{"id":1917,"date":"2025-08-25T02:14:54","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T02:14:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=1917"},"modified":"2025-08-27T02:27:30","modified_gmt":"2025-08-27T02:27:30","slug":"high-tg-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/pcb-manufacturer\/high-tg-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Co je PCB s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg?<\/h1>

Co je teplota skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu (Tg)?<\/h2>
Teplota skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu, tzv.\u00a0Tg<\/strong>, je jednou z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed plast\u016f a epoxidov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. Tg tak\u00e9 ukazuje kvalitu tkaniny ze sklen\u011bn\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken pou\u017eit\u00e9 v desk\u00e1ch plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. V porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s HDT (teplotou tepeln\u00e9 deformace) nen\u00ed Tg v\u017edy d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale p\u0159esto na n\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed. Tg je teplota, kdy dlouh\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce v plastu z\u00edskaj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed segmentov\u00fd pohyb.<\/div>
Pokud je teplota pou\u017eit\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Tg, pohyb segment\u016f polymern\u00edho \u0159et\u011bzce je v\u011bt\u0161inou zmrazen\u00fd. Materi\u00e1l vykazuje uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, m\u0159\u00ed\u017ekovou strukturu. Plast je tvrd\u00fd, tuh\u00fd a k\u0159ehk\u00fd. Tento stav naz\u00fdv\u00e1me\u00a0sklovit\u00fd stav<\/strong>.<\/div>
Pokud je teplota pou\u017eit\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Tg, maj\u00ed segmenty polymern\u00edho \u0159et\u011bzce v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed volnost pohybu. Plast se st\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u011bk\u010d\u00edm a pru\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. Tento jev naz\u00fdv\u00e1me\u00a0gumovit\u00fd stav<\/strong>.<\/div>
Tg je tedy teplota, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 se materi\u00e1l m\u011bn\u00ed ze sklovit\u00e9ho na gumovit\u00fd. Tg je nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teplota, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 si substr\u00e1t zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 svou tuhost. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly substr\u00e1t\u016f pro desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 teplot\u011b m\u011bknou, deformuj\u00ed se, nebo se dokonce tav\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 rychle klesaj\u00ed jejich mechanick\u00e9 a elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti.<\/div>

Tg a chov\u00e1n\u00ed desek<\/h2>
Tg znamen\u00e1 jasnou zm\u011bnu v chov\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1lu. Pod Tg si deska zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u016fj tvar a mechanickou pevnost. P\u0159i p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed Tg se deska m\u016f\u017ee oh\u00fdbat a ztr\u00e1cet tuhost. Tato zm\u011bna ovliv\u0148uje tak\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti. Dielektrick\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty a chov\u00e1n\u00ed izolace se mohou m\u011bnit p\u0159i p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed teploty Tg. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu a mont\u00e1\u017ei desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f pom\u00e1h\u00e1 znalost Tg vybrat spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly a postupy.<\/div>

Kategorie hodnot Tg PCB<\/h2>
V\u00fdrobci rozd\u011bluj\u00ed deskov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly podle rozsahu Tg. Typick\u00e9 skupiny jsou:<\/div>
  • Norm\u00e1ln\u00ed desky Tg<\/strong>: 130 \u00b0C a\u017e 150 \u00b0C. P\u0159\u00edklady: KB-6164F (140 \u00b0C), S1141 (140 \u00b0C).<\/li>
  • St\u0159edn\u00ed desky Tg<\/strong>: 150 \u00b0C a\u017e 170 \u00b0C. P\u0159\u00edklady: KB-6165F (150 \u00b0C), S1141-150 (150 \u00b0C).<\/li>
  • Desky s vysokou Tg (vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1klady)<\/strong>: 170 \u00b0C a v\u00edce. P\u0159\u00edklady: KB-6167F (170 \u00b0C), S1170 (170 \u00b0C).<\/li><\/ul>
    Pozn\u00e1mka: Pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 spot\u0159ebn\u00ed a s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 produkty byl b\u011b\u017en\u00fd k\u00f3d S1141. Ve zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch o kontrole kvality se n\u011bkdy uv\u00e1d\u00ed Tg = 130 \u00b0C a n\u011bkdy Tg = 135 \u00b0C. To ukazuje, \u017ee testov\u00e1n\u00ed a pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy se m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it.<\/div>

    V\u00fdhody materi\u00e1l\u016f s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg<\/h2>
    1. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed stabilita<\/strong>: Pokud zv\u00fd\u0161\u00edte Tg substr\u00e1tu desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f, zv\u00fd\u0161\u00edte tak\u00e9 tepelnou odolnost, chemickou odolnost, odolnost proti vlhkosti a stabilitu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/li>
    2. Lep\u0161\u00ed pro konstrukce s vysokou hustotou v\u00fdkonu<\/strong>: Pokud m\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vysokou hustotu v\u00fdkonu a produkuje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed tepla, pom\u00e1haj\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f s vysokou Tg zvl\u00e1dat teplo.<\/li>
    3. Flexibilita designu<\/strong>: D\u00edky lep\u0161\u00edm tepeln\u00fdm vlastnostem m\u016f\u017eete m\u011bnit velikost nebo uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed desky a st\u00e1le spl\u0148ovat v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 a tepeln\u00e9 po\u017eadavky. P\u0159i lep\u0161\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tepla m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f nebo jin\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>
    4. Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 a HDI desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/strong>: V\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 a HDI desky jsou hust\u00e9. Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 tepla. Desky s vysok\u00fdm Tg pom\u00e1haj\u00ed udr\u017eet spolehlivost v\u00fdroby a v\u00fdrobku.<\/li>
    5. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 odolnost<\/strong>: P\u0159i zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed Tg se zvy\u0161uje odolnost desky v\u016f\u010di teplu, vlhkosti a chemik\u00e1li\u00edm. Zlep\u0161uje se tak\u00e9 stabilita v provozu.<\/li>
    6. Lep\u0161\u00ed pro bezolovnat\u00e9 p\u00e1jen\u00ed<\/strong>: P\u0159i bezolovnat\u00e9m p\u0159etavov\u00e1n\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty. Desky s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed Tg tyto teploty l\u00e9pe zvl\u00e1daj\u00ed.<\/li>
    7. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed deformace v SMT<\/strong>: Materi\u00e1ly s vysokou Tg se p\u0159i SMT a p\u0159etavov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b deformuj\u00ed. Poskytuj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed spolehlivost. Rizika, jako je prask\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch a tvorba m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch puch\u00fd\u0159\u016f, jsou ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u desek s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem Tg. P\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m zach\u00e1zen\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt materi\u00e1l s vysokou Tg pocitov\u011b k\u0159eh\u010d\u00ed, ale p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 teplot\u011b je jeho pevnost a rozm\u011brov\u00e1 stabilita (chov\u00e1n\u00ed CTE) lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u materi\u00e1l\u016f s n\u00edzkou Tg.<\/li><\/ol>

      V\u00fdkonnost PCB s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg<\/h2>
      S rychl\u00fdm rozvojem elektroniky se materi\u00e1ly s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg hojn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u00edch, komunika\u010dn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch, p\u0159esn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u00edch a testovac\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch. Pro dosa\u017een\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch funkc\u00ed a v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu vrstev pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed substr\u00e1ty desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed po\u017eadavek vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tepelnou odolnost. Tak\u00e9 s mont\u00e1\u017e\u00ed s vysokou hustotou, jako je SMT a technologie mont\u00e1\u017ee \u010dip\u016f, a s trendy ten\u010d\u00edch desek, men\u0161\u00edch otvor\u016f a jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho fr\u00e9zov\u00e1n\u00ed se tepeln\u00e1 odolnost substr\u00e1tu st\u00e1v\u00e1 kritickou.<\/div>
      Rozd\u00edl mezi typick\u00fdm FR-4 a FR-4 s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg se projevuje v mnoha ohledech. Li\u0161\u00ed se mechanick\u00e1 pevnost, p\u0159ilnavost, nas\u00e1kavost, rozm\u011brov\u00e1 stabilita a tepeln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed po nas\u00e1t\u00ed vlhkosti. P\u0159i tepeln\u00e9m nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed a tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti si desky s vysokou Tg l\u00e9pe udr\u017euj\u00ed tvar a funguj\u00ed. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu popt\u00e1vka po desk\u00e1ch s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg vzrostla. Jejich cena je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u standardn\u00edch desek.<\/div>
      Materi\u00e1ly s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg jsou obl\u00edben\u00e9 v osv\u011btlen\u00ed LED. Obaly LED odv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed v\u00edce tepla ne\u017e b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti. Deska FR-4 se spr\u00e1vnou strukturou m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mnohem levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e deska s kovov\u00fdm j\u00e1drem a p\u0159itom v n\u011bkter\u00fdch proveden\u00edch spl\u0148ovat tepeln\u00e9 po\u017eadavky.<\/div>

      Pro\u010d pou\u017e\u00edvat FR-4 k v\u00fdrob\u011b desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f s vysokou gram\u00e1\u017e\u00ed?<\/h2>
      N\u011bkter\u00e9 aplikace vy\u017eaduj\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f, kter\u00e9 pracuj\u00ed p\u0159i teplot\u011b 200 \u00b0C nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Pro spolehliv\u00fd provoz p\u0159i takov\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch mus\u00edme pou\u017e\u00edt materi\u00e1ly vyroben\u00e9 pro vysok\u00e9 teploty. Jednou z b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch mo\u017enost\u00ed je FR-4. Desky FR-4 s vysokou teplotou skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu snesou mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty a st\u00e1le poskytuj\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti:<\/div>
      • Vylep\u0161en\u00e1 kontrola impedance.<\/li>
      • Lep\u0161\u00ed tepeln\u00e1 spr\u00e1va.<\/li>
      • Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjem vlhkosti.<\/li>
      • Stabiln\u00ed v\u00fdkon v provozu.<\/li><\/ul>
        FR-4 je neho\u0159lav\u00fd epoxidov\u00fd materi\u00e1l vyztu\u017een\u00fd sklen\u011bn\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny. M\u00e1 mnoho v\u00fdhod, kter\u00e9 vyhovuj\u00ed pot\u0159eb\u00e1m desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg:<\/div>
        • Odol\u00e1v\u00e1 mnoha cykl\u016fm laminace a hod\u00ed se pro slo\u017eit\u00e9 procesy na desk\u00e1ch plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f.<\/li>
        • Podporuje bezolovnatou mont\u00e1\u017e.<\/li>
        • Typ\u016f FR-4 je mnoho. Existuj\u00ed typy PTFE, PTFE pln\u011bn\u00e9 keramikou a termosetov\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edkov\u00e9 b\u00e1ze. Vyb\u00edr\u00e1te podle pot\u0159eby.<\/li><\/ul>

          FR-4 Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vlastnosti<\/h2>
          FR-4 nab\u00edz\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 p\u0159ednosti pro vysoce n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed:<\/div>
          • Dobr\u00fd elektrick\u00fd v\u00fdkon<\/strong>: Udr\u017euje kvalitu sign\u00e1lu p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch frekvenc\u00edch a teplot\u00e1ch.<\/li>
          • Zvl\u00e1d\u00e1 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed vrt\u00e1n\u00ed a pokoven\u00e9 pr\u016fchoz\u00ed otvory (PTH) pro slo\u017eit\u00e9 desky.<\/li>
          • Spolehlivost PTH je dobr\u00e1<\/strong>: T\u00edm se sni\u017euje riziko selh\u00e1n\u00ed spojen\u00ed p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 teplot\u011b.<\/li>
          • Cena je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u mnoha \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/strong>\u00a0zat\u00edmco v\u00fdkon je dobr\u00fd.<\/li>
          • Stabiln\u00ed rozptylov\u00fd faktor (Df)<\/strong>\u00a0ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s n\u011bkter\u00fdmi jin\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly. T\u00edm se sni\u017euje ztr\u00e1ta sign\u00e1lu.<\/li>
          • Dobr\u00e1 chemick\u00e1 odolnost<\/strong>\u00a0aby odol\u00e1valy chemik\u00e1li\u00edm p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u016fsoben\u00ed v ter\u00e9nu.<\/li>
          • Odolnost proti n\u00e1raz\u016fm a vibrac\u00edm a neho\u0159lavost.<\/strong>: Zajist\u011bte, aby desky byly bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159i hrub\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>
          • Hod\u00ed se pro n\u00e1vrhy desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsnou kontrolu impedance pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly.<\/li><\/ul>

            FR-4 High-Tg PCB Oblasti pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/h2>
            Proto\u017ee desky FR-4 s vysokou Tg dob\u0159e sn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed teplo, slou\u017e\u00ed v mnoha pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch, kter\u00e1 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed stabiln\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Mezi typick\u00e9 oblasti pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/div>
            • V\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed technika, \u00falo\u017ei\u0161t\u011b a perifern\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/li>
            • Spot\u0159ebn\u00ed elektronika.<\/li>
            • S\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 a telekomunika\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my.<\/li>
            • Letectv\u00ed a obrana.<\/li>
            • Zdravotnick\u00e9 prost\u0159edky.<\/li>
            • Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edstroje.<\/li>
            • Automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl a doprava.<\/li><\/ul>

              Jak vybrat spr\u00e1vn\u00fd materi\u00e1l FR-4<\/h2>
              Existuje mnoho variant FR-4. V\u00fdb\u011br t\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd, proto\u017ee volba materi\u00e1lu ur\u010duje kone\u010dnou stabilitu a nejlep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. P\u0159ed v\u00fdb\u011brem substr\u00e1tu zkontrolujte tyto faktory:<\/div>
              • Dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta<\/strong>: Ovliv\u0148uje rychlost sign\u00e1lu a impedanci.<\/li>
              • Ztr\u00e1tov\u00fd tangens nebo \u010dinitel rozptylu<\/strong>: Ovliv\u0148uje ztr\u00e1tu sign\u00e1lu.<\/li>
              • Tepeln\u00e1 vodivost<\/strong>: Ovliv\u0148uje odvod tepla.<\/li>
              • Teplota skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu (Tg)<\/strong>: Jedn\u00e1 se o z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ukazatel, kter\u00fd ur\u010duje horn\u00ed hranici tepla.<\/li>
              • Koeficient tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti (CTE)<\/strong>: Ovliv\u0148uje rozm\u011brovou stabilitu p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch.<\/li>
              • Elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti<\/strong>\u00a0jako je izola\u010dn\u00ed odpor a pr\u016frazn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/li><\/ul>

                Kdy pot\u0159ebujete PCB s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg?<\/h2>
                Pokud mus\u00ed va\u0161e deska odol\u00e1vat tepeln\u00e9mu zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dosahuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b Tg + 25 \u00b0C, pak pot\u0159ebujete materi\u00e1l s vysokou Tg. Pokud v\u00fdrobek pracuje p\u0159i teplot\u011b 130 \u00b0C nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, desky s vysokou Tg zvy\u0161uj\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost a spolehlivost. Hlavn\u00ed hnac\u00ed silou je bezolovnat\u00e9 p\u00e1jen\u00ed. Bezolovnat\u00e9 procesy vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 teploty. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu nyn\u00ed mnoho v\u00fdrobc\u016f desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 materi\u00e1ly s vysokou Tg.<\/div>

                Typick\u00e1 pou\u017eit\u00ed PCB s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg<\/h2>
                Pokud m\u00e1 v\u00fdrobek vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hustotu v\u00fdkonu a teplo bude ovliv\u0148ovat chladi\u010d nebo jin\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1sti, jsou vhodnou volbou desky s vysok\u00fdm Tg. S rostouc\u00ed oblibou desek s vysok\u00fdm Tg se s nimi setk\u00e1te tam, kde elektronika pracuje p\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch teplot\u00e1ch. Spole\u010dnost PHILIFAST nab\u00edz\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f s vysok\u00fdm zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm, kter\u00e9 vyhovuj\u00ed mnoha pot\u0159eb\u00e1m pr\u016fmyslu a spl\u0148uj\u00ed specifikace z\u00e1kazn\u00edk\u016f s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdmi dodac\u00edmi lh\u016ftami. Mezi p\u0159\u00edklady pou\u017eit\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159:<\/div>
                • Br\u00e1ny a sm\u011brova\u010de.<\/li>
                • \u010cte\u010dky a tagy RFID.<\/li>
                • St\u0159\u00edda\u010de nap\u00e1jen\u00ed.<\/li>
                • Ant\u00e9ny a RF desky.<\/li>
                • Bezdr\u00e1tov\u00e9 opakova\u010de a zesilova\u010de.<\/li>
                • Smluvn\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00ed slu\u017eby (PCBA pro z\u00e1kazn\u00edky).<\/li>
                • Levn\u00e9 PLC a \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed jednotky.<\/li>
                • V\u00fdvojov\u00e9 desky vestavn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/li>
                • Vestav\u011bn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my.<\/li>
                • Moduly nap\u00e1jen\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fdm proudem a nap\u00e1jec\u00ed moduly.<\/li><\/ul>

                  Materi\u00e1ly PHILIFAST s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg<\/h2>
                  Spole\u010dnost PHILIFAST skladuje a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 n\u011bkolik materi\u00e1l\u016f s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg a p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. N\u00ed\u017ee jsou uvedeny b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy a typy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v pr\u016fmyslu. Tyto n\u00e1zvy jsou obchodn\u00ed n\u00e1zvy a k\u00f3dy t\u0159\u00edd od dodavatel\u016f prysky\u0159ic a lamin\u00e1t\u016f.<\/div>

                  \u00a0<\/p>
                  Kategorie materi\u00e1lu<\/th>Konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed modely\/obchodn\u00ed n\u00e1zvy<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
                  FR-4 s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg (bezhalogenov\u00fd)<\/td>Shengyi S1165, Kingboard HF-170<\/td><\/tr>
                  Norm\u00e1ln\u00ed Tg FR-4 (bezhalogenov\u00fd)<\/td>Shengyi S1155, KB-6165G<\/td><\/tr>
                  Vysok\u00e9 typy CTI<\/td>Shengyi S1600L, KB-6165GC, KB-6169GT<\/td><\/tr>
                  Dal\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy a obchodn\u00ed n\u00e1zvy FR-4 s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg<\/td>FR408, FR408HR, IS410, FR406, GETEK, PCL-370HR; S1000-2, IT180A, IT-150DA; N4000-13, N4000-13EP, N4000-13SI, N4000-13EP SI; Megtron4, Megtron6 (Panasonic); EM-827 (Taiguang); GA-170 (Hongren); NP-180 (Nanya); TU-752, TU-662 (Taiaoyao); TU-872; MCL-BE-67G(H); MCL-E-679(W); MCL-E-679F(J) (Hitachi) a souvisej\u00edc\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy, jako jsou IT180A, GETEK, PCL-370HR, \u0159ada N4000-13, S1000-2 a S1000-2M.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

                  \u00a0<\/p>

                  Tyto seznamy zahrnuj\u00ed mnoho komer\u010dn\u00edch lamin\u00e1t\u016f a prepreg\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pro desky s vysokou Tg a s vysok\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem. T\u0159\u00eddu si m\u016f\u017eete vybrat podle zku\u0161ebn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f a podle sv\u00fdch procesn\u00edch pot\u0159eb.<\/div>

                  Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pozn\u00e1mky ke zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a spolehlivosti<\/h2>
                  • Materi\u00e1ly s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg odol\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159etaven\u00ed a v\u00edcen\u00e1sobn\u00fdm cykl\u016fm laminace. To pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159i komplexn\u00edch v\u00edcevrstv\u00fdch sestav\u00e1ch.<\/li>
                  • Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed Tg sni\u017euje pravd\u011bpodobnost delaminace b\u011bhem tepeln\u00fdch cykl\u016f, ale st\u00e1le mus\u00edte kontrolovat prom\u011bnn\u00e9 procesu, jako je tlak, teplotn\u00ed profil a n\u00e1pl\u0148 prysky\u0159ice.<\/li>
                  • Absorpce vlhkosti je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1. Dokonce i materi\u00e1ly s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg mohou p\u0159ij\u00edmat vlhkost. Pro spolehlivou mont\u00e1\u017e jsou st\u00e1le d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 postupy su\u0161en\u00ed a skladov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>
                  • Shoda s CTE je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1. CTE desky by m\u011bla odpov\u00eddat chov\u00e1n\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stek a lamin\u00e1tu, aby se sn\u00ed\u017eilo nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00e1jec\u00edch spoj\u016f, zejm\u00e9na u BGA a velk\u00fdch \u010dip\u016f.<\/li>
                  • Pro pr\u00e1ci s HDI a jemn\u00fdmi rozte\u010demi vyb\u00edrejte materi\u00e1ly se stabiln\u00edm dielektrikem a n\u00edzk\u00fdmi ztr\u00e1tami pro integritu sign\u00e1lu.<\/li><\/ul>

                    Souhrn<\/h2>
                    Tg je teplota, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 se plast m\u011bn\u00ed z tvrd\u00e9ho a sklovit\u00e9ho na m\u011bkk\u00fd a gumov\u00fd. Materi\u00e1ly PCB s vysokou Tg si zachov\u00e1vaj\u00ed strukturu a funkci i p\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch teplot\u00e1ch. Pom\u00e1haj\u00ed p\u0159i bezolovnat\u00e9m p\u00e1jen\u00ed, vysok\u00e9 hustot\u011b v\u00fdkonu a n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdch konstruk\u010dn\u00edch po\u017eadavc\u00edch, jako je v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 a HDI. FR-4 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u011b\u017enou a cenov\u011b v\u00fdhodnou volbou pro desky s vysok\u00fdm obsahem Tg. Mus\u00edte si vybrat t\u0159\u00eddu materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00e1 vyhovuje va\u0161im elektrick\u00fdm, tepeln\u00fdm a mechanick\u00fdm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m. PHILIFAST nab\u00edz\u00ed mnoho variant s vysokou Tg, kter\u00e9 spl\u0148uj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 po\u017eadavky.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    What is a high-Tg PCB? What is Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)? Glass transition temperature, called\u00a0Tg, is one of the most […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1898,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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                    What is a high-Tg PCB?<\\\/h1>

                    What is Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)?<\\\/h2>
                    Glass transition temperature, called\\u00a0Tg<\\\/strong>, is one of the most important properties of plastics and epoxy materials. Tg also shows the quality of the glass fiber cloth used in PCBs. Compared with HDT (Heat Deflection Temperature), Tg is not always more important, but it still matters. Tg is the temperature when the long chains in a plastic gain larger segmental motion.<\\\/div>
                    When the use temperature is below Tg, the motion of polymer chain segments is mostly frozen. The material shows more ordered, lattice-like structure. The plastic is hard, stiff, and brittle. We call this the\\u00a0glassy state<\\\/strong>.<\\\/div>
                    When the use temperature is above Tg, the polymer chain segments have more freedom to move. The plastic becomes softer and more flexible. We call this the\\u00a0rubbery state<\\\/strong>.<\\\/div>
                    So Tg is the temperature where the material shifts from glassy to rubbery. Tg is the highest temperature at which a substrate keeps its rigidity. In other words, ordinary PCB substrate materials will soften, deform, or even melt at high temperature. At the same time, their mechanical and electrical properties fall fast.<\\\/div>

                    Tg and Board Behavior<\\\/h2>
                    Tg marks a clear change in material behavior. Below Tg, the board keeps its shape and mechanical strength. Above Tg, the board may bend and lose stiffness. This change also affects electrical properties. Dielectric loss and insulation behavior can change as temperature moves across Tg. For PCB design and assembly, knowing the Tg helps choose proper materials and processes.<\\\/div>

                    Categories of PCB Tg Values<\\\/h2>
                    Manufacturers divide board materials by Tg ranges. Typical groups are:<\\\/div>
                    • Normal Tg boards<\\\/strong>: 130 \\u00b0C to 150 \\u00b0C. Examples: KB-6164F (140 \\u00b0C), S1141 (140 \\u00b0C).<\\\/li>
                    • Medium Tg boards<\\\/strong>: 150 \\u00b0C to 170 \\u00b0C. Examples: KB-6165F (150 \\u00b0C), S1141-150 (150 \\u00b0C).<\\\/li>
                    • High Tg boards (higher cost)<\\\/strong>: 170 \\u00b0C and above. Examples: KB-6167F (170 \\u00b0C), S1170 (170 \\u00b0C).<\\\/li><\\\/ul>
                      Note: For some consumer and network products, S1141 was common. In QC reports it sometimes shows Tg = 130 \\u00b0C and sometimes Tg = 135 \\u00b0C. This shows that testing and grade naming can vary.<\\\/div>

                      Advantages of High-Tg Materials<\\\/h2>
                      1. Higher stability<\\\/strong>: If you raise the Tg of the PCB substrate, you also raise heat resistance, chemical resistance, moisture resistance, and device stability.<\\\/li>
                      2. Better for high power density designs<\\\/strong>: If a device has high power density and large heat generation, high-Tg PCBs help manage heat.<\\\/li>
                      3. Design flexibility<\\\/strong>: With better thermal properties, you can change board size or layout and still meet power and thermal needs. You can use bigger PCBs or different stackups when heat is better managed.<\\\/li>
                      4. Ideal for multilayer and HDI PCBs<\\\/strong>: Multilayer and HDI boards are dense. They create higher heat levels. High-Tg boards help keep manufacturing and product reliability.<\\\/li>
                      5. Improved resistance<\\\/strong>: When Tg rises, the board\\u2019s resistance to heat, moisture, and chemicals improves. Stability in service also improves.<\\\/li>
                      6. Better for lead-free soldering<\\\/strong>: Lead-free reflow uses higher temperatures. Boards with higher Tg handle these temperatures better.<\\\/li>
                      7. Lower warpage in SMT<\\\/strong>: High-Tg materials deform less during SMT and reflow. They give higher reliability. Risks like high-temperature cracking and copper blistering are lower than with low-Tg boards. In normal handling, high-Tg material can feel more brittle, but at high temperature its strength and dimensional stability (CTE behavior) are better than low-Tg materials.<\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                        Performance of High-Tg PCBs<\\\/h2>
                        With fast growth in electronics, high-Tg materials are widely used in computers, communication devices, precision instruments, and test equipment. To reach higher functions and more layers, PCB substrates need higher heat resistance as a basic requirement. Also, with high-density assembly like SMT and chip mounting technologies, and with trends to thinner boards, smaller holes, and finer routing, substrate heat resistance becomes critical.<\\\/div>
                        The difference between typical FR-4 and high-Tg FR-4 shows in many ways. Mechanical strength, adhesion, water absorption, dimensional stability, and thermal behavior after moisture uptake all vary. Under thermal stress and thermal expansion, high-Tg boards keep shape and function better. For this reason, demand for high-Tg boards has risen. Their price is higher than standard boards.<\\\/div>
                        High-Tg materials are popular in LED lighting. LED packages dissipate more heat than ordinary parts. An FR-4 board with the right structure can be much cheaper than a metal core board and still meet thermal needs in some designs.<\\\/div>

                        Why Use FR-4 to Make High-Tg PCBs?<\\\/h2>
                        Some applications need PCBs that work at 200 \\u00b0C or higher. To run reliably at such temperatures, we must use materials made for high temperature. One common choice is FR-4. High-Tg FR-4 boards can handle much higher glass transition temperatures and still give useful properties:<\\\/div>
                        • Improved impedance control.<\\\/li>
                        • Better thermal management.<\\\/li>
                        • Lower moisture uptake.<\\\/li>
                        • Stable performance in service.<\\\/li><\\\/ul>
                          FR-4 is a flame-retardant, glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy. It has many benefits that suit high-Tg PCB needs:<\\\/div>
                          • It resists many lamination cycles and fits complex PCB processes.<\\\/li>
                          • It supports lead-free assembly.<\\\/li>
                          • FR-4 types are many. There are PTFE types, ceramic-filled PTFE, and thermoset hydrocarbon bases. You choose by need.<\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                            FR-4 Special Properties<\\\/h2>
                            FR-4 offers key strengths for high demand uses:<\\\/div>
                            • Good electrical performance<\\\/strong>: This keeps signal quality in high frequency and high temperature.<\\\/li>
                            • It can handle special drilling and plated through-hole (PTH) processes for complex boards.<\\\/li>
                            • PTH reliability is good<\\\/strong>: This lowers the risk of connection failure at high temperature.<\\\/li>
                            • The cost is lower than many high-end materials<\\\/strong>\\u00a0while performance is good.<\\\/li>
                            • Stable dissipation factor (Df)<\\\/strong>\\u00a0compared with some other materials. This reduces signal loss.<\\\/li>
                            • Good chemical resistance<\\\/strong>\\u00a0to resist process chemicals and field exposure.<\\\/li>
                            • Shock and vibration resistance, plus flame retardancy<\\\/strong>: Make boards safer in rough use.<\\\/li>
                            • It fits PCB designs that need tight impedance control for high speed signals.<\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                              FR-4 High-Tg PCB Application Areas<\\\/h2>
                              Because FR-4 high-Tg boards handle heat well, they serve many industries that need stable thermal behavior. Typical areas include:<\\\/div>
                              • Computing, storage, and peripherals.<\\\/li>
                              • Consumer electronics.<\\\/li>
                              • Networking and telecom systems.<\\\/li>
                              • Aerospace and defense.<\\\/li>
                              • Medical devices.<\\\/li>
                              • Industrial control and instruments.<\\\/li>
                              • Automotive and transport.<\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                                How to Choose the Right FR-4 Material<\\\/h2>
                                There are many FR-4 variants. Choosing the right one is key because material choice sets the final PCB stability and best performance. Before selecting a substrate, check these factors:<\\\/div>
                                • Dielectric constant<\\\/strong>: It affects signal speed and impedance.<\\\/li>
                                • Loss tangent or dissipation factor<\\\/strong>: It affects signal loss.<\\\/li>
                                • Thermal conductivity<\\\/strong>: It affects heat removal.<\\\/li>
                                • Glass transition temperature (Tg)<\\\/strong>: This is the core indicator that sets the upper heat limit.<\\\/li>
                                • Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)<\\\/strong>: It affects dimensional stability at high temperature.<\\\/li>
                                • Electrical properties<\\\/strong>\\u00a0like insulation resistance and breakdown voltage.<\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                                  When Do You Need a High-Tg PCB?<\\\/h2>
                                  If your board must withstand heat loads that reach about Tg + 25 \\u00b0C, then you need high-Tg material. If a product runs at 130 \\u00b0C or higher, high-Tg boards add safety and reliability. A main driver is lead-free soldering. Lead-free processes use higher peak temperatures. For this reason many PCB makers now use high-Tg materials.<\\\/div>

                                  Typical Uses of High-Tg PCBs<\\\/h2>
                                  If a product has higher power density and heat will affect the heatsink or other parts, high-Tg boards are a good choice. As high-Tg boards grow in popularity, you will see them where electronics run at higher temperatures. PHILIFAST offers high-heat PCBs to meet many industry needs and to meet customer specs with short lead times. Example applications include:<\\\/div>
                                  • Gateways and routers.<\\\/li>
                                  • RFID readers and tags.<\\\/li>
                                  • Power inverters.<\\\/li>
                                  • Antenna and RF boards.<\\\/li>
                                  • Wireless repeaters and boosters.<\\\/li>
                                  • Contract manufacturing services (PCBA for clients).<\\\/li>
                                  • Low-cost PLC and control units.<\\\/li>
                                  • Embedded system development boards.<\\\/li>
                                  • Embedded computer systems.<\\\/li>
                                  • AC power and power supply modules.<\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                                    PHILIFAST High-Tg Materials<\\\/h2>
                                    PHILIFAST stocks and uses several high-Tg and related materials. Below are common names and types used in the industry. These names are trade names and grade codes from resin and laminate suppliers.<\\\/div>

                                    \\u00a0<\\\/p>
                                    Material Category<\\\/th>Specific Models\\\/Trade Names<\\\/th><\\\/tr><\\\/thead>
                                    High-Tg FR-4 (halogen-free)<\\\/td>Shengyi S1165, Kingboard HF-170<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
                                    Normal Tg FR-4 (halogen-free)<\\\/td>Shengyi S1155, KB-6165G<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
                                    High CTI types<\\\/td>Shengyi S1600L, KB-6165GC, KB-6169GT<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
                                    Other high-Tg FR-4 grades and trade names<\\\/td>FR408, FR408HR, IS410, FR406, GETEK, PCL-370HR; S1000-2, IT180A, IT-150DA; N4000-13, N4000-13EP, N4000-13SI, N4000-13EP SI; Megtron4, Megtron6 (Panasonic); EM-827 (Taiguang); GA-170 (Hongren); NP-180 (Nanya); TU-752, TU-662 (Taiaoyao); TU-872; MCL-BE-67G(H); MCL-E-679(W); MCL-E-679F(J) (Hitachi) and related grades such as IT180A, GETEK, PCL-370HR, N4000-13 series, S1000-2 and S1000-2M<\\\/td><\\\/tr><\\\/tbody><\\\/table>

                                    \\u00a0<\\\/p>

                                    These lists cover many commercial laminates and prepregs used for high-Tg and high-performance boards. You can pick a grade by test data and by your process needs.<\\\/div>

                                    Key Processing and Reliability Notes<\\\/h2>
                                    • High-Tg materials resist reflow and multiple lamination cycles. This helps complex multilayer builds.<\\\/li>
                                    • Higher Tg reduces the chance of delamination during thermal cycles, but you must still control process variables like pressure, temperature profile, and resin fill.<\\\/li>
                                    • Moisture absorption matters. Even high-Tg materials can take on moisture. Drying and storage procedures still matter for reliable assembly.<\\\/li>
                                    • CTE match is important. The board CTE should match component and laminate behavior to reduce solder joint stress, especially for BGAs and large chips.<\\\/li>
                                    • For HDI and fine pitch work, choose materials with stable dielectric and low loss for signal integrity.<\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                                      Summary<\\\/h2>
                                      Tg is the temperature where plastic changes from hard and glassy to soft and rubbery. High-Tg PCB materials keep structure and function at higher temperatures. They help with lead-free soldering, high power density, and tight design needs like multilayer and HDI. FR-4 remains a common and cost-effective choice for high-Tg boards. You must pick the material grade that fits your electrical, thermal, and mechanical needs. 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                                      \\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" 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