5741\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"5703\\\" data-end=\\\"5739\\\">5. Routing \\\/ milling PTFE boards<\\\/strong><\\\/p><ul data-start=\\\"5742\\\" data-end=\\\"6038\\\"><li data-start=\\\"5742\\\" data-end=\\\"5835\\\"><p data-start=\\\"5744\\\" data-end=\\\"5835\\\">Use thin paper on PTFE trace side and clamp with FR-4 or phenolic backing during routing.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"5836\\\" data-end=\\\"6038\\\"><p data-start=\\\"5838\\\" data-end=\\\"6038\\\">After routing, hand-finish edge burrs and inspect carefully. Avoid damaging copper and board surface. Use sulfur-free separation paper. Reduce burrs well. The routing step must leave good edge finish.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul><hr data-start=\\\"6040\\\" data-end=\\\"6043\\\" \\\/><h1 data-start=\\\"6045\\\" data-end=\\\"6093\\\">Production Flow for High-Frequency PTFE Boards<\\\/h1><p data-start=\\\"6095\\\" data-end=\\\"6167\\\">Below are three common process flows. I put them in a table for clarity.<\\\/p><div class=\\\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\\\"><div class=\\\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\"><table class=\\\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\\\" data-start=\\\"6169\\\" data-end=\\\"6917\\\"><thead data-start=\\\"6169\\\" data-end=\\\"6207\\\"><tr data-start=\\\"6169\\\" data-end=\\\"6207\\\"><th data-start=\\\"6169\\\" data-end=\\\"6184\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">Process Type<\\\/th><th data-start=\\\"6184\\\" data-end=\\\"6207\\\" data-col-size=\\\"xl\\\">Key Steps (summary)<\\\/th><\\\/tr><\\\/thead><tbody data-start=\\\"6218\\\" data-end=\\\"6917\\\"><tr data-start=\\\"6218\\\" data-end=\\\"6482\\\"><td data-start=\\\"6218\\\" data-end=\\\"6260\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">NPTH (Non-Plated Through Hole) for PTFE<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"xl\\\" data-start=\\\"6260\\\" data-end=\\\"6482\\\">Cutting \\u2192 Drilling \\u2192 Dry film \\u2192 Inspection \\u2192 Etch \\u2192 Etch inspection \\u2192 Solder mask \\u2192 Dry film exposure \\u2192 Hot air solder leveling (HASL) or tin spray \\u2192 Routing\\\/shaping \\u2192 Inspection \\u2192 Final inspection \\u2192 Packing \\u2192 Delivery<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"6483\\\" data-end=\\\"6822\\\"><td data-start=\\\"6483\\\" data-end=\\\"6520\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">PTH (Plated Through Hole) for PTFE<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"xl\\\" data-start=\\\"6520\\\" data-end=\\\"6822\\\">Cutting \\u2192 Drilling \\u2192 Hole treatment (low-temp plasma or sodium naphthalene activation) \\u2192 Copper plating \\u2192 Panel electrical test \\u2192 Dry film \\u2192 Inspection \\u2192 Imaging \\u2192 Etch \\u2192 Etch inspection \\u2192 Solder mask \\u2192 Dry film exposure \\u2192 HASL \\u2192 Routing\\\/shaping \\u2192 Inspection \\u2192 Final inspection \\u2192 Packing \\u2192 Delivery<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"6823\\\" data-end=\\\"6917\\\"><td data-start=\\\"6823\\\" data-end=\\\"6854\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">Solder mask process controls<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"xl\\\" data-start=\\\"6854\\\" data-end=\\\"6917\\\">Control green mask adhesion and bubble formation carefully.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><\\\/tbody><\\\/table><\\\/div><\\\/div><p data-start=\\\"6919\\\" data-end=\\\"6999\\\">Note: Each process step must control surface scratch and other defects strictly.<\\\/p><hr data-start=\\\"7001\\\" data-end=\\\"7004\\\" \\\/><h1 data-start=\\\"7006\\\" data-end=\\\"7043\\\">Applications of High-Frequency PCBs<\\\/h1><p data-start=\\\"7045\\\" data-end=\\\"7084\\\">High-frequency PCBs commonly appear in:<\\\/p><ul data-start=\\\"7086\\\" data-end=\\\"7468\\\"><li data-start=\\\"7086\\\" data-end=\\\"7137\\\"><p data-start=\\\"7088\\\" data-end=\\\"7137\\\">Power amplifiers and low noise amplifiers (LNA)<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"7138\\\" data-end=\\\"7198\\\"><p data-start=\\\"7140\\\" data-end=\\\"7198\\\">Mobile communication products and smart lighting systems<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"7199\\\" data-end=\\\"7273\\\"><p data-start=\\\"7201\\\" data-end=\\\"7273\\\">Power dividers, couplers, duplexers, filters and other passive devices<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"7274\\\" data-end=\\\"7366\\\"><p data-start=\\\"7276\\\" data-end=\\\"7366\\\">Automotive collision avoidance systems, communication satellites, wireless phone systems<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"7367\\\" data-end=\\\"7468\\\"><p data-start=\\\"7369\\\" data-end=\\\"7468\\\">In short, electronics are moving to higher frequencies and high-frequency boards follow this trend.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul><hr data-start=\\\"7470\\\" data-end=\\\"7473\\\" \\\/><h1 data-start=\\\"7475\\\" data-end=\\\"7510\\\">How to Design High-Frequency PCBs<\\\/h1><p data-start=\\\"7512\\\" data-end=\\\"7840\\\">In high-frequency PCB design, power plane layout is critical. Usually put power on its own layer. This helps the circuit follow the path of least impedance. Power plane must provide return paths for all signals on the PCB. That lowers loop area and reduces noise. Low-frequency designers often ignore some of these noise issues.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"7842\\\" data-end=\\\"7890\\\">Follow these rules in high-frequency PCB design:<\\\/p><ul data-start=\\\"7892\\\" data-end=\\\"8086\\\"><li data-start=\\\"7892\\\" data-end=\\\"7937\\\"><p data-start=\\\"7894\\\" data-end=\\\"7937\\\">Keep power and ground stable and unified.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"7938\\\" data-end=\\\"8001\\\"><p data-start=\\\"7940\\\" data-end=\\\"8001\\\">Careful routing and correct termination remove reflections.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"8002\\\" data-end=\\\"8086\\\"><p data-start=\\\"8004\\\" data-end=\\\"8086\\\">Careful routing and correct termination reduce capacitance and measured crosstalk.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul><p data-start=\\\"8088\\\" data-end=\\\"8124\\\">Below I expand several key subjects.<\\\/p><h2 data-start=\\\"8126\\\" data-end=\\\"8156\\\">(1) Transmission line width<\\\/h2><p data-start=\\\"8158\\\" data-end=\\\"8249\\\">Transmission line width in high-frequency PCB design must follow impedance matching theory.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"8251\\\" data-end=\\\"8701\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"8251\\\" data-end=\\\"8273\\\">Impedance matching<\\\/strong><br data-start=\\\"8273\\\" data-end=\\\"8276\\\" \\\/>When input\\\/output impedance and transmission line impedance match, the system gives maximum output power and minimum reflection. For microwave circuits, matching must also consider device bias points. Vias on signal lines change transmission properties. For TTL and CMOS, characteristic impedance is high, so the effect is small. But for 50 \\u03a9 low-impedance RF lines, vias must be considered. Usually avoid vias on such lines.<\\\/p><h2 data-start=\\\"8703\\\" data-end=\\\"8755\\\">(2) Crosstalk between parallel transmission lines<\\\/h2><p data-start=\\\"8757\\\" data-end=\\\"9122\\\">When two microstrip lines run close and parallel, coupling occurs. They cause crosstalk and change line characteristic impedance. Pay attention for 50 \\u03a9 and 75 \\u03a9 circuits. Designers can use coupling for some functions, such as directional couplers or power measurement. Example values from one design (1.97 GHz PCS end base station amplifier, dielectric \\u03b5r = 3.48):<\\\/p><ul data-start=\\\"9124\\\" data-end=\\\"9266\\\"><li data-start=\\\"9124\\\" data-end=\\\"9195\\\"><p data-start=\\\"9126\\\" data-end=\\\"9195\\\">For a 10 dB directional coupler: S = 5 mil, l = 920 mil, W = 53 mil<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"9196\\\" data-end=\\\"9266\\\"><p data-start=\\\"9198\\\" data-end=\\\"9266\\\">For a 20 dB directional coupler: S = 35 mil, l = 920 mil, W = 62 mil<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul><p data-start=\\\"9268\\\" data-end=\\\"9308\\\">To reduce crosstalk, follow these rules:<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"9310\\\" data-end=\\\"9556\\\">A. Keep spacing S between high-frequency or high-speed parallel lines at least one line width.<br data-start=\\\"9404\\\" data-end=\\\"9407\\\" \\\/>B. Cut down parallel length where possible.<br data-start=\\\"9450\\\" data-end=\\\"9453\\\" \\\/>C. Keep tiny high-frequency signals away from power and logic lines that can cause strong interference.<\\\/p><h2 data-start=\\\"9558\\\" data-end=\\\"9600\\\">(3) Ground via electromagnetic analysis<\\\/h2><p data-start=\\\"9602\\\" data-end=\\\"10021\\\">For IC ground pins or other ground pins, put ground vias close to pins in high-frequency circuits. The idea: a short ground path acts like an inductive impedance. Ground via also looks inductive. This affects filter function. That is why place ground vias close to pins. To reduce inductive load, use more ground vias than in low-frequency boards. This raises ground current capacity and helps keep all points near 0 V.<\\\/p><h2 data-start=\\\"10023\\\" data-end=\\\"10045\\\">(4) Power filtering<\\\/h2><p data-start=\\\"10047\\\" data-end=\\\"10529\\\">For TTL and CMOS, designers add bypass capacitors near power pins to reduce logic noise. For high-frequency and microwave circuits, this is not enough. High-frequency signals make high-frequency interference on power. Use series inductors and capacitors. Choose inductors by working frequency. Example: to filter &gt;1 MHz noise with C = 0.1 \\u03bcF, pick L = 1 \\u03bcH. When adding inductance on collector open-circuit signal pins, be careful. The inductor acts like a matching inductance then.<\\\/p><h2 data-start=\\\"10531\\\" data-end=\\\"10547\\\">(5) Shielding<\\\/h2><p data-start=\\\"10549\\\" data-end=\\\"10680\\\">Use shielding to protect small or high-frequency signals. This reduces strong signal interference and reduces EMI. Some guidelines:<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"10682\\\" data-end=\\\"10902\\\">A. In low frequency digital\\\/analog (&lt;30 MHz) small-signal designs, split digital and analog grounds, and pour ground plane in small-signal zones. Keep distance between ground pour and traces greater than the trace width.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"10904\\\" data-end=\\\"11021\\\">B. In high-frequency digital\\\/analog small-signal design, add shielding cans or stitched ground vias to isolate areas.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"10904\\\" data-end=\\\"11021\\\"><img class=\\\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2729\\\" src=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/flj-pcb.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/Isola-PCB.webp\\\" alt=\\\"Isola-PCB\\\" width=\\\"600\\\" height=\\\"449\\\" \\\/><\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"11023\\\" data-end=\\\"11245\\\">C. For high-power high-frequency circuits, make the high-frequency part a separate functional module and add a metal shield box to lower radiation. For example, optical fiber transceiver modules at 155 M, 622 M, or 2 Gb\\\/s.<\\\/p><p data-start=\\\"11247\\\" data-end=\\\"11435\\\">A multi-layer PCB for mobile phone (example: Nokia 6110) may place components on both sides and use internal ground pours as shown in the original figure. (Figure references omitted here.)<\\\/p><hr data-start=\\\"11437\\\" data-end=\\\"11440\\\" \\\/><h1 data-start=\\\"11442\\\" data-end=\\\"11490\\\">Examples of Material Selection for High Boards<\\\/h1><p data-start=\\\"11492\\\" data-end=\\\"11548\\\">Below are examples from boards we designed and debugged:<\\\/p><div class=\\\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\\\"><div class=\\\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\\\" tabindex=\\\"-1\\\"><table class=\\\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\\\" data-start=\\\"11550\\\" data-end=\\\"12491\\\"><thead data-start=\\\"11550\\\" data-end=\\\"11608\\\"><tr data-start=\\\"11550\\\" data-end=\\\"11608\\\"><th data-start=\\\"11550\\\" data-end=\\\"11580\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">Application (freq \\\/ device)<\\\/th><th data-start=\\\"11580\\\" data-end=\\\"11599\\\" data-col-size=\\\"md\\\">Material \\\/ Stack<\\\/th><th data-start=\\\"11599\\\" data-end=\\\"11608\\\" data-col-size=\\\"md\\\">Notes<\\\/th><\\\/tr><\\\/thead><tbody data-start=\\\"11624\\\" data-end=\\\"12491\\\"><tr data-start=\\\"11624\\\" data-end=\\\"11797\\\"><td data-start=\\\"11624\\\" data-end=\\\"11656\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">2.4 GHz spread spectrum relay<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"11656\\\" data-end=\\\"11700\\\">FR-4, 4-layer PCB with large ground pours<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"11700\\\" data-end=\\\"11797\\\">High-frequency analog part separated. Power lines use inductors to isolate from digital part.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"11798\\\" data-end=\\\"11939\\\"><td data-start=\\\"11798\\\" data-end=\\\"11823\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">2.4 GHz RF transceiver<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"11823\\\" data-end=\\\"11859\\\">PTFE material, double-sided board<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"11859\\\" data-end=\\\"11939\\\">RF transmit and receive in separate metal shield cans; power input filtered.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"11940\\\" data-end=\\\"12035\\\"><td data-start=\\\"11940\\\" data-end=\\\"11965\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">1.9 GHz RF transceiver<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"11965\\\" data-end=\\\"11994\\\">PTFE material, 4-layer PCB<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"11994\\\" data-end=\\\"12035\\\">Use large ground pours and shielding.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"12036\\\" data-end=\\\"12123\\\"><td data-start=\\\"12036\\\" data-end=\\\"12061\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">140 MHz IF transceiver<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"12061\\\" data-end=\\\"12086\\\">Top layer S1139 0.3 mm<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"12086\\\" data-end=\\\"12123\\\">Large ground pour; via isolation.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"12124\\\" data-end=\\\"12223\\\"><td data-start=\\\"12124\\\" data-end=\\\"12148\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">70 MHz IF transceiver<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"12148\\\" data-end=\\\"12168\\\">FR-4, 4-layer PCB<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"12168\\\" data-end=\\\"12223\\\">Large ground pour; module isolation via via fences.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"12224\\\" data-end=\\\"12385\\\"><td data-start=\\\"12224\\\" data-end=\\\"12247\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">30 W power amplifier<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"12247\\\" data-end=\\\"12283\\\">RO4350 material, double-sided PCB<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"12283\\\" data-end=\\\"12385\\\">Large ground pour; spacing controlled to &gt;= 50 \\u03a9 line width; shield box and power input filtering.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><tr data-start=\\\"12386\\\" data-end=\\\"12491\\\"><td data-start=\\\"12386\\\" data-end=\\\"12414\\\" data-col-size=\\\"sm\\\">2000 MHz microwave source<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"12414\\\" data-end=\\\"12433\\\">S1139 0.8 mm top<\\\/td><td data-col-size=\\\"md\\\" data-start=\\\"12433\\\" data-end=\\\"12491\\\">Double-sided PCB; precise control of trace dimensions.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><\\\/tbody><\\\/table><\\\/div><\\\/div><p data-start=\\\"12493\\\" data-end=\\\"12573\\\">Use these as examples. Each project needs its own material and thickness choice.<\\\/p><hr data-start=\\\"12575\\\" data-end=\\\"12578\\\" \\\/><h1 data-start=\\\"12580\\\" data-end=\\\"12622\\\">High-Frequency PCB Material Requirements<\\\/h1><p data-start=\\\"12624\\\" data-end=\\\"12677\\\">Designers should check these key material properties:<\\\/p><ol data-start=\\\"12679\\\" data-end=\\\"13167\\\"><li data-start=\\\"12679\\\" data-end=\\\"12784\\\"><p data-start=\\\"12682\\\" data-end=\\\"12784\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"12682\\\" data-end=\\\"12720\\\">Dielectric loss (Df, loss tangent)<\\\/strong> must be very small. Small loss means less signal attenuation.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"12785\\\" data-end=\\\"12884\\\"><p data-start=\\\"12788\\\" data-end=\\\"12884\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"12788\\\" data-end=\\\"12812\\\">Low water absorption<\\\/strong> is important. High water uptake changes dielectric constant and loss.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"12885\\\" data-end=\\\"13021\\\"><p data-start=\\\"12888\\\" data-end=\\\"13021\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"12888\\\" data-end=\\\"12916\\\">Dielectric constant (DK)<\\\/strong> must be low and stable. Lower DK gives higher signal speed. DK stability also helps impedance control.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"13022\\\" data-end=\\\"13167\\\"><p data-start=\\\"13025\\\" data-end=\\\"13167\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"13025\\\" data-end=\\\"13050\\\">CTE and thermal match<\\\/strong> between copper foil and base must be similar. Large mismatch over temperature changes can cause copper delamination.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol><p data-start=\\\"13169\\\" data-end=\\\"13256\\\">High frequency often means use of fluoropolymer substrates like PTFE (known as Teflon).<\\\/p><hr data-start=\\\"13258\\\" data-end=\\\"13261\\\" \\\/><h1 data-start=\\\"13263\\\" data-end=\\\"13321\\\">Manufacturing Notes and Cautions for High-Frequency PCBs<\\\/h1><ol data-start=\\\"13323\\\" data-end=\\\"13843\\\"><li data-start=\\\"13323\\\" data-end=\\\"13424\\\"><p data-start=\\\"13326\\\" data-end=\\\"13424\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"13326\\\" data-end=\\\"13358\\\">Impedance control is strict.<\\\/strong> Line width tolerance is tight. Typical control tolerance ~ \\u00b12%.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"13425\\\" data-end=\\\"13580\\\"><p data-start=\\\"13428\\\" data-end=\\\"13580\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"13428\\\" data-end=\\\"13473\\\">PTH adhesion is low on special materials.<\\\/strong> Use plasma surface roughening for holes and surfaces to increase adhesion for plating and solder resist.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"13581\\\" data-end=\\\"13711\\\"><p data-start=\\\"13584\\\" data-end=\\\"13711\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"13584\\\" data-end=\\\"13627\\\">Do not sand the board before soldering.<\\\/strong> This reduces adhesion. Use micro-etch solutions or other roughening methods only.<\\\/p><\\\/li><li data-start=\\\"13712\\\" data-end=\\\"13843\\\"><p data-start=\\\"13715\\\" data-end=\\\"13843\\\"><strong data-start=\\\"13715\\\" data-end=\\\"13783\\\">PTFE boards often cause rough edges with standard milling tools.<\\\/strong> Use special milling bits and follow PTFE routing practices.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol><hr data-start=\\\"13845\\\" data-end=\\\"13848\\\" \\\/><h1 data-start=\\\"13850\\\" data-end=\\\"13868\\\">Short Conclusion<\\\/h1><p data-start=\\\"13870\\\" data-end=\\\"14235\\\">High-frequency PCBs need special materials and careful process control. Choose a material that fits your frequency and thermal needs. Control impedance and place ground vias closely. Use shielding and correct power filtering. Follow special handling steps for PTFE and other microwave laminates. 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class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fe9c4e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\\\" data-id=\\\"2fe9c4e\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"e-con-inner\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"f058cdb","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<h2 data-start=\"315\" data-end=\"345\">What Is a High-Frequency PCB<\/h2><p data-start=\"347\" data-end=\"753\">A<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Printed_circuit_board#High_frequency_PCBs\"> high-frequency PCB<\/a> is a special printed circuit board (PCB) used for high electromagnetic frequency signals. These boards are for radio frequencies above about 300 MHz (wavelength &lt; 1 m) and for microwave frequencies above about 3 GHz (wavelength &lt; 0.1 m). They are made on microwave base copper clad laminates. Production may use some standard rigid PCB steps or use special methods for these materials.<\/p><p data-start=\"347\" data-end=\"753\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2728\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/High-Frequency-PCB.webp\" alt=\"High-Frequency PCB\" width=\"600\" height=\"372\" \/><\/p><p data-start=\"755\" data-end=\"1165\">With fast progress in technology, more devices work in the microwave band (&gt;1 GHz) and even in millimeter wave ranges (&gt;30 GHz). This means frequencies rise and material needs increase. Base materials must have very good electrical properties and good chemical stability. As the signal frequency goes up, material loss must stay very low. With the arrival of 5G, high-frequency materials became more important.<\/p><hr data-start=\"1167\" data-end=\"1170\" \/><h1 data-start=\"1172\" data-end=\"1207\">Advantages of High-Frequency PCBs<\/h1><p data-start=\"1209\" data-end=\"1430\"><strong data-start=\"1209\" data-end=\"1231\">1. High efficiency<\/strong><br data-start=\"1231\" data-end=\"1234\" \/>Materials with low dielectric constant cause low loss. Modern induction heating and other methods can hit targets and keep high efficiency. These boards also help reduce waste and fit green goals.<\/p><p data-start=\"1432\" data-end=\"1677\"><strong data-start=\"1432\" data-end=\"1449\">2. High speed<\/strong><br data-start=\"1449\" data-end=\"1452\" \/>Signal speed is inversely proportional to the square root of the dielectric constant. Lower dielectric constant means faster transmission. Special materials keep dielectric constant low and stable. This helps signal transfer.<\/p><p data-start=\"1679\" data-end=\"1970\"><strong data-start=\"1679\" data-end=\"1723\">3. Good control of heating or processing<\/strong><br data-start=\"1723\" data-end=\"1726\" \/>High-frequency boards are used in many fields that need precise heating of metal parts. You can control how deep or where to heat. You can focus on surface or deep heating. You can heat in a focused or spread way. The board allows fine control.<\/p><p data-start=\"1972\" data-end=\"2316\"><strong data-start=\"1972\" data-end=\"1996\">4. Strong durability<\/strong><br data-start=\"1996\" data-end=\"1999\" \/>Dielectric constant and dielectric material depend on environment. In humid areas, moisture hurts boards. High-frequency boards made from low water absorption material resist this. They resist chemical corrosion, moisture, high heat, and have high peel strength. These qualities make them strong in hard environments.<\/p><hr data-start=\"2318\" data-end=\"2321\" \/><h1 data-start=\"2323\" data-end=\"2375\">Common High-Frequency and High-Speed PCB Materials<\/h1><div class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2727\"><thead data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2419\"><tr data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2419\"><th data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2393\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Brand \/ Maker<\/th><th data-start=\"2393\" data-end=\"2419\" data-col-size=\"md\">Typical Series \/ Types<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"2430\" data-end=\"2727\"><tr data-start=\"2430\" data-end=\"2473\"><td data-start=\"2430\" data-end=\"2439\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Rogers<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2439\" data-end=\"2473\">RO4003, RO3003, RO4350, RO5880<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"2474\" data-end=\"2537\"><td data-start=\"2474\" data-end=\"2509\" data-col-size=\"sm\">TUC (Taiyao \/ TaYa or TUC brand)<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2509\" data-end=\"2537\">TUC862, 872SLK, 883, 933<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"2538\" data-end=\"2574\"><td data-start=\"2538\" data-end=\"2550\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Panasonic<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2550\" data-end=\"2574\">Megtron 4, Megtron 6<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"2575\" data-end=\"2608\"><td data-start=\"2575\" data-end=\"2583\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Isola<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2583\" data-end=\"2608\">FR408HR, IS620, IS680<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"2609\" data-end=\"2643\"><td data-start=\"2609\" data-end=\"2617\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Nelco<\/td><td data-start=\"2617\" data-end=\"2643\" data-col-size=\"md\">N4000-13, N4000-13EPSI<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"2644\" data-end=\"2727\"><td data-start=\"2644\" data-end=\"2670\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Domestic makers (China)<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"2670\" data-end=\"2727\">Dongguan Shengyi, Taizhou Wangling, Taixing Microwave<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><p data-start=\"2729\" data-end=\"2849\">(Use these example materials as a starting point. Each design needs the right material choice for frequency and layout.)<\/p><hr data-start=\"2851\" data-end=\"2854\" \/><h1 data-start=\"2856\" data-end=\"2913\">Difference Between High-Frequency Boards and HDI Boards<\/h1><p data-start=\"2915\" data-end=\"3218\">High-frequency PCBs are for radar, test instruments, automotive collision-avoidance systems, communication satellites, wireless systems, and other fields. HDI (High Density Interconnect) boards are for small devices with many components. HDI often uses double-sided boards in products with small volume.<\/p><p data-start=\"3220\" data-end=\"3555\">A high-frequency board needs very high process control and precision. Many times designers start from FR-4 glass epoxy, but true high-frequency boards use special laminates. The board must have a small and stable dielectric constant, low dielectric loss, low water absorption, high temperature tolerance, and good corrosion resistance.<\/p><p data-start=\"3557\" data-end=\"3824\">An HDI board uses micro blind vias to reach high routing density. It has internal and external routing that connect by drilling and plating. HDI is for compact products. Some HDI designs use modular parallel modules and strong DSP control for power and load features.<\/p><hr data-start=\"3826\" data-end=\"3829\" \/><h1 data-start=\"3831\" data-end=\"3880\">Types \/ Classification of High-Frequency Boards<\/h1><p data-start=\"3882\" data-end=\"3938\">Below are common types and notes about their processing:<\/p><p data-start=\"3940\" data-end=\"3989\"><strong data-start=\"3940\" data-end=\"3987\">1. Powder-filled thermoset (ceramic filled)<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"3990\" data-end=\"4260\"><li data-start=\"3990\" data-end=\"4078\"><p data-start=\"3992\" data-end=\"4078\">Materials and suppliers: Rogers 4350B \/ 4003C; Arlon 25N \/ 25FR; Taconic TLG series.<img class=\"size-full wp-image-2730 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Rogers-4350b.webp\" alt=\"Rogers 4350b\" width=\"600\" height=\"308\" \/><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4079\" data-end=\"4260\"><p data-start=\"4081\" data-end=\"4260\">Processing: Steps are similar to FR-4 epoxy glass laminates. However, boards are brittle and easy to break. Tool life for drills and router bits drops about 20%. Handle with care.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"4262\" data-end=\"4309\"><strong data-start=\"4262\" data-end=\"4307\">2. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene, Teflon)<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"4310\" data-end=\"5232\"><li data-start=\"4310\" data-end=\"4539\"><p data-start=\"4312\" data-end=\"4338\">Materials and suppliers:<\/p><ul data-start=\"4341\" data-end=\"4539\"><li data-start=\"4341\" data-end=\"4389\"><p data-start=\"4343\" data-end=\"4389\">Rogers: RO3000 series, RT series, TMM series<img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2731\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Rogers-RO3003.webp\" alt=\"Rogers RO3003\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4392\" data-end=\"4439\"><p data-start=\"4394\" data-end=\"4439\">Arlon: AD\/AR series, IsoClad, CuClad series<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4442\" data-end=\"4488\"><p data-start=\"4444\" data-end=\"4488\">Taconic: RF series, TLX series, TLY series<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4491\" data-end=\"4539\"><p data-start=\"4493\" data-end=\"4539\">Taixing Microwave: F4B \/ F4BM \/ F4BK \/ TP-2B<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"4540\" data-end=\"5232\"><p data-start=\"4542\" data-end=\"4570\">Processing notes for PTFE:<\/p><ul data-start=\"4573\" data-end=\"5232\"><li data-start=\"4573\" data-end=\"4657\"><p data-start=\"4575\" data-end=\"4657\">Keep protective film when cutting raw sheets to avoid scratches and press marks.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4660\" data-end=\"4791\"><p data-start=\"4662\" data-end=\"4791\">Use new drills (standard #130 drills recommended). For best results, drill one sheet at a time. Keep clamp pressure at ~40 psi.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4794\" data-end=\"4872\"><p data-start=\"4796\" data-end=\"4872\">Use aluminum backstop and 1 mm melamine pads to hold PTFE during drilling.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4875\" data-end=\"4931\"><p data-start=\"4877\" data-end=\"4931\">After drilling, blow dust out of holes with hot air.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4934\" data-end=\"5044\"><p data-start=\"4936\" data-end=\"5044\">Use a stable drill machine. For small holes, increase speed and reduce chip load and spindle return speed.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5047\" data-end=\"5155\"><p data-start=\"5049\" data-end=\"5155\">Hole surface treatment: low-temperature plasma or sodium naphthalene activation help hole metallization.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5158\" data-end=\"5232\"><p data-start=\"5160\" data-end=\"5232\">PTH (plated through hole) copper deposition and adhesion need attention.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"5234\" data-end=\"5264\"><strong data-start=\"5234\" data-end=\"5262\">3. PTH copper deposition<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"5265\" data-end=\"5384\"><li data-start=\"5265\" data-end=\"5384\"><p data-start=\"5267\" data-end=\"5384\">After micro-etch (~20 microinch control), perform PTH. If needed, run a second PTH pass as required by board routing.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"5386\" data-end=\"5427\"><strong data-start=\"5386\" data-end=\"5425\">4. Solder mask (green mask) process<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"5428\" data-end=\"5701\"><li data-start=\"5428\" data-end=\"5498\"><p data-start=\"5430\" data-end=\"5498\">Pre-process: use acid\/alkaline cleaning; avoid mechanical sanding.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5499\" data-end=\"5574\"><p data-start=\"5501\" data-end=\"5574\">After pre-process, bake the board (90\u00b0C for 30 min) and apply dry film.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5575\" data-end=\"5701\"><p data-start=\"5577\" data-end=\"5701\">Bake in three stages: 80\u00b0C, 100\u00b0C, 150\u00b0C, 30 min each. If mask shows oil spots, remove mask and repeat activation treatment.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"5703\" data-end=\"5741\"><strong data-start=\"5703\" data-end=\"5739\">5. Routing \/ milling PTFE boards<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"5742\" data-end=\"6038\"><li data-start=\"5742\" data-end=\"5835\"><p data-start=\"5744\" data-end=\"5835\">Use thin paper on PTFE trace side and clamp with FR-4 or phenolic backing during routing.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"5836\" data-end=\"6038\"><p data-start=\"5838\" data-end=\"6038\">After routing, hand-finish edge burrs and inspect carefully. Avoid damaging copper and board surface. Use sulfur-free separation paper. Reduce burrs well. The routing step must leave good edge finish.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"6040\" data-end=\"6043\" \/><h1 data-start=\"6045\" data-end=\"6093\">Production Flow for High-Frequency PTFE Boards<\/h1><p data-start=\"6095\" data-end=\"6167\">Below are three common process flows. I put them in a table for clarity.<\/p><div class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"6169\" data-end=\"6917\"><thead data-start=\"6169\" data-end=\"6207\"><tr data-start=\"6169\" data-end=\"6207\"><th data-start=\"6169\" data-end=\"6184\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Process Type<\/th><th data-start=\"6184\" data-end=\"6207\" data-col-size=\"xl\">Key Steps (summary)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"6218\" data-end=\"6917\"><tr data-start=\"6218\" data-end=\"6482\"><td data-start=\"6218\" data-end=\"6260\" data-col-size=\"sm\">NPTH (Non-Plated Through Hole) for PTFE<\/td><td data-col-size=\"xl\" data-start=\"6260\" data-end=\"6482\">Cutting \u2192 Drilling \u2192 Dry film \u2192 Inspection \u2192 Etch \u2192 Etch inspection \u2192 Solder mask \u2192 Dry film exposure \u2192 Hot air solder leveling (HASL) or tin spray \u2192 Routing\/shaping \u2192 Inspection \u2192 Final inspection \u2192 Packing \u2192 Delivery<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"6483\" data-end=\"6822\"><td data-start=\"6483\" data-end=\"6520\" data-col-size=\"sm\">PTH (Plated Through Hole) for PTFE<\/td><td data-col-size=\"xl\" data-start=\"6520\" data-end=\"6822\">Cutting \u2192 Drilling \u2192 Hole treatment (low-temp plasma or sodium naphthalene activation) \u2192 Copper plating \u2192 Panel electrical test \u2192 Dry film \u2192 Inspection \u2192 Imaging \u2192 Etch \u2192 Etch inspection \u2192 Solder mask \u2192 Dry film exposure \u2192 HASL \u2192 Routing\/shaping \u2192 Inspection \u2192 Final inspection \u2192 Packing \u2192 Delivery<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"6823\" data-end=\"6917\"><td data-start=\"6823\" data-end=\"6854\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Solder mask process controls<\/td><td data-col-size=\"xl\" data-start=\"6854\" data-end=\"6917\">Control green mask adhesion and bubble formation carefully.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><p data-start=\"6919\" data-end=\"6999\">Note: Each process step must control surface scratch and other defects strictly.<\/p><hr data-start=\"7001\" data-end=\"7004\" \/><h1 data-start=\"7006\" data-end=\"7043\">Applications of High-Frequency PCBs<\/h1><p data-start=\"7045\" data-end=\"7084\">High-frequency PCBs commonly appear in:<\/p><ul data-start=\"7086\" data-end=\"7468\"><li data-start=\"7086\" data-end=\"7137\"><p data-start=\"7088\" data-end=\"7137\">Power amplifiers and low noise amplifiers (LNA)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7138\" data-end=\"7198\"><p data-start=\"7140\" data-end=\"7198\">Mobile communication products and smart lighting systems<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7199\" data-end=\"7273\"><p data-start=\"7201\" data-end=\"7273\">Power dividers, couplers, duplexers, filters and other passive devices<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7274\" data-end=\"7366\"><p data-start=\"7276\" data-end=\"7366\">Automotive collision avoidance systems, communication satellites, wireless phone systems<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7367\" data-end=\"7468\"><p data-start=\"7369\" data-end=\"7468\">In short, electronics are moving to higher frequencies and high-frequency boards follow this trend.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"7470\" data-end=\"7473\" \/><h1 data-start=\"7475\" data-end=\"7510\">How to Design High-Frequency PCBs<\/h1><p data-start=\"7512\" data-end=\"7840\">In high-frequency PCB design, power plane layout is critical. Usually put power on its own layer. This helps the circuit follow the path of least impedance. Power plane must provide return paths for all signals on the PCB. That lowers loop area and reduces noise. Low-frequency designers often ignore some of these noise issues.<\/p><p data-start=\"7842\" data-end=\"7890\">Follow these rules in high-frequency PCB design:<\/p><ul data-start=\"7892\" data-end=\"8086\"><li data-start=\"7892\" data-end=\"7937\"><p data-start=\"7894\" data-end=\"7937\">Keep power and ground stable and unified.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7938\" data-end=\"8001\"><p data-start=\"7940\" data-end=\"8001\">Careful routing and correct termination remove reflections.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8002\" data-end=\"8086\"><p data-start=\"8004\" data-end=\"8086\">Careful routing and correct termination reduce capacitance and measured crosstalk.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"8088\" data-end=\"8124\">Below I expand several key subjects.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"8126\" data-end=\"8156\">(1) Transmission line width<\/h2><p data-start=\"8158\" data-end=\"8249\">Transmission line width in high-frequency PCB design must follow impedance matching theory.<\/p><p data-start=\"8251\" data-end=\"8701\"><strong data-start=\"8251\" data-end=\"8273\">Impedance matching<\/strong><br data-start=\"8273\" data-end=\"8276\" \/>When input\/output impedance and transmission line impedance match, the system gives maximum output power and minimum reflection. For microwave circuits, matching must also consider device bias points. Vias on signal lines change transmission properties. For TTL and CMOS, characteristic impedance is high, so the effect is small. But for 50 \u03a9 low-impedance RF lines, vias must be considered. Usually avoid vias on such lines.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"8703\" data-end=\"8755\">(2) Crosstalk between parallel transmission lines<\/h2><p data-start=\"8757\" data-end=\"9122\">When two microstrip lines run close and parallel, coupling occurs. They cause crosstalk and change line characteristic impedance. Pay attention for 50 \u03a9 and 75 \u03a9 circuits. Designers can use coupling for some functions, such as directional couplers or power measurement. Example values from one design (1.97 GHz PCS end base station amplifier, dielectric \u03b5r = 3.48):<\/p><ul data-start=\"9124\" data-end=\"9266\"><li data-start=\"9124\" data-end=\"9195\"><p data-start=\"9126\" data-end=\"9195\">For a 10 dB directional coupler: S = 5 mil, l = 920 mil, W = 53 mil<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"9196\" data-end=\"9266\"><p data-start=\"9198\" data-end=\"9266\">For a 20 dB directional coupler: S = 35 mil, l = 920 mil, W = 62 mil<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"9268\" data-end=\"9308\">To reduce crosstalk, follow these rules:<\/p><p data-start=\"9310\" data-end=\"9556\">A. Keep spacing S between high-frequency or high-speed parallel lines at least one line width.<br data-start=\"9404\" data-end=\"9407\" \/>B. Cut down parallel length where possible.<br data-start=\"9450\" data-end=\"9453\" \/>C. Keep tiny high-frequency signals away from power and logic lines that can cause strong interference.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"9558\" data-end=\"9600\">(3) Ground via electromagnetic analysis<\/h2><p data-start=\"9602\" data-end=\"10021\">For IC ground pins or other ground pins, put ground vias close to pins in high-frequency circuits. The idea: a short ground path acts like an inductive impedance. Ground via also looks inductive. This affects filter function. That is why place ground vias close to pins. To reduce inductive load, use more ground vias than in low-frequency boards. This raises ground current capacity and helps keep all points near 0 V.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"10023\" data-end=\"10045\">(4) Power filtering<\/h2><p data-start=\"10047\" data-end=\"10529\">For TTL and CMOS, designers add bypass capacitors near power pins to reduce logic noise. For high-frequency and microwave circuits, this is not enough. High-frequency signals make high-frequency interference on power. Use series inductors and capacitors. Choose inductors by working frequency. Example: to filter &gt;1 MHz noise with C = 0.1 \u03bcF, pick L = 1 \u03bcH. When adding inductance on collector open-circuit signal pins, be careful. The inductor acts like a matching inductance then.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"10531\" data-end=\"10547\">(5) Shielding<\/h2><p data-start=\"10549\" data-end=\"10680\">Use shielding to protect small or high-frequency signals. This reduces strong signal interference and reduces EMI. Some guidelines:<\/p><p data-start=\"10682\" data-end=\"10902\">A. In low frequency digital\/analog (&lt;30 MHz) small-signal designs, split digital and analog grounds, and pour ground plane in small-signal zones. Keep distance between ground pour and traces greater than the trace width.<\/p><p data-start=\"10904\" data-end=\"11021\">B. In high-frequency digital\/analog small-signal design, add shielding cans or stitched ground vias to isolate areas.<\/p><p data-start=\"10904\" data-end=\"11021\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2729\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Isola-PCB.webp\" alt=\"Isola-PCB\" width=\"600\" height=\"449\" \/><\/p><p data-start=\"11023\" data-end=\"11245\">C. For high-power high-frequency circuits, make the high-frequency part a separate functional module and add a metal shield box to lower radiation. For example, optical fiber transceiver modules at 155 M, 622 M, or 2 Gb\/s.<\/p><p data-start=\"11247\" data-end=\"11435\">A multi-layer PCB for mobile phone (example: Nokia 6110) may place components on both sides and use internal ground pours as shown in the original figure. (Figure references omitted here.)<\/p><hr data-start=\"11437\" data-end=\"11440\" \/><h1 data-start=\"11442\" data-end=\"11490\">Examples of Material Selection for High Boards<\/h1><p data-start=\"11492\" data-end=\"11548\">Below are examples from boards we designed and debugged:<\/p><div class=\"_tableContainer_sk2ct_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_sk2ct_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"11550\" data-end=\"12491\"><thead data-start=\"11550\" data-end=\"11608\"><tr data-start=\"11550\" data-end=\"11608\"><th data-start=\"11550\" data-end=\"11580\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Application (freq \/ device)<\/th><th data-start=\"11580\" data-end=\"11599\" data-col-size=\"md\">Material \/ Stack<\/th><th data-start=\"11599\" data-end=\"11608\" data-col-size=\"md\">Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"11624\" data-end=\"12491\"><tr data-start=\"11624\" data-end=\"11797\"><td data-start=\"11624\" data-end=\"11656\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2.4 GHz spread spectrum relay<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11656\" data-end=\"11700\">FR-4, 4-layer PCB with large ground pours<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11700\" data-end=\"11797\">High-frequency analog part separated. Power lines use inductors to isolate from digital part.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"11798\" data-end=\"11939\"><td data-start=\"11798\" data-end=\"11823\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2.4 GHz RF transceiver<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11823\" data-end=\"11859\">PTFE material, double-sided board<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11859\" data-end=\"11939\">RF transmit and receive in separate metal shield cans; power input filtered.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"11940\" data-end=\"12035\"><td data-start=\"11940\" data-end=\"11965\" data-col-size=\"sm\">1.9 GHz RF transceiver<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11965\" data-end=\"11994\">PTFE material, 4-layer PCB<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"11994\" data-end=\"12035\">Use large ground pours and shielding.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"12036\" data-end=\"12123\"><td data-start=\"12036\" data-end=\"12061\" data-col-size=\"sm\">140 MHz IF transceiver<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12061\" data-end=\"12086\">Top layer S1139 0.3 mm<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12086\" data-end=\"12123\">Large ground pour; via isolation.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"12124\" data-end=\"12223\"><td data-start=\"12124\" data-end=\"12148\" data-col-size=\"sm\">70 MHz IF transceiver<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12148\" data-end=\"12168\">FR-4, 4-layer PCB<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12168\" data-end=\"12223\">Large ground pour; module isolation via via fences.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"12224\" data-end=\"12385\"><td data-start=\"12224\" data-end=\"12247\" data-col-size=\"sm\">30 W power amplifier<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12247\" data-end=\"12283\">RO4350 material, double-sided PCB<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12283\" data-end=\"12385\">Large ground pour; spacing controlled to &gt;= 50 \u03a9 line width; shield box and power input filtering.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"12386\" data-end=\"12491\"><td data-start=\"12386\" data-end=\"12414\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2000 MHz microwave source<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12414\" data-end=\"12433\">S1139 0.8 mm top<\/td><td data-col-size=\"md\" data-start=\"12433\" data-end=\"12491\">Double-sided PCB; precise control of trace dimensions.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><p data-start=\"12493\" data-end=\"12573\">Use these as examples. Each project needs its own material and thickness choice.<\/p><hr data-start=\"12575\" data-end=\"12578\" \/><h1 data-start=\"12580\" data-end=\"12622\">High-Frequency PCB Material Requirements<\/h1><p data-start=\"12624\" data-end=\"12677\">Designers should check these key material properties:<\/p><ol data-start=\"12679\" data-end=\"13167\"><li data-start=\"12679\" data-end=\"12784\"><p data-start=\"12682\" data-end=\"12784\"><strong data-start=\"12682\" data-end=\"12720\">Dielectric loss (Df, loss tangent)<\/strong> must be very small. Small loss means less signal attenuation.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12785\" data-end=\"12884\"><p data-start=\"12788\" data-end=\"12884\"><strong data-start=\"12788\" data-end=\"12812\">Low water absorption<\/strong> is important. High water uptake changes dielectric constant and loss.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12885\" data-end=\"13021\"><p data-start=\"12888\" data-end=\"13021\"><strong data-start=\"12888\" data-end=\"12916\">Dielectric constant (DK)<\/strong> must be low and stable. Lower DK gives higher signal speed. DK stability also helps impedance control.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"13022\" data-end=\"13167\"><p data-start=\"13025\" data-end=\"13167\"><strong data-start=\"13025\" data-end=\"13050\">CTE and thermal match<\/strong> between copper foil and base must be similar. Large mismatch over temperature changes can cause copper delamination.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p data-start=\"13169\" data-end=\"13256\">High frequency often means use of fluoropolymer substrates like PTFE (known as Teflon).<\/p><hr data-start=\"13258\" data-end=\"13261\" \/><h1 data-start=\"13263\" data-end=\"13321\">Manufacturing Notes and Cautions for High-Frequency PCBs<\/h1><ol data-start=\"13323\" data-end=\"13843\"><li data-start=\"13323\" data-end=\"13424\"><p data-start=\"13326\" data-end=\"13424\"><strong data-start=\"13326\" data-end=\"13358\">Impedance control is strict.<\/strong> Line width tolerance is tight. Typical control tolerance ~ \u00b12%.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"13425\" data-end=\"13580\"><p data-start=\"13428\" data-end=\"13580\"><strong data-start=\"13428\" data-end=\"13473\">PTH adhesion is low on special materials.<\/strong> Use plasma surface roughening for holes and surfaces to increase adhesion for plating and solder resist.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"13581\" data-end=\"13711\"><p data-start=\"13584\" data-end=\"13711\"><strong data-start=\"13584\" data-end=\"13627\">Do not sand the board before soldering.<\/strong> This reduces adhesion. Use micro-etch solutions or other roughening methods only.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"13712\" data-end=\"13843\"><p data-start=\"13715\" data-end=\"13843\"><strong data-start=\"13715\" data-end=\"13783\">PTFE boards often cause rough edges with standard milling tools.<\/strong> Use special milling bits and follow PTFE routing practices.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><hr data-start=\"13845\" data-end=\"13848\" \/><h1 data-start=\"13850\" data-end=\"13868\">Short Conclusion<\/h1><p data-start=\"13870\" data-end=\"14235\">High-frequency PCBs need special materials and careful process control. Choose a material that fits your frequency and thermal needs. Control impedance and place ground vias closely. Use shielding and correct power filtering. Follow special handling steps for PTFE and other microwave laminates. These steps improve performance and yield in high-frequency circuits.<\/p>","display_condition_list":[{"display_condition_login_status":"subscriber","_id":"18e069d"}]},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<section class=\\\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-brlk2x4 elementor-section-content-top elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\\\" data-id=\\\"brlk2x4\\\" data-element_type=\\\"section\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-background-overlay\\\"><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7882748\\\" data-id=\\\"7882748\\\" data-element_type=\\\"column\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fc6712 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\\\" data-id=\\\"9fc6712\\\" data-element_type=\\\"widget\\\" data-widget_type=\\\"heading.default\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-widget-container\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<h2 class=\\\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\\\">Frequently Asked Questions<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-631b990 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\\\" data-id=\\\"631b990\\\" data-element_type=\\\"widget\\\" data-widget_type=\\\"accordion.default\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-widget-container\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion-item\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1031\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-title\\\" data-tab=\\\"1\\\" role=\\\"button\\\" aria-controls=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1031\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<a class=\\\"elementor-accordion-title\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">Which substrate materials are commonly used for high-frequency PCBs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1031\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\\\" data-tab=\\\"1\\\" role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1031\\\"><p>Typical materials include PTFE (Teflon)-based laminates and engineered composites from suppliers like Rogers (RO3000\\\/RO4000\\\/RT\\\/duroid) and Isola, chosen for low loss tangent and stable dielectric constant.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion-item\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1032\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-title\\\" data-tab=\\\"2\\\" role=\\\"button\\\" aria-controls=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1032\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<a class=\\\"elementor-accordion-title\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">Why not just use FR-4 for RF\\\/high-frequency designs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1032\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\\\" data-tab=\\\"2\\\" role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1032\\\"><p>FR-4 has higher dielectric loss and less stable dielectric constant at GHz frequencies, which increases signal loss and impedance variability; for many RF or microwave applications, PTFE\\\/Rogers-class laminates perform much better.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion-item\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1033\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-title\\\" data-tab=\\\"3\\\" role=\\\"button\\\" aria-controls=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1033\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<a class=\\\"elementor-accordion-title\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">What electrical properties matter most (Dk, loss tangent)?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1033\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\\\" data-tab=\\\"3\\\" role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1033\\\"><p>Dielectric constant (Dk) controls impedance and signal velocity; loss tangent (Df) governs signal attenuation. Low, stable Dk and low loss tangent are essential for consistent high-frequency performance.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion-item\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1034\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-title\\\" data-tab=\\\"4\\\" role=\\\"button\\\" aria-controls=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1034\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<a class=\\\"elementor-accordion-title\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">Typical applications for high-frequency PCBs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1034\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\\\" data-tab=\\\"4\\\" role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1034\\\"><p>Antennas, RF amplifiers, filters, 5G base stations, microwave radio links, satellite communications, radar, and high-speed RF modules.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion-item\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1035\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-title\\\" data-tab=\\\"5\\\" role=\\\"button\\\" aria-controls=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1035\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<a class=\\\"elementor-accordion-title\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">How do I choose the right high-frequency laminate?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1035\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\\\" data-tab=\\\"5\\\" role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1035\\\"><p>Match required frequency range, target impedance stability, thermal\\\/CTE needs, and loss tangent. Review supplier datasheets (Rogers, Isola, etc.) and request material test data (Dk\\\/Df vs frequency).<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-1909.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-1909.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"What Is a High-Frequency PCB A high-frequency PCB is a special printed circuit board (PCB) used for high electromagnetic frequency [&hellip;]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1909","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1909"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1909\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3345,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1909\/revisions\/3345"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}