{"id":2145,"date":"2025-08-29T07:13:53","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T07:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=2145"},"modified":"2025-09-25T09:02:55","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T09:02:55","slug":"rf-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/pcb-manufacturer\/rf-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"Pravidla pro navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed VF desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f: Od materi\u00e1lu po uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
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RF PCB je typ desky s plo\u0161n\u00fdmi spoji (PCB) ur\u010den\u00e9 pro p\u0159enos a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed radiofrekven\u010dn\u00edch sign\u00e1l\u016f. Tyto sign\u00e1ly jsou vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed. Obvykle maj\u00ed frekvenci rovnou nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 300 kHz a a\u017e 300 GHz.<\/p>

\"RF<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Radiofrekvence (RF) je ozna\u010den\u00ed pro skupinu elektromagnetick\u00fdch vln. Lid\u00e9 tento n\u00e1zev pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed, kdy\u017e tyto vlny mohou fungovat pro r\u00e1diovou komunikaci. Rozsah frekvence pro RF nen\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch knih\u00e1ch v\u017edy stejn\u00fd. N\u011bkter\u00e9 knihy uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee RF je frekvence od 30 MHz do 3 GHz. N\u011bkter\u00e9 \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee je to od 300 MHz do 40 GHz. Tyto rozsahy se mohou p\u0159ekr\u00fdvat s rozsahem naz\u00fdvan\u00fdm mikrovlny. N\u011bkter\u00e9 jin\u00e9 knihy pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jin\u00fd zp\u016fsob rozd\u011blen\u00ed spektra. \u0158\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee do jedn\u00e9 skupiny pat\u0159\u00ed vlny s vlnovou d\u00e9lkou od 1 megametru do 1 metru. To d\u00e1v\u00e1 frekvence od 30 Hz do 300 MHz. Hranice mezi VF a mikrovlnami nen\u00ed zcela jasn\u00e1. Hranice se m\u016f\u017ee m\u011bnit s t\u00edm, jak se zlep\u0161uj\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stky a konstruk\u010dn\u00ed metody.<\/p>

RF PCB a jeho hlavn\u00ed vlastnosti<\/h1>

Kdy\u017e navrhujeme desku plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f pro VF pou\u017eit\u00ed, mus\u00edme myslet na to, jak se chovaj\u00ed p\u0159enosov\u00e1 veden\u00ed. Vodi\u010d nebo stopu na desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f m\u016f\u017eeme modelovat dv\u011bma zp\u016fsoby. Jedn\u00edm z nich je model lumped element. Druh\u00fdm je model s rozlo\u017een\u00fdmi parametry. Obvykl\u00e9 pravidlo je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed. Pokud je geometrick\u00e1 d\u00e9lka l d\u011blen\u00e1 vlnovou d\u00e9lkou \u03bb rovna nebo v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 0,05, pak pou\u017eijeme model s rozlo\u017een\u00fdmi parametry. V t\u00e9to pozn\u00e1mce se VF spojem rozum\u00ed obvod, kde p\u0159enosov\u00e9 veden\u00ed pot\u0159ebuje distribuovan\u00fd model. V praxi je d\u00e9lka stopy na desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f z\u0159\u00eddka del\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 50 cm. M\u016f\u017eeme tedy vych\u00e1zet z analogov\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f na frekvenci 30 MHz. Sign\u00e1ly nad 3 GHz se \u010dasto naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed mikrovlnn\u00e9. Kv\u016fli v\u00fdrobn\u00edm limit\u016fm, kdy vzd\u00e1lenost mezi prvky m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt 0,5 mm, lid\u00e9 n\u011bkdy nastavuj\u00ed horn\u00ed frekvenci na 30 GHz. To v\u0161ak nen\u00ed v\u017edy u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>

Z t\u011bchto bod\u016f m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee RF PCB je PCB pro analogov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly s frekvenc\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 30 MHz a\u017e 6 GHz. Volba mezi lumped nebo distributed modelem by se m\u011bla \u0159\u00eddit v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fdm vzorcem a pracovn\u00ed frekvenc\u00ed.<\/p>

Proto\u017ee dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta substr\u00e1tu je obvykle vysok\u00e1, vlny se v desce pohybuj\u00ed pomaleji ne\u017e ve vzduchu. Proto je vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka na desce krat\u0161\u00ed. U mikrop\u00e1skov\u00fdch a jin\u00fdch veden\u00ed mus\u00ed m\u00edt substr\u00e1t n\u00edzk\u00e9 dielektrick\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. Dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta by se v pot\u0159ebn\u00e9m frekven\u010dn\u00edm a teplotn\u00edm rozsahu nem\u011bla p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 m\u011bnit. Substr\u00e1t by m\u011bl m\u00edt dobrou tepelnou vodivost a hladk\u00fd povrch. Mus\u00ed dob\u0159e p\u0159ilnout k vodi\u010di.<\/p>

Pro kov na stop\u011b pot\u0159ebujeme vysokou vodivost. Kov by m\u011bl m\u00edt mal\u00fd teplotn\u00ed sou\u010dinitel odporu. M\u011bl by dob\u0159e p\u0159ilnout k substr\u00e1tu. M\u011bl by se snadno p\u00e1jet.<\/p>

Z\u00e1sady pro v\u00fdb\u011br materi\u00e1lu RF desek<\/h1>

\u00daloha substr\u00e1tu v mikrovlnn\u00fdch PCB<\/h2>

DPS pro mikrovlnnou frekvenci nen\u00ed pouze nosi\u010dem sou\u010d\u00e1stek. Je to tak\u00e9 m\u00e9dium pro mikrovlnn\u00e1 elektromagnetick\u00e1 pole. Pro vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed obvody je tedy nejlep\u0161\u00ed volbou vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed nebo mikrovlnn\u00fd substr\u00e1t.<\/p>

\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed impedance stopy<\/h2>

Na VF desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f se mus\u00ed ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 stopy \u0159\u00eddit b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi pravidly, jako je proudov\u00e1 zat\u00ed\u017eitelnost. Krom\u011b toho mus\u00edme kontrolovat charakteristickou impedanci stopy. Stopy mus\u00ed b\u00fdt impedan\u010dn\u011b p\u0159izp\u016fsobeny. Proces v\u00fdroby DPS tedy mus\u00ed kontrolovat impedanci stop. Charakteristick\u00e1 impedance stopy z\u00e1vis\u00ed na materi\u00e1lu DPS a jeho fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch parametrech. Konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i DPS tedy mus\u00ed zn\u00e1t vlastnosti materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>

Po\u017eadavky na materi\u00e1l pro RF desky<\/h2>

RF desky obvykle vy\u017eaduj\u00ed vysokou frekvenci a vysok\u00fd v\u00fdkon. Lid\u00e9 si vyb\u00edraj\u00ed substr\u00e1t s p\u0159esnou dielektrickou konstantou. Substr\u00e1t by m\u011bl b\u00fdt stabiln\u00ed a m\u00edt n\u00edzk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. Tak\u00e9 materi\u00e1l mus\u00ed fungovat p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b. Nap\u0159\u00edklad mus\u00ed zvl\u00e1dnout p\u00e1jen\u00ed p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch. Na\u0161e spole\u010dnost \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 fr4, TACONIC a materi\u00e1ly od ROGERS pro RF z\u00e1kladn\u00ed materi\u00e1l.<\/p>

Vlastnosti FR-4<\/h2>

fr4 (neho\u0159lav\u00e1 epoxidov\u00e1 sklen\u011bn\u00e1 tkanina s m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdm pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011bm) m\u00e1 dielektrickou konstantu Er testovanou p\u0159i 1 GHz jako Er = 4,3 \u00b1 0,2. Teplota skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu Tg je 135 \u00b0C. Pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 desky pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me dva druhy desek. Jedn\u00edm je standardn\u00ed materi\u00e1l desky. Ten je levn\u00fd a m\u00e1 vyzr\u00e1l\u00fd proces. Druh\u00e1 je UV deska, \u010dasto naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 \u017elut\u00e1 deska. M\u00e1 UV-BLOCKING, kter\u00fd blokuje ultrafialov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me ji pro vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vrstvy. Jej\u00ed v\u00fdkon je o n\u011bco lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u standardn\u00ed desky.<\/p>

\"fr-4\"
fr-4<\/figcaption><\/figure>

Materi\u00e1l TACONIC<\/h2>

TACONIC<\/a> je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 zna\u010dka. M\u00e1 mnoho specifikac\u00ed. Jeho cena je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u fr4.<\/p>

Materi\u00e1l ROGERS<\/h2>

Materi\u00e1l ROGERS m\u00e1 vysokou p\u0159esnost dielektrick\u00e9 konstanty. Je teplotn\u011b stabiln\u00ed a m\u00e1 n\u00edzk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me jej pro obvody s vysok\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem. V\u00fdroba a postup v\u00fdroby desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f je podobn\u00fd jako u fr4, tak\u017ee n\u00e1klady na v\u00fdrobu jsou n\u00edzk\u00e9. P\u0159ilnavost m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 f\u00f3lie je v\u0161ak n\u00edzk\u00e1.<\/p>

Tabulka substr\u00e1t\u016f<\/h1>
Typ materi\u00e1lu<\/th>Typick\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/th>Dk (10 GHz)<\/th>Df (10 GHz)<\/th>Funkce a pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Fluoropolymerov\u00fd substr\u00e1t<\/td>PTFE (polytetrafluorethylen)<\/td>2.1-2.3<\/td>0.0005-0.001<\/td>Velmi n\u00edzk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. Vhodn\u00e9 pro mmWave. Pou\u017eit\u00ed pro z\u00e1kladnov\u00e9 stanice 5G a radary.<\/td><\/tr>
Podklad s keramickou v\u00fdpln\u00ed<\/td>\u0158ada Rogers RO4000<\/td>3.38-4.5<\/td>0.0027-0.004<\/td>St\u0159edn\u00ed n\u00e1klady. Dobr\u00e9 pro mikrovlnnou troubu. Pou\u017eit\u00ed pro moduly WiFi a Bluetooth.<\/td><\/tr>
Substr\u00e1t ze sklen\u011bn\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken<\/td>Vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed fr4 (jako Isola FR408)<\/td>3.9-4.2<\/td>0.008-0.01<\/td>N\u00edzk\u00e9 n\u00e1klady. Vhodn\u00e9 pro st\u0159edn\u00ed a n\u00edzk\u00e9 frekvence. Pou\u017eit\u00ed pro vys\u00edla\u010dky a podobn\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div>

RF probl\u00e9my v n\u00e1vrhu DPS a jejich \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed<\/h1>

Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee u obvod\u016f s frekvenc\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e mikrovlnn\u00e1 (sem pat\u0159\u00ed n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00ed a n\u00edzkorychlostn\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed obvody) je prvn\u00edm kl\u00ed\u010dem k \u00fasp\u011bchu pe\u010dliv\u00e9 rozvr\u017een\u00ed. Pokud zn\u00e1te pravidla, m\u016f\u017eete vytvo\u0159it dobr\u00fd n\u00e1vrh. U mikrop\u00e1skov\u00fdch a vysokorychlostn\u00edch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch obvod\u016f na \u00farovni desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f mohou b\u00fdt pro zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed kvality obvodu zapot\u0159eb\u00ed dv\u011b nebo t\u0159i verze desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. U VF obvod\u016f s frekvenc\u00ed nad mikrovlnami budete pot\u0159ebovat v\u00edce verz\u00ed, abyste zlep\u0161ili v\u00fdkon. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu VF obvod\u016f tedy budete \u010delit mnoha v\u00fdzv\u00e1m.<\/p>

N\u00ed\u017ee uv\u00e1d\u00edme seznam b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f a jejich \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>

B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 probl\u00e9my p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu RF obvod\u016f<\/h2>

  1. Interference mezi digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi a analogov\u00fdmi moduly<\/b>
    Kdy\u017e analogov\u00e9 RF \u010d\u00e1sti a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti pracuj\u00ed samostatn\u011b, mohou ka\u017ed\u00e1 z nich fungovat dob\u0159e. Kdy\u017e se v\u0161ak sm\u00edchaj\u00ed na jedn\u00e9 desce a sd\u00edlej\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m nestabiln\u00ed. Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sign\u00e1ly kol\u00edsaj\u00ed mezi zem\u00ed a Vcc o v\u00edce ne\u017e 3 V. Perioda m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt kr\u00e1tk\u00e1, v rozsahu nanosekund. Proto\u017ee amplituda je velk\u00e1 a p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed rychl\u00e9, obsahuj\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sign\u00e1ly vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed slo\u017eky, kter\u00e9 nez\u00e1vis\u00ed na sp\u00ednac\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch. V analogov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, od lad\u011bn\u00e9 r\u00e1diov\u00e9 smy\u010dky po p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010d, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nap\u011bt\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 1 \u03bcV. Rozd\u00edl mezi mal\u00fdm VF sign\u00e1lem a digit\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0161umem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00edce ne\u017e 120 dB. Pokud nejsou digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sign\u00e1ly odd\u011bleny od VF sign\u00e1lu, m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k po\u0161kozen\u00ed slab\u00e9ho VF sign\u00e1lu. R\u00e1dio m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159estat pracovat nebo pracovat \u0161patn\u011b.<\/p><\/li>

  2. Ru\u0161en\u00ed \u0161umem zdroje nap\u00e1jen\u00ed<\/b>
    VF obvody jsou citliv\u00e9 na \u0161um. Jsou citliv\u00e9 na \u0161pi\u010dky a dal\u0161\u00ed vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed harmonick\u00e9. Mikrokontrol\u00e9r bude p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m intern\u00edm hodinov\u00e9m cyklu n\u00e1hle odeb\u00edrat velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed proudu. V\u011bt\u0161ina modern\u00edch mikrokontrol\u00e9r\u016f pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 CMOS. Pokud mikrokontrol\u00e9r b\u011b\u017e\u00ed s intern\u00edmi hodinami 1 MHz, bude touto frekvenc\u00ed odeb\u00edrat proud. Pokud nem\u00e1me dobr\u00e9 v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed, vznikne na nap\u00e1jec\u00edch vodi\u010d\u00edch nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00fd \u0161um. Pokud se nap\u011b\u0165ov\u00e9 \u0161pi\u010dky dostanou na nap\u00e1jec\u00ed piny RF, m\u016f\u017ee RF blok selhat.<\/p><\/li>

  3. \u0160patn\u00e1 konstrukce zem\u011b<\/b>
    Pokud nen\u00ed zem dob\u0159e navr\u017eena pro RF, m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k podivn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm. V digit\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1vrhu v\u011bt\u0161ina obvod\u016f funguje, i kdy\u017e uzemn\u011bn\u00ed nen\u00ed dokonal\u00e9. Ale v RF se i kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 zemn\u00edc\u00ed vodi\u010de chovaj\u00ed jako induktory. Nap\u0159\u00edklad 1 nH induk\u010dnosti se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed d\u00e9lce 1 mm. Z toho m\u016f\u017eeme odhadnout, \u017ee 10 mm dlouh\u00e1 stopa na desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f m\u00e1 reaktanci asi 27 ohm\u016f. Pokud nem\u00e1me dobr\u00e9 uzemn\u011bn\u00ed, bude mnoho zemnic\u00edch stop dlouh\u00fdch a obvod si nezachov\u00e1 navr\u017een\u00e9 vlastnosti.<\/p><\/li>

  4. Vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed ant\u00e9n ru\u0161\u00edc\u00ed jin\u00e9 analogov\u00e9 obvody<\/b>
    V rozvr\u017een\u00ed desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f jsou dal\u0161\u00ed analogov\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1stky. Mnoho desek m\u00e1 ADC nebo D\/A p\u0159evodn\u00edky. Siln\u00fd VF sign\u00e1l z vys\u00edla\u010de m\u016f\u017ee dos\u00e1hnout vstupu ADC. Jak\u00e1koli stopa m\u016f\u017ee fungovat jako ant\u00e9na. Pokud vstup ADC nem\u00e1 dobrou manipulaci, m\u016f\u017ee se RF sign\u00e1l dostat do jeho ESD diody a zp\u016fsobit offset nebo chyby ADC.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

    Principy a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu RF obvod\u016f<\/h2>

    1. Definice RF layoutu<\/h3>

    P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu rozlo\u017een\u00ed RF se \u0159i\u010fte t\u011bmito pravidly.<\/p>

    1. Vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 zesilova\u010de (HPA) a n\u00edzko\u0161umov\u00e9 zesilova\u010de (LNA) dr\u017ete co nejd\u00e1le od sebe. Vys\u00edlac\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti s vysok\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem um\u00edst\u011bte daleko od p\u0159ij\u00edmac\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed s n\u00edzk\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem.<\/p><\/li>

    2. V oblastech s vysokou frekvenc\u00ed na desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f m\u011bjte pod sebou alespo\u0148 jednu plnou zemn\u00edc\u00ed rovinu a vyhn\u011bte se pr\u016fchod\u016fm v n\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je plocha m\u011bdi, t\u00edm l\u00e9pe.<\/p><\/li>

    3. Stejn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je i odd\u011blen\u00ed obvod\u016f a nap\u00e1jen\u00ed.<\/p><\/li>

    4. RF v\u00fdstupy um\u00edst\u011bte mimo RF vstupy.<\/p><\/li>

    5. Citliv\u00e9 analogov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly um\u00edst\u011bte daleko od vysokorychlostn\u00edch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch a RF sign\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

      \"Definition<\/p>

      2. Pravidla pro navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed fyzick\u00fdch odd\u00edl\u016f a elektrick\u00fdch odd\u00edl\u016f<\/h3>

      Rozd\u011blen\u00ed znamen\u00e1 rozd\u011blen\u00ed desky podle funkce. M\u016f\u017eete prov\u00e9st fyzick\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed a elektrick\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed. Fyzick\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed se t\u00fdk\u00e1 rozlo\u017een\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stek, sm\u011bru a st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. Elektrick\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 distribuc\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00edm VF, citliv\u00fdmi sou\u010d\u00e1stmi, sign\u00e1ly a zemn\u00edmi z\u00f3nami.<\/p>

      \"RF<\/p>

      a. Principy fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho rozd\u011blen\u00ed<\/h4>

      Rozlo\u017een\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stek je kl\u00ed\u010dem k dobr\u00e9mu n\u00e1vrhu RF. Dobrou metodou je um\u00edstit sou\u010d\u00e1stky nejprve pod\u00e9l VF cesty. Pot\u00e9 nastavte jejich sm\u011br. Vstupy um\u00edst\u011bte d\u00e1le od v\u00fdstup\u016f. Sou\u010d\u00e1stky s vysok\u00fdm a n\u00edzk\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem dr\u017ete odd\u011blen\u011b. To pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zkr\u00e1tit VF cesty.<\/p>

      b. Princip n\u00e1vrhu skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/h4>

      P\u0159i spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed je hlavn\u00ed zemn\u00edc\u00ed rovina um\u00edst\u011bna ve vrstv\u011b pod vrstvou stopy. VF stopy um\u00edst\u011bte na rovinnou vrstvu. Pr\u016fchodky na VF tras\u00e1ch jsou mal\u00e9. T\u00edm se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed induk\u010dnost cesty a omez\u00ed se studen\u00e9 p\u00e1jec\u00ed spoje na hlavn\u00ed zemi. Tak\u00e9 m\u00e9n\u011b RF energie bude unikat do dal\u0161\u00edch vrstev.<\/p>

      \"\"<\/p>

      c. RF d\u00edly a principy RF trasov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h4>

      V prostoru desky mohou line\u00e1rn\u00ed obvody, jako jsou v\u00edcestup\u0148ov\u00e9 zesilova\u010de, odd\u011blit RF z\u00f3ny. Duplexery, sm\u011b\u0161ova\u010de a IF zesilova\u010de v\u0161ak \u010dasto zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed, \u017ee se mnoho RF a IF sign\u00e1l\u016f objevuje bl\u00edzko sebe. M\u011bli byste db\u00e1t na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tohoto propojen\u00ed. VF a IF stopy ve\u010fte pe\u010dliv\u011b a nechte mezi nimi prostor pro uzemn\u011bn\u00ed. Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 RF trasa je pro v\u00fdkon desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Proto rozvr\u017een\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stek zabere v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010dasu p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu DPS telefonu.<\/p>

      d. Princip elektrick\u00e9ho rozd\u011blen\u00ed<\/h4>

      V\u011bt\u0161ina nap\u00e1jen\u00ed v telefonn\u00edch obvodech je stejnosm\u011brn\u00e1, tak\u017ee nepot\u0159ebujete speci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161irok\u00e9 stopy. Pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch zesilova\u010d\u016f je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it \u0161irok\u00e9 stopy pro velk\u00fd proud. T\u00edm se udr\u017euje mal\u00fd \u00fabytek nap\u011bt\u00ed. Pou\u017eijte mnoho pr\u016fchodek pro p\u0159esun proudu z jedn\u00e9 roviny do druh\u00e9, abyste zabr\u00e1nili proudov\u00fdm ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m.<\/p>

      D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Pokud se v\u00e1m nepoda\u0159\u00ed odd\u011blit nap\u00e1jen\u00ed na v\u00fdvodu zesilova\u010de s vysok\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem, m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k mnoha probl\u00e9m\u016fm. Vysok\u00fd v\u00fdkonov\u00fd \u0161um se m\u016f\u017ee \u0161\u00ed\u0159it po cel\u00e9 desce. Uzemn\u011bn\u00ed u v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch zesilova\u010d\u016f je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9. Konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i \u010dasto pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed kovov\u00e9 st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee.<\/p>

      e. Princip izolace RF vstupu\/v\u00fdstupu<\/h4>

      Je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby se RF v\u00fdstup nach\u00e1zel mimo RF vstup. To plat\u00ed pro zesilova\u010de, buffery a filtry. V nejhor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, pokud se v\u00fdstup zesilova\u010de nebo bufferu vr\u00e1t\u00ed na jeho vstup se spr\u00e1vnou f\u00e1z\u00ed a amplitudou, m\u016f\u017ee sou\u010d\u00e1stka p\u0159ej\u00edt do samokmit\u00e1n\u00ed. V dobr\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bude obvod stabiln\u00ed p\u0159i v\u0161ech teplot\u00e1ch a nap\u011bt\u00edch. Ve \u0161patn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bude do VF sign\u00e1lu p\u0159id\u00e1vat \u0161um a intermodulaci.<\/p>

      Souhrn<\/h1>

      Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, VF obvody pracuj\u00ed s rozlo\u017een\u00fdmi parametry. Vykazuj\u00ed skin efekt a vazbu. T\u00edm se li\u0161\u00ed od n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00edch a stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdch obvod\u016f. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu VF desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f se tedy mus\u00edte zam\u011b\u0159it na v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 body. Pokud tak u\u010din\u00edte, bude n\u00e1vrh efektivn\u00ed a p\u0159esn\u00fd.<\/p>

      1. Pokud je to mo\u017en\u00e9, udr\u017eujte stopy kr\u00e1tk\u00e9. Kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 stopy sni\u017euj\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty a ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed reaktanci.<\/p><\/li>

      2. Pou\u017eijte spr\u00e1vn\u00fd substr\u00e1t pro pot\u0159ebnou frekvenci. fr4 je pro mnoho p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f vhodn\u00fd. Pro n\u00edzk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch frekvenc\u00edch pou\u017eijte Rogers nebo PTFE.<\/p><\/li>

      3. Kontrola impedance stop. Pou\u017eijte spr\u00e1vnou \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku, rozte\u010d a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed nebo v\u00fdpo\u010det pomoc\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u016f.<\/p><\/li>

      4. Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed a r\u00e1diov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti odd\u011blujte. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti dejte vlastn\u00ed zemn\u00ed n\u00e1vrat. Pou\u017eijte odd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed na nap\u00e1jec\u00edch pinech v bl\u00edzkosti sou\u010d\u00e1stky.<\/p><\/li>

      5. Pou\u017eijte zemn\u00ed roviny a mal\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky pro zp\u011btn\u00fd RF sign\u00e1l. T\u00edm se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed induk\u010dnost.<\/p><\/li>

      6. V bl\u00edzkosti citliv\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bte filtry a st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. T\u00edm se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed zachycen\u00ed.<\/p><\/li>

      7. Testov\u00e1n\u00ed pomoc\u00ed prototyp\u016f. RF obvykle pot\u0159ebuje n\u011bkolik kol rozvr\u017een\u00ed a lad\u011bn\u00ed. Mal\u00e9 zm\u011bny mohou m\u00edt velk\u00fd vliv na vysok\u00e9 frekvence.<\/p><\/li>

      8. Pro ant\u00e9ny vy\u010dle\u0148te voln\u00fd prostor a nepou\u017e\u00edvejte kovov\u00e9 a jin\u00e9 stopy. Pro p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed a lad\u011bn\u00ed ant\u00e9n je \u010dasto zapot\u0159eb\u00ed prostor na desce a testov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p><\/li>

      9. Kdy\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edte vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 stopy, ud\u011blejte je \u0161irok\u00e9 a pou\u017eijte mnoho pr\u016fchodek pro p\u0159enos proudu mezi vrstvami.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

        Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzorce a pravidla pro kontrolu<\/h1>

        1. Pomoc\u00ed l\/\u03bb \u2265 0,05 zjist\u011bte, zda stopa pot\u0159ebuje distribuovan\u00fd model. l je geometrick\u00e1 d\u00e9lka. \u03bb je pracovn\u00ed vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka v prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p><\/li>

        2. Pro rychl\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed induk\u010dnosti je 1 nH p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1 mm stopy. Pomoc\u00ed t\u00e9to hodnoty m\u016f\u017eete zkontrolovat, zda dlouh\u00e9 zemn\u00edc\u00ed dr\u00e1hy zvy\u0161uj\u00ed induk\u010dnost.<\/p><\/li>

        3. Pro kontrolu impedance je t\u0159eba zn\u00e1t rozte\u010d, \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku stopy, dielektrickou konstantu a vzd\u00e1lenost od roviny. Pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fdch hodnot pou\u017eijte \u0159e\u0161i\u010d pole nebo kalkula\u010dku impedance.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t

          \u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCo je to RF PCB?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          RF (radiofrekven\u010dn\u00ed) deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f je ur\u010dena pro p\u0159enos RF a mikrovlnn\u00fdch sign\u00e1l\u016f (stovky MHz a\u017e mnoho GHz). Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, stohov\u00e1n\u00ed a pravidla uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, aby se minimalizovaly ztr\u00e1ty a zachovala integrita sign\u00e1lu.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKter\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly substr\u00e1t\u016f se obvykle pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro VF desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          B\u011b\u017enou volbou jsou lamin\u00e1ty na b\u00e1zi PTFE a technick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly (Rogers, Taconic atd.) pro n\u00edzk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty a stabiln\u00ed dielektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti; v n\u011bkter\u00fdch n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00edch nebo n\u00e1kladov\u011b citliv\u00fdch konstrukc\u00edch lze pou\u017e\u00edt vysoce kvalitn\u00ed varianty FR-4.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPro\u010d nepou\u017e\u00edvat pro RF konstrukce v\u017edy materi\u00e1l FR-4?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Standardn\u00ed FR-4 m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed dielektrick\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty a m\u00e9n\u011b stabiln\u00ed Dk na frekvenc\u00edch GHz, co\u017e zvy\u0161uje \u00fatlum a prom\u011bnlivost impedance - pro p\u0159esn\u00e9 RF pr\u00e1ce se proto obvykle up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed lamin\u00e1ty t\u0159\u00eddy PTFE\/Rogers.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP\u0159edstavuj\u00ed odbo\u010dky probl\u00e9m pro VF sign\u00e1ly?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Ano, odbo\u010dky se chovaj\u00ed jako kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 nekone\u010dn\u00e1 p\u0159enosov\u00e1 veden\u00ed a zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed odrazy. Mezi b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed na zm\u00edrn\u011bn\u00ed dopad\u016f pat\u0159\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed, zakopan\u00e9\/skl\u00e1dan\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky a pe\u010dliv\u00e9 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed pr\u016fchodek.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJak\u00e9 testy ov\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed v\u00fdkon RF PCB?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          B\u011b\u017en\u00e9 testy: VNA S-parametr (vlo\u017en\u00fd\/ zp\u011btn\u00fd \u00fatlum), TDR\/impedan\u010dn\u00ed kontroly a tepeln\u00e9 testy\/ testy st\u00e1rnut\u00ed k ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed stability Dk a rozm\u011brov\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCo bych m\u011bl poskytnout v\u00fdrobci pro p\u0159esnou nab\u00eddku RF?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Dodejte Gerbery\/ODB++, c\u00edlov\u00e9 hodnoty impedance, p\u0159esn\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vrstev, volbu dielektrika (nebo c\u00edle Dk\/Df), informace o BGA\/rozte\u010di, po\u017eadavky na pr\u016fchodky (backdrill\/via-in-pad) a jak\u00e9koli speci\u00e1ln\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky k trasov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo mont\u00e1\u017ei. V\u010dasn\u00e1 kontrola DFM urychluje v\u00fdrobu a sni\u017euje rizika.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals 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          RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals are high frequency. They usually have frequency equal to or above 300 kHz and up to 300 GHz.<\\\/p>

          \\\"RF<\\\/p>

          \\u00a0<\\\/p>

          Radio frequency, or RF, is a name for a group of electromagnetic waves. People use this name when the waves can work for radio communication. The range of frequency for RF is not always the same in different books. Some books say RF is from 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Some say it is from 300 MHz to 40 GHz. These ranges can overlap with the range called microwave. Some other books use a different way to split the spectrum. They say waves with wavelength from 1 megameter to 1 meter are in a group. That gives frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 MHz. The line between RF and microwave is not very clear. The line can change as parts and design methods get better.<\\\/p>

          RF PCB and its main features<\\\/h1>

          When we design a PCB for RF use, we must think about how transmission lines behave. For a wire or trace on a PCB, we can model it in two ways. One is the lumped element model. The other is the distributed parameter model. A common rule is this. If the geometric length l divided by the wavelength \\u03bb is equal to or larger than 0.05, then we use the distributed model. In this note, an RF link means a circuit where the transmission line needs the distributed model. In practice, PCB trace length is rarely longer than 50 cm. So we can start from analog signals at 30 MHz. Signals above 3 GHz are often called microwave. For production limits where element spacing can be 0.5 mm, people sometimes set the top frequency to 30 GHz. But that is not always useful.<\\\/p>

          From these points, we can say an RF PCB is a PCB for analog signals with frequency about 30 MHz to 6 GHz. The choice between lumped or distributed model should follow the formula above and the working frequency.<\\\/p>

          Because the substrate dielectric constant is usually high, waves move slower in the board than in air. That makes wavelength shorter on the board. For microstrip and other lines, the substrate must have low dielectric loss. The dielectric constant should not change much over the needed frequency and temperature range. The substrate should have good thermal conductivity and a smooth surface. It must stick well to the conductor.<\\\/p>

          For the metal on the trace we need high conductivity. The metal should have a small temperature coefficient of resistance. It should stick to the substrate well. It should be easy to solder.<\\\/p>

          Principles for choosing RF board material<\\\/h1>

          Role of substrate in microwave PCBs<\\\/h2>

          A microwave frequency PCB is not only a support for components. It is also a medium for microwave electromagnetic fields. So for RF circuits the best choice is high frequency or microwave grade substrate.<\\\/p>

          Trace impedance control<\\\/h2>

          On an RF PCB the printed traces must follow normal rules like current capacity. In addition, we must control the trace characteristic impedance. The traces must be matched in impedance. So the PCB process must control trace impedance. The characteristic impedance of a trace depends on the PCB material and its physical parameters. So PCB designers must know the material performance.<\\\/p>

          Material requirements for RF boards<\\\/h2>

          RF boards usually need high frequency and high performance. People pick substrate with accurate dielectric constant. The substrate should be stable and have low loss. Also the material must work with production. For example, it must handle high temperature reflow soldering. Our company often uses fr4, TACONIC, and materials from ROGERS for RF base material.<\\\/p>

          FR-4 characteristics<\\\/h2>

          fr4 (flame retardant copper clad epoxy glass fabric) has dielectric constant Er tested at 1 GHz as Er = 4.3 \\u00b1 0.2. The glass transition temperature Tg is 135 \\u00b0C. For common boards we use two kinds of plate. One is standard board material. This is low cost and has mature process. The other is UV board, often called yellow board. It has UV-BLOCKING to block ultraviolet. We use it for outer layers. Its performance is a little better than the standard plate.<\\\/p>[caption id=\\\"attachment_2743\\\" align=\\\"alignnone\\\" width=\\\"688\\\"]\\\"fr-4\\\" fr-4[\\\/caption]

          TACONIC material<\\\/h2>

          TACONIC<\\\/a> is a well known brand. It has many specs. Its price is higher than fr4.<\\\/p>

          ROGERS material<\\\/h2>

          ROGERS material has high dielectric constant accuracy. It is stable with temperature and has low loss. We use it for high power circuits. The PCB make and process is similar to fr4 so cost of making is low. But the copper foil adhesion is low.<\\\/p>

          Substrate table<\\\/h1>
          Material type<\\\/th>Typical material<\\\/th>Dk (10 GHz)<\\\/th>Df (10 GHz)<\\\/th>Features and use<\\\/th><\\\/tr><\\\/thead>
          Fluoropolymer substrate<\\\/td>PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)<\\\/td>2.1\\u20132.3<\\\/td>0.0005\\u20130.001<\\\/td>Very low loss. Good for mmWave. Use for 5G base stations and radar.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
          Ceramic filled substrate<\\\/td>Rogers RO4000 series<\\\/td>3.38\\u20134.5<\\\/td>0.0027\\u20130.004<\\\/td>Mid cost. Good for microwave. Use for WiFi and Bluetooth modules.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
          Glass fiber substrate<\\\/td>High frequency fr4 (like Isola FR408)<\\\/td>3.9\\u20134.2<\\\/td>0.008\\u20130.01<\\\/td>Low cost. Good for mid and low RF. Use for walkie talkies and similar.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><\\\/tbody><\\\/table><\\\/div><\\\/div>

          RF issues in PCB design and solutions<\\\/h1>

          In general, for circuits with frequency below microwave (this includes low frequency and low speed digital), careful layout is the first key to success. If you know the rules, you can make a good design. For microstrip and high speed digital circuits at PCB level, two or three PCB versions may be needed to ensure circuit quality. For RF circuits with frequency above microwave, you will need more versions to improve performance. So you will face many challenges during RF circuit design.<\\\/p>

          Below we list common problems and solutions.<\\\/p>

          Common problems in RF circuit design<\\\/h2>

          1. Interference between digital and analog modules<\\\/b>
            When analog RF parts and digital parts work alone, each can work well. But when they mix on the same board and share power, the whole system may become unstable. Digital signals swing between ground and Vcc by more than 3 V. The period can be short, in the nanosecond range. Because the amplitude is large and the switching is fast, digital signals include high frequency components that do not depend on the switching clock. In the analog part, from a tuned radio loop to a receiver, the voltage can be less than 1 \\u03bcV. The difference between the small RF signal and digital noise can be more than 120 dB. If digital signals are not kept away from RF, the weak RF signal can get damaged. The radio may stop working or work badly.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          2. Power supply noise interference<\\\/b>
            RF circuits are sensitive to noise. They are sensitive to spikes and other high frequency harmonics. A microcontroller will suddenly draw lots of current at each internal clock cycle. Most modern microcontrollers use CMOS. If a microcontroller runs with 1 MHz internal clock, it will draw current at that rate. If we do not have good power decoupling, we will get voltage noise on the power lines. If voltage spikes get to the RF power pins, the RF block may fail.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          3. Bad ground design<\\\/b>
            If the ground is not well designed for RF, strange results can happen. In digital design, most circuits still work even if ground is not perfect. But in RF, even short ground wires act like inductors. For example, 1 nH of inductance is close to 1 mm in length. From that we can guess that a 10 mm long PCB trace has reactance about 27 ohms. If we have no good ground, many ground traces will be long and the circuit will not keep its designed characteristics.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          4. Antenna radiation interfering with other analog circuits<\\\/b>
            In PCB layout, there are other analog parts. Many boards have ADCs or DACs. A strong RF signal from a transmitter can reach the ADC input. Any trace can act like an antenna. If the ADC input does not have good handling, the RF can go into its ESD diode and cause ADC offset or errors.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

            RF circuit design principles and solutions<\\\/h2>

            1. Definition of RF layout<\\\/h3>

            When you design RF layout, follow these rules.<\\\/p>

            1. Keep high power amplifiers (HPAs) and low noise amplifiers (LNAs) as far apart as you can. Put high power transmit parts far from low power receive parts.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            2. In high frequency areas on the PCB, have at least one full ground plane below and avoid vias in it. The larger the copper area the better.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            3. Circuit and power decoupling are equally important.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            4. Place RF outputs away from RF inputs.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            5. Put sensitive analog signals far from high speed digital and RF signals.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

              \\\"Definition<\\\/p>

              2. Physical partition and electrical partition design rules<\\\/h3>

              Partition means splitting the board by function. You can do physical partition and electrical partition. Physical partition deals with part layout, direction, and shields. Electrical partition deals with power distribution, RF routing, sensitive parts, signals, and ground zones.<\\\/p>

              \\\"RF<\\\/p>

              a. Physical partition principles<\\\/h4>

              Parts layout is key for good RF design. A good method is to place parts along the RF path first. Then set their direction. Place inputs away from outputs. Keep high power and low power parts apart. This helps to shorten RF paths.<\\\/p>

              b. PCB stackup design principle<\\\/h4>

              A good stackup puts the main ground plane on the layer below the trace layer. Put RF traces on the plane layer. Make vias on RF paths small. This reduces path inductance and reduces cold solder joints on the main ground. Also less RF energy will leak into other layers.<\\\/p>

              \\\"\\\"<\\\/p>

              c. RF parts and RF trace principles<\\\/h4>

              In the board space, linear circuits like multistage amplifiers can separate RF zones. But duplexers, mixers, and IF amplifiers often make many RF and IF signals appear near each other. You should take care to lower this coupling. Route RF and IF traces carefully and leave ground space between them. The right RF path is vital for PCB performance. That is why part layout takes most of the time in phone PCB design.<\\\/p>

              d. Electrical partition principle<\\\/h4>

              Most power in phone circuits is low DC so you do not need special wide traces. But for power to high power amplifiers you must make wide traces for high current. This keeps voltage drop small. Use many vias to move current from one plane to another to avoid current loss.<\\\/p>

              Power decoupling for power parts is important. If you fail to decouple the power at a high power amplifier pin, many problems can happen. High power noise can radiate across the board. Ground for high power amplifiers is very important. Designers often need a metal shield can.<\\\/p>

              e. RF input\\\/output isolation principle<\\\/h4>

              It is very important to keep RF output away from RF input. This applies to amplifiers, buffers, and filters. In worst case, if amplifier or buffer output comes back to its input with the right phase and amplitude, the part can go into self-oscillation. In good case, the circuit will be stable at all temperatures and voltages. In bad case, it will add noise and intermodulation to the RF signal.<\\\/p>

              Summary<\\\/h1>

              In short, RF circuits work with distributed parameter lines. They show skin effect and coupling. This makes them different from low frequency and DC circuits. So in RF PCB design you must focus on the points above. If you do, the design will be effective and accurate.<\\\/p>

              1. Keep traces short when possible. Short traces reduce loss and unwanted reactance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              2. Use the right substrate for the needed frequency. fr4 is okay for many cases. Use Rogers or PTFE for low loss in high frequency.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              3. Control impedance of traces. Use the right width and spacing and stackup. Measure or calculate with tools.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              4. Keep digital and RF parts separate. Give each section its own ground return. Use decoupling at power pins close to the part.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              5. Use ground planes and small vias for RF return. This lowers inductance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              6. Place filters and shielding near sensitive parts. This lowers unwanted pick up.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              7. Test with prototypes. RF usually needs multiple rounds of layout and tune. Small changes can make big effects at high frequency.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              8. For antennas, give a clear area and keep metal and other traces away. Antenna matching and tuning often need board space and test.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              9. When you make high power traces, make them wide and use many vias to carry current between layers.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                Basic formulas and rules to check<\\\/h1>

                1. Use l\\\/\\u03bb \\u2265 0.05 to see if a trace needs a distributed model. l is geometric length. \\u03bb is working wavelength in the medium.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                2. For quick inductance sense, 1 nH is about 1 mm of trace. Use this to check if long grounds add inductance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                3. For impedance control, know the stackup, trace width, dielectric constant, and distance to plane. Use a field solver or impedance calculator to get accurate values.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"351cd37\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":false},{\"id\":\"vdmvn40\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"settings\":{\"gap\":\"no\",\"content_position\":\"top\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"background_color\":\"#FFFFFF00\",\"background_position\":\"bottom center\",\"background_attachment\":\"scroll\",\"background_repeat\":\"no-repeat\",\"background_size\":\"cover\",\"background_size_mobile\":\"cover\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"classic\",\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0)\",\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"80\",\"right\":\"40\",\"bottom\":\"80\",\"left\":\"40\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"d7a4f88\"}],\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7882748\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"settings\":{\"_column_size\":100,\"_inline_size\":null,\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"space_between_widgets\":40,\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"051b026\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9fc6712\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Frequently Asked Questions\",\"align\":\"center\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"a4e53df\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"631b990\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"tab_title\":\"What is an RF PCB?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  An RF (radio-frequency) PCB is designed to carry RF and microwave signals (hundreds of MHz up to many GHz). It uses controlled materials, stackups and layout rules to minimize loss and preserve signal integrity.<\\\/p>\",\"_id\":\"1f7b19c\"},{\"_id\":\"ef631eb\",\"tab_title\":\"Which substrate materials are typically used for RF PCBs?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  Common choices are PTFE-based laminates and engineered materials (Rogers, Taconic, etc.) for low loss and stable dielectric properties; in some lower-frequency or cost-sensitive designs, high-grade FR-4 variants may be used.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"0d9461c\",\"tab_title\":\"Why not always use FR-4 for RF designs?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  Standard FR-4 has higher dielectric loss and less stable Dk at GHz frequencies, which increases attenuation and impedance variability\\u2014so for precision RF work PTFE\\\/Rogers-class laminates are usually preferred.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"2ece67a\",\"tab_title\":\"Are via stubs a problem for RF signals?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  Yes\\u2014via stubs act like short unterminated transmission lines and cause reflections. Common mitigations include back-drilling, buried\\\/stacked vias, and careful via placement.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"ff92f6b\",\"tab_title\":\"What tests validate RF PCB performance?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  Common tests: VNA S-parameter (insertion\\\/return loss), TDR\\\/impedance checks, and thermal\\\/aging tests to verify Dk stability and dimensional behavior.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"1871d74\",\"tab_title\":\"What should I provide to a manufacturer for an accurate RF quote?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  Supply Gerbers\\\/ODB++, target impedance values, exact layer stackup, dielectric choices (or Dk\\\/Df targets), BGA\\\/pitch info, via requirements (backdrill\\\/via-in-pad), and any special routing or assembly notes. 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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
                  \\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"1e7d27b","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\">RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals are high frequency. They usually have frequency equal to or above 300 kHz and up to 300 GHz.<\/p><p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2746\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-PCB.webp\" alt=\"RF PCB\" width=\"633\" height=\"500\" \/><\/p><p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\">\u00a0<\/p><p data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"870\">Radio frequency, or RF, is a name for a group of electromagnetic waves. People use this name when the waves can work for radio communication. The range of frequency for RF is not always the same in different books. Some books say RF is from 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Some say it is from 300 MHz to 40 GHz. These ranges can overlap with the range called microwave. Some other books use a different way to split the spectrum. They say waves with wavelength from 1 megameter to 1 meter are in a group. That gives frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 MHz. The line between RF and microwave is not very clear. The line can change as parts and design methods get better.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"872\" data-end=\"902\">RF PCB and its main features<\/h1><p data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"1662\">When we design a PCB for RF use, we must think about how transmission lines behave. For a wire or trace on a PCB, we can model it in two ways. One is the lumped element model. The other is the distributed parameter model. A common rule is this. If the geometric length l divided by the wavelength \u03bb is equal to or larger than 0.05, then we use the distributed model. In this note, an RF link means a circuit where the transmission line needs the distributed model. In practice, PCB trace length is rarely longer than 50 cm. So we can start from analog signals at 30 MHz. Signals above 3 GHz are often called microwave. For production limits where element spacing can be 0.5 mm, people sometimes set the top frequency to 30 GHz. But that is not always useful.<\/p><p data-start=\"1664\" data-end=\"1875\">From these points, we can say an RF PCB is a PCB for analog signals with frequency about 30 MHz to 6 GHz. The choice between lumped or distributed model should follow the formula above and the working frequency.<\/p><p data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"2307\">Because the substrate dielectric constant is usually high, waves move slower in the board than in air. That makes wavelength shorter on the board. For microstrip and other lines, the substrate must have low dielectric loss. The dielectric constant should not change much over the needed frequency and temperature range. The substrate should have good thermal conductivity and a smooth surface. It must stick well to the conductor.<\/p><p data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2499\">For the metal on the trace we need high conductivity. The metal should have a small temperature coefficient of resistance. It should stick to the substrate well. It should be easy to solder.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"43\">Principles for choosing RF board material<\/h1><h2 data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"85\">Role of substrate in microwave PCBs<\/h2><p data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"290\">A microwave frequency PCB is not only a support for components. It is also a medium for microwave electromagnetic fields. So for RF circuits the best choice is high frequency or microwave grade substrate.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"320\">Trace impedance control<\/h2><p data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"705\">On an RF PCB the printed traces must follow normal rules like current capacity. In addition, we must control the trace characteristic impedance. The traces must be matched in impedance. So the PCB process must control trace impedance. The characteristic impedance of a trace depends on the PCB material and its physical parameters. So PCB designers must know the material performance.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"747\">Material requirements for RF boards<\/h2><p data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"1107\">RF boards usually need high frequency and high performance. People pick substrate with accurate dielectric constant. The substrate should be stable and have low loss. Also the material must work with production. For example, it must handle high temperature reflow soldering. Our company often uses fr4, TACONIC, and materials from ROGERS for RF base material.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1134\">FR-4 characteristics<\/h2><p data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1593\">fr4 (flame retardant copper clad epoxy glass fabric) has dielectric constant Er tested at 1 GHz as Er = 4.3 \u00b1 0.2. The glass transition temperature Tg is 135 \u00b0C. For common boards we use two kinds of plate. One is standard board material. This is low cost and has mature process. The other is UV board, often called yellow board. It has UV-BLOCKING to block ultraviolet. We use it for outer layers. Its performance is a little better than the standard plate.<\/p>[caption id=\"attachment_2743\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"688\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2743 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/fr-4.webp\" alt=\"fr-4\" width=\"688\" height=\"459\" \/> fr-4[\/caption]<h2 data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1616\">TACONIC material<\/h2><p data-start=\"1617\" data-end=\"1696\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taconic.com\/\">TACONIC<\/a> is a well known brand. It has many specs. Its price is higher than fr4.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"1718\">ROGERS material<\/h2><p data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1962\">ROGERS material has high dielectric constant accuracy. It is stable with temperature and has low loss. We use it for high power circuits. The PCB make and process is similar to fr4 so cost of making is low. But the copper foil adhesion is low.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"4343\" data-end=\"4360\">Substrate table<\/h1><div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_1rjym_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4924\"><thead data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4443\"><tr data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4443\"><th data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4376\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Material type<\/th><th data-start=\"4376\" data-end=\"4395\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Typical material<\/th><th data-start=\"4395\" data-end=\"4409\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Dk (10 GHz)<\/th><th data-start=\"4409\" data-end=\"4423\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Df (10 GHz)<\/th><th data-start=\"4423\" data-end=\"4443\" data-col-size=\"md\">Features and use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4924\"><tr data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4622\"><td data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4493\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Fluoropolymer substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4493\" data-end=\"4526\" data-col-size=\"sm\">PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)<\/td><td data-start=\"4526\" data-end=\"4536\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2.1\u20132.3<\/td><td data-start=\"4536\" data-end=\"4551\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.0005\u20130.001<\/td><td data-start=\"4551\" data-end=\"4622\" data-col-size=\"md\">Very low loss. Good for mmWave. Use for 5G base stations and radar.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"4623\" data-end=\"4766\"><td data-start=\"4623\" data-end=\"4648\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Ceramic filled substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4648\" data-end=\"4671\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Rogers RO4000 series<\/td><td data-start=\"4671\" data-end=\"4682\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3.38\u20134.5<\/td><td data-start=\"4682\" data-end=\"4697\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.0027\u20130.004<\/td><td data-start=\"4697\" data-end=\"4766\" data-col-size=\"md\">Mid cost. Good for microwave. Use for WiFi and Bluetooth modules.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4924\"><td data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4789\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Glass fiber substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4789\" data-end=\"4829\" data-col-size=\"sm\">High frequency fr4 (like Isola FR408)<\/td><td data-start=\"4829\" data-end=\"4839\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3.9\u20134.2<\/td><td data-start=\"4839\" data-end=\"4852\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.008\u20130.01<\/td><td data-start=\"4852\" data-end=\"4924\" data-col-size=\"md\">Low cost. Good for mid and low RF. Use for walkie talkies and similar.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><h1 data-start=\"4926\" data-end=\"4965\">RF issues in PCB design and solutions<\/h1><p data-start=\"4967\" data-end=\"5457\">In general, for circuits with frequency below microwave (this includes low frequency and low speed digital), careful layout is the first key to success. If you know the rules, you can make a good design. For microstrip and high speed digital circuits at PCB level, two or three PCB versions may be needed to ensure circuit quality. For RF circuits with frequency above microwave, you will need more versions to improve performance. So you will face many challenges during RF circuit design.<\/p><p data-start=\"5459\" data-end=\"5503\">Below we list common problems and solutions.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"5505\" data-end=\"5544\">Common problems in RF circuit design<\/h2><ol data-start=\"5546\" data-end=\"7663\"><li data-start=\"5546\" data-end=\"6328\"><p data-start=\"5549\" data-end=\"6328\"><b>Interference between digital and analog modules<\/b><br data-start=\"5596\" data-end=\"5599\" \/>When analog RF parts and digital parts work alone, each can work well. But when they mix on the same board and share power, the whole system may become unstable. Digital signals swing between ground and Vcc by more than 3 V. The period can be short, in the nanosecond range. Because the amplitude is large and the switching is fast, digital signals include high frequency components that do not depend on the switching clock. In the analog part, from a tuned radio loop to a receiver, the voltage can be less than 1 \u03bcV. The difference between the small RF signal and digital noise can be more than 120 dB. If digital signals are not kept away from RF, the weak RF signal can get damaged. The radio may stop working or work badly.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6330\" data-end=\"6831\"><p data-start=\"6333\" data-end=\"6831\"><b>Power supply noise interference<\/b><br data-start=\"6364\" data-end=\"6367\" \/>RF circuits are sensitive to noise. They are sensitive to spikes and other high frequency harmonics. A microcontroller will suddenly draw lots of current at each internal clock cycle. Most modern microcontrollers use CMOS. If a microcontroller runs with 1 MHz internal clock, it will draw current at that rate. If we do not have good power decoupling, we will get voltage noise on the power lines. If voltage spikes get to the RF power pins, the RF block may fail.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6833\" data-end=\"7315\"><p data-start=\"6836\" data-end=\"7315\"><b>Bad ground design<\/b><br data-start=\"6853\" data-end=\"6856\" \/>If the ground is not well designed for RF, strange results can happen. In digital design, most circuits still work even if ground is not perfect. But in RF, even short ground wires act like inductors. For example, 1 nH of inductance is close to 1 mm in length. From that we can guess that a 10 mm long PCB trace has reactance about 27 ohms. If we have no good ground, many ground traces will be long and the circuit will not keep its designed characteristics.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7317\" data-end=\"7663\"><p data-start=\"7320\" data-end=\"7663\"><b>Antenna radiation interfering with other analog circuits<\/b><br data-start=\"7376\" data-end=\"7379\" \/>In PCB layout, there are other analog parts. Many boards have ADCs or DACs. A strong RF signal from a transmitter can reach the ADC input. Any trace can act like an antenna. If the ADC input does not have good handling, the RF can go into its ESD diode and cause ADC offset or errors.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h2 data-start=\"7665\" data-end=\"7710\">RF circuit design principles and solutions<\/h2><h3 data-start=\"7712\" data-end=\"7744\">1. Definition of RF layout<\/h3><p data-start=\"7745\" data-end=\"7791\">When you design RF layout, follow these rules.<\/p><ol data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"8272\"><li data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"7952\"><p data-start=\"7796\" data-end=\"7952\">Keep high power amplifiers (HPAs) and low noise amplifiers (LNAs) as far apart as you can. Put high power transmit parts far from low power receive parts.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7953\" data-end=\"8096\"><p data-start=\"7956\" data-end=\"8096\">In high frequency areas on the PCB, have at least one full ground plane below and avoid vias in it. The larger the copper area the better.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8097\" data-end=\"8153\"><p data-start=\"8100\" data-end=\"8153\">Circuit and power decoupling are equally important.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8154\" data-end=\"8196\"><p data-start=\"8157\" data-end=\"8196\">Place RF outputs away from RF inputs.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8197\" data-end=\"8272\"><p data-start=\"8200\" data-end=\"8272\">Put sensitive analog signals far from high speed digital and RF signals.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2742\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Definition-of-RF-layout.webp\" alt=\"Definition of RF layout\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" \/><\/p><h3 data-start=\"8274\" data-end=\"8339\">2. Physical partition and electrical partition design rules<\/h3><p data-start=\"8340\" data-end=\"8619\">Partition means splitting the board by function. You can do physical partition and electrical partition. Physical partition deals with part layout, direction, and shields. Electrical partition deals with power distribution, RF routing, sensitive parts, signals, and ground zones.<\/p><p data-start=\"8340\" data-end=\"8619\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2745\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-partition.webp\" alt=\"RF partition\" width=\"640\" height=\"511\" \/><\/p><h4 data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"8660\">a. Physical partition principles<\/h4><p data-start=\"8661\" data-end=\"8890\">Parts layout is key for good RF design. A good method is to place parts along the RF path first. Then set their direction. Place inputs away from outputs. Keep high power and low power parts apart. This helps to shorten RF paths.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"8892\" data-end=\"8930\">b. PCB stackup design principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"8931\" data-end=\"9200\">A good stackup puts the main ground plane on the layer below the trace layer. Put RF traces on the plane layer. Make vias on RF paths small. This reduces path inductance and reduces cold solder joints on the main ground. Also less RF energy will leak into other layers.<\/p><p data-start=\"8931\" data-end=\"9200\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2744\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-circuit-design.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"462\" \/><\/p><h4 data-start=\"9202\" data-end=\"9244\">c. RF parts and RF trace principles<\/h4><p data-start=\"9245\" data-end=\"9660\">In the board space, linear circuits like multistage amplifiers can separate RF zones. But duplexers, mixers, and IF amplifiers often make many RF and IF signals appear near each other. You should take care to lower this coupling. Route RF and IF traces carefully and leave ground space between them. The right RF path is vital for PCB performance. That is why part layout takes most of the time in phone PCB design.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"9662\" data-end=\"9702\">d. Electrical partition principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"9703\" data-end=\"9974\">Most power in phone circuits is low DC so you do not need special wide traces. But for power to high power amplifiers you must make wide traces for high current. This keeps voltage drop small. Use many vias to move current from one plane to another to avoid current loss.<\/p><p data-start=\"9976\" data-end=\"10253\">Power decoupling for power parts is important. If you fail to decouple the power at a high power amplifier pin, many problems can happen. High power noise can radiate across the board. Ground for high power amplifiers is very important. Designers often need a metal shield can.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"10255\" data-end=\"10300\">e. RF input\/output isolation principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"10301\" data-end=\"10697\">It is very important to keep RF output away from RF input. This applies to amplifiers, buffers, and filters. In worst case, if amplifier or buffer output comes back to its input with the right phase and amplitude, the part can go into self-oscillation. In good case, the circuit will be stable at all temperatures and voltages. In bad case, it will add noise and intermodulation to the RF signal.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"10699\" data-end=\"10708\">Summary<\/h1><p data-start=\"10710\" data-end=\"10978\">In short, RF circuits work with distributed parameter lines. They show skin effect and coupling. This makes them different from low frequency and DC circuits. So in RF PCB design you must focus on the points above. If you do, the design will be effective and accurate.<\/p><ol data-start=\"11035\" data-end=\"12161\"><li data-start=\"11164\" data-end=\"11250\"><p data-start=\"11167\" data-end=\"11250\">Keep traces short when possible. Short traces reduce loss and unwanted reactance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11251\" data-end=\"11384\"><p data-start=\"11254\" data-end=\"11384\">Use the right substrate for the needed frequency. fr4 is okay for many cases. Use Rogers or PTFE for low loss in high frequency.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11385\" data-end=\"11496\"><p data-start=\"11388\" data-end=\"11496\">Control impedance of traces. Use the right width and spacing and stackup. Measure or calculate with tools.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11497\" data-end=\"11626\"><p data-start=\"11500\" data-end=\"11626\">Keep digital and RF parts separate. Give each section its own ground return. Use decoupling at power pins close to the part.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11627\" data-end=\"11703\"><p data-start=\"11630\" data-end=\"11703\">Use ground planes and small vias for RF return. This lowers inductance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11704\" data-end=\"11788\"><p data-start=\"11707\" data-end=\"11788\">Place filters and shielding near sensitive parts. This lowers unwanted pick up.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11789\" data-end=\"11922\"><p data-start=\"11792\" data-end=\"11922\">Test with prototypes. RF usually needs multiple rounds of layout and tune. Small changes can make big effects at high frequency.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11923\" data-end=\"12058\"><p data-start=\"11926\" data-end=\"12058\">For antennas, give a clear area and keep metal and other traces away. Antenna matching and tuning often need board space and test.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12059\" data-end=\"12161\"><p data-start=\"12063\" data-end=\"12161\">When you make high power traces, make them wide and use many vias to carry current between layers.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h1 data-start=\"12163\" data-end=\"12198\">Basic formulas and rules to check<\/h1><ol data-start=\"12200\" data-end=\"12606\"><li data-start=\"12200\" data-end=\"12326\"><p data-start=\"12203\" data-end=\"12326\">Use l\/\u03bb \u2265 0.05 to see if a trace needs a distributed model. l is geometric length. \u03bb is working wavelength in the medium.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12327\" data-end=\"12438\"><p data-start=\"12330\" data-end=\"12438\">For quick inductance sense, 1 nH is about 1 mm of trace. Use this to check if long grounds add inductance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12439\" data-end=\"12606\"><p data-start=\"12442\" data-end=\"12606\">For impedance control, know the stackup, trace width, dielectric constant, and distance to plane. Use a field solver or impedance calculator to get accurate values.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>","display_condition_list":[{"display_condition_login_status":"subscriber","_id":"351cd37"}]},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                  Frequently Asked Questions<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat is an RF PCB?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  An RF (radio-frequency) PCB is designed to carry RF and microwave signals (hundreds of MHz up to many GHz). It uses controlled materials, stackups and layout rules to minimize loss and preserve signal integrity.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhich substrate materials are typically used for RF PCBs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Common choices are PTFE-based laminates and engineered materials (Rogers, Taconic, etc.) for low loss and stable dielectric properties; in some lower-frequency or cost-sensitive designs, high-grade FR-4 variants may be used.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhy not always use FR-4 for RF designs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Standard FR-4 has higher dielectric loss and less stable Dk at GHz frequencies, which increases attenuation and impedance variability\\u2014so for precision RF work PTFE\\\/Rogers-class laminates are usually preferred.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tAre via stubs a problem for RF signals?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Yes\\u2014via stubs act like short unterminated transmission lines and cause reflections. Common mitigations include back-drilling, buried\\\/stacked vias, and careful via placement.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat tests validate RF PCB performance?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Common tests: VNA S-parameter (insertion\\\/return loss), TDR\\\/impedance checks, and thermal\\\/aging tests to verify Dk stability and dimensional behavior.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat should I provide to a manufacturer for an accurate RF quote?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Supply Gerbers\\\/ODB++, target impedance values, exact layer stackup, dielectric choices (or Dk\\\/Df targets), BGA\\\/pitch info, via requirements (backdrill\\\/via-in-pad), and any special routing or assembly notes. Early DFM review speeds up production and reduces risk.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-2145.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-2145.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2145"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3362,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145\/revisions\/3362"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}