{"id":3585,"date":"2025-09-30T01:35:28","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T01:35:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=3585"},"modified":"2025-09-30T05:59:09","modified_gmt":"2025-09-30T05:59:09","slug":"via-size-backdrill-high-speed-pcb-rules","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/via-size-backdrill-high-speed-pcb-rules\/","title":{"rendered":"Velikost pr\u016fchodek, zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed a pravidla pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pr\u016fchodka je jednou z kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desky s plo\u0161n\u00fdmi spoji (PCB). U mnoha desek tvo\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1klady na vrt\u00e1n\u00ed asi 30% a\u017e 40% n\u00e1klad\u016f na v\u00fdrobu desky. Zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, ka\u017ed\u00fd otvor na desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f lze nazvat pr\u016fchodkou. Z jej\u00ed \u00falohy vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u016fchodka m\u00e1 dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed: jedn\u00edm je vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed elektrick\u00fdch spoj\u016f mezi vrstvami a druh\u00fdm je upevn\u011bn\u00ed nebo um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na v\u00fdrobn\u00ed proces, m\u016f\u017eeme pr\u016fchodky rozd\u011blit do t\u0159\u00ed typ\u016f: slep\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky, zakopan\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky a pr\u016fchoz\u00ed pr\u016fchodky (pr\u016fchoz\u00ed pr\u016fchodky). Slep\u00e1 pr\u016fchodka za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 na horn\u00edm nebo spodn\u00edm povrchu desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f a vede dol\u016f do n\u011bkter\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed vrstvy. M\u00e1 ur\u010ditou hloubku a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k propojen\u00ed povrchov\u00fdch stop se stopami vnit\u0159n\u00ed vrstvy. Hloubka zaslepen\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky obvykle nep\u0159esahuje ur\u010dit\u00fd pom\u011br k pr\u016fm\u011bru otvoru. Zaslepen\u00e1 pr\u016fchodka je otvor, kter\u00fd spojuje pouze vnit\u0159n\u00ed vrstvy; nedosahuje na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd povrch desky. Slep\u00e9 i zakopan\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky se vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed uvnit\u0159 desky p\u0159ed laminac\u00ed a p\u0159i jejich vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k p\u0159ekryt\u00ed n\u011bkolika vnit\u0159n\u00edch vrstev. T\u0159et\u00edm typem je pr\u016fchoz\u00ed pr\u016fchodka. Tato pr\u016fchodka proch\u00e1z\u00ed celou deskou. M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pou\u017eit pro vnit\u0159n\u00ed propojen\u00ed nebo jako mont\u00e1\u017en\u00ed \u010di polohovac\u00ed otvor pro sou\u010d\u00e1stky. Proto\u017ee pr\u016fchoz\u00ed pr\u016fchodky jsou jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed na v\u00fdrobu a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 je v\u011bt\u0161ina desek s plo\u0161n\u00fdmi spoji m\u00edsto slep\u00fdch nebo zakopan\u00fdch pr\u016fchodek. Pokud nen\u00ed v tomto textu uvedeno jinak, slovo \u201cpr\u016fchodka\u201d se vztahuje na pr\u016fchoz\u00ed pr\u016fchodku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"287\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Three-types-of-vias.webp\" alt=\"Three types of vias\" class=\"wp-image-3606\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Three-types-of-vias.webp 700w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Three-types-of-vias-300x123.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Via struktura a pro\u010d z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na velikosti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Z konstruk\u010dn\u00edho hlediska m\u00e1 pr\u016fjezd dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti. Jednou z nich je st\u0159edov\u00fd otvor. Druhou je oblast podlo\u017eky kolem vyvrtan\u00e9ho otvoru. Velikosti t\u011bchto dvou \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ur\u010duj\u00ed velikost pr\u016fchodky. Pokud deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f vy\u017eaduje vysokou rychlost a vysokou hustotu, konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i cht\u011bj\u00ed, aby pr\u016fchodky byly co nejmen\u0161\u00ed. Mal\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky ponech\u00e1vaj\u00ed na desce v\u00edce prostoru pro veden\u00ed. Men\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fchodky maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed parazitn\u00ed kapacitu, tak\u017ee l\u00e9pe vyhovuj\u00ed vysokorychlostn\u00edm obvod\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zmen\u0161en\u00ed pr\u016fchodek v\u0161ak zvy\u0161uje n\u00e1klady. Velikost pr\u016fchodek tak\u00e9 nelze neomezen\u011b zmen\u0161ovat. Omezen\u00ed vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z proces\u016f vrt\u00e1n\u00ed a pokovov\u00e1n\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed je otvor, t\u00edm d\u00e9le vrt\u00e1n\u00ed trv\u00e1 a t\u00edm v\u00edce se vrt\u00e1k m\u016f\u017ee odch\u00fdlit od st\u0159edu. Tak\u00e9 kdy\u017e je hloubka otvoru v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u0161estin\u00e1sobek pr\u016fm\u011bru vrt\u00e1ku, je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 zajistit, aby st\u011bna otvoru dostala rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 pokoven\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 \u0161estivrstv\u00e1 deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f m\u00e1 tlou\u0161\u0165ku (hloubku pr\u016fchodu) p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50 mil. Za t\u011bchto podm\u00ednek m\u016f\u017ee tov\u00e1rna na v\u00fdrobu desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f obvykle vrtat do hloubky o minim\u00e1ln\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011bru asi 8 mil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parazitn\u00ed kapacita pr\u016fchodky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u016fchodka m\u00e1 parazitn\u00ed kapacitu v\u016f\u010di zemi. Pokud v\u00edme, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011br zemn\u00edc\u00edho otvoru na rovinn\u00e9 vrstv\u011b je D2, pr\u016fm\u011br pr\u016fchodky je D1, tlou\u0161\u0165ka desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f je T a dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta substr\u00e1tu desky je \u03b5, pak p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e1 parazitn\u00ed kapacita pr\u016fchodky je:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>C = 1,41 \u00d7 \u03b5 \u00d7 T \u00d7 D1 \/ (D2 - D1)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Tento vzorec poskytuje rozumn\u00fd odhad kapacity pr\u016fchodky. Parazitn\u00ed kapacita p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prodlu\u017euje dobu n\u00e1b\u011bhu sign\u00e1lu, a sni\u017euje tak rychlost obvodu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uve\u010fme si konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee tlou\u0161\u0165ka desky je 50 mil. Vnit\u0159n\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br pr\u016fchodky je 10 mil a pr\u016fm\u011br podlo\u017eky je 20 mil. Vzd\u00e1lenost mezi podlo\u017ekou a uzemn\u011bnou m\u011bd\u011bnou plochou je 32 mil. Podle v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho vzorce a s \u03b5 = 4,4 dostaneme:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>C = 1,41 \u00d7 4,4 \u00d7 0,050 \u00d7 0,020 \/ (0,032 - 0,020) \u2248 0,517 pF\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Toto mno\u017estv\u00ed kapacity m\u011bn\u00ed dobu n\u00e1b\u011bhu. Je-li charakteristick\u00e1 impedance 55 ohm\u016f, je zm\u011bna doby n\u00e1b\u011bhu 10%-90% zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 touto kapacitou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>T10-90 = 2,2 \u00d7 C \u00d7 (Z0 \/ 2) \u2248 2,2 \u00d7 0,517 \u00d7 (55 \/ 2) \u2248 31,28 ps\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Z t\u011bchto \u010d\u00edsel vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee parazitn\u00ed kapacita jedn\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky m\u00e1 na dobu n\u00e1b\u011bhu jen mal\u00fd vliv. Pokud v\u0161ak sign\u00e1l p\u0159i zm\u011bn\u011b vrstev proch\u00e1z\u00ed mnoha pr\u016fchodkami, vliv se s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1. Pak si to mus\u00ed konstrukt\u00e9r dob\u0159e rozmyslet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Parazitn\u00ed induk\u010dnost pr\u016fchodky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Vedle parazitn\u00ed kapacity m\u00e1 pr\u016fchodka tak\u00e9 parazitn\u00ed induk\u010dnost. P\u0159i vysokorychlostn\u00edm digit\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1vrhu je \u0161koda zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 parazitn\u00ed induk\u010dnost\u00ed pr\u016fchodky \u010dasto v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u0161koda zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 parazitn\u00ed kapacitou. S\u00e9riov\u00e1 induk\u010dnost pr\u016fchodky m\u016f\u017ee oslabit \u00fa\u010dinek bypassov\u00fdch kondenz\u00e1tor\u016f a sn\u00ed\u017eit filtra\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdkon cel\u00e9ho nap\u00e1jec\u00edho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jednoduch\u00fd p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00fd vzorec pro induk\u010dnost pr\u016fchodky je:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>L = 5,08 \u00d7 h \u00d7 [ ln(4h \/ d) + 1 ]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>kde:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L je induk\u010dnost pr\u016fchodu,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>h je d\u00e9lka pr\u016fchodu,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>d je st\u0159edn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br vrt\u00e1ku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ze vzorce vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011br pr\u016fchodky m\u00e1 na induk\u010dnost mal\u00fd vliv a d\u00e9lka pr\u016fchodky m\u00e1 vliv nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Na v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edkladu s h = 0,050 a d = 0,010 dostaneme:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>L = 5,08 \u00d7 0,050 \u00d7 [ ln(4 \u00d7 0,050 \/ 0,010) + 1 ] \u2248 1,015 nH\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud je doba n\u00e1b\u011bhu sign\u00e1lu 1 ns, je ekvivalentn\u00ed induk\u010dn\u00ed reaktance:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>XL = \u03c0 \u00d7 L \/ T10-90 \u2248 \u03c0 \u00d7 1,015 nH \/ 1 ns \u2248 3,19 \u03a9\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edm proudu nelze impedanci t\u00e9to \u00farovn\u011b ignorovat. V\u0161imn\u011bte si tak\u00e9, \u017ee bypassov\u00fd kondenz\u00e1tor um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fd tak, aby spojoval v\u00fdkonovou a zemn\u00ed vrstvu, obvykle pot\u0159ebuje dv\u011b pr\u016fchodky. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee induk\u010dnost pr\u016fchodek bude pro tuto obtokovou cestu dvojn\u00e1sobn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Co to znamen\u00e1 pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho rozboru parazit\u016f pr\u016fchodek je patrn\u00e9, \u017ee zd\u00e1nliv\u011b jednoduch\u00e1 pr\u016fchodka m\u016f\u017ee ve vysokorychlostn\u00ed desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f zp\u016fsobit velk\u00e9 negativn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky. Pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed t\u011bchto probl\u00e9m\u016f mohou konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i vyzkou\u0161et n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Zvolte rozumnou velikost prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm<\/strong><br>P\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lejte o n\u00e1kladech i kvalit\u011b sign\u00e1lu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pro desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f pam\u011b\u0165ov\u00fdch modul\u016f s 6 a\u017e 10 vrstvami se osv\u011bd\u010duje volba pr\u016fchodky 10\/20 mil (vrt\u00e1n\u00ed\/podlo\u017eka). U n\u011bkter\u00fdch mal\u00fdch desek s vysokou hustotou m\u016f\u017eete zkusit pr\u016fchodky 8\/18 mil. P\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9 technologii je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it pr\u016fchodky men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e tato hodnota. Pro nap\u00e1jec\u00ed nebo zemnic\u00ed pr\u016fchodky pou\u017eijte v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozm\u011bry, abyste sn\u00ed\u017eili impedanci.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pokud je to mo\u017en\u00e9, pou\u017eijte ten\u010d\u00ed desku<\/strong><br>Jak ukazuj\u00ed vzorce, ten\u010d\u00ed deska pom\u00e1h\u00e1 sn\u00ed\u017eit kapacitu pr\u016fchoz\u00edho veden\u00ed i induk\u010dnost.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vyhn\u011bte se zbyte\u010dn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m vrstev<\/strong><br>Zkuste sm\u011brovat sign\u00e1ly bez p\u0159ep\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed vrstev. Jin\u00fdmi slovy, pou\u017e\u00edvejte co nejm\u00e9n\u011b pr\u016fchodek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed nap\u00e1jec\u00edch a zemnic\u00edch kol\u00edk\u016f v bl\u00edzkosti pr\u016fchodek<\/strong><br>Nap\u00e1jec\u00ed a zemnic\u00ed kol\u00edky um\u00edst\u011bte bl\u00edzko jejich pr\u016fchodek. Veden\u00ed mezi pr\u016fchodkou a v\u00fdvodem mus\u00ed b\u00fdt co nejkrat\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee dlouh\u00e1 veden\u00ed zvy\u0161uj\u00ed induk\u010dnost. Pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a uzemn\u011bn\u00ed pou\u017eijte siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vodi\u010de, abyste sn\u00ed\u017eili impedanci.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed zemnic\u00edch pr\u016fchodek v bl\u00edzkosti pr\u016fchodek pro v\u00fdm\u011bnu sign\u00e1ln\u00ed vrstvy<\/strong><br>Uzem\u0148ovac\u00ed pr\u016fchodky um\u00edst\u011bte v bl\u00edzkosti pr\u016fchodek, kde sign\u00e1ly m\u011bn\u00ed vrstvy. Sign\u00e1l tak z\u00edsk\u00e1 bl\u00edzkou zp\u011btnou cestu. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159idat mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch zemnic\u00edch pr\u016fchodek. Bu\u010fte v\u0161ak flexibiln\u00ed. Model pr\u016fchodek, o kter\u00e9m jsme hovo\u0159ili d\u0159\u00edve, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dal podlo\u017eku v ka\u017ed\u00e9 vrstv\u011b. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech m\u016f\u017eete podlo\u017eky na n\u011bkter\u00fdch vnit\u0159n\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch zmen\u0161it nebo odstranit. P\u0159i velmi vysok\u00e9 hustot\u011b pr\u016fchodek mohou velk\u00e9 podlo\u017eky na m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9m poli tvo\u0159it p\u0159eru\u0161ovanou smy\u010dku. Chcete-li to napravit, m\u016f\u017eete n\u011bkter\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky p\u0159esunout nebo zmen\u0161it velikost podlo\u017eek na n\u011bkter\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">N\u00e1vrh pr\u016fchodek pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f - praktick\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Vysokorychlostn\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f obvykle pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v\u00edce vrstev a pr\u016fchodky jsou v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm faktorem n\u00e1vrhu. Pr\u016fchodka v desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f m\u00e1 t\u0159i \u010d\u00e1sti: samotn\u00fd otvor, podlo\u017eku kolem otvoru a izola\u010dn\u00ed z\u00f3nu v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 vrstvy (voln\u00fd prostor na v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 a zemnic\u00ed rovin\u011b kolem pr\u016fchodky).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zde je n\u011bkolik praktick\u00fdch bod\u016f pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desky:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>P\u0159es doporu\u010den\u00ed velikosti<\/strong><br>Pro obecn\u00e9 v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desky se st\u0159edn\u00ed hustotou je dobrou volbou pr\u016fchodka o rozm\u011brech 0,25 mm \/ 0,51 mm \/ 0,91 mm (vrt\u00e1n\u00ed \/ podlo\u017eka \/ silov\u00e1 izolace). Pro desky s vysokou hustotou mohou b\u00fdt vhodn\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky 0,20 mm \/ 0,46 mm \/ 0,86 mm. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch proveden\u00edch lze pou\u017e\u00edt nepokryt\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky. U nap\u00e1jec\u00edch nebo zemnic\u00edch pr\u016fchodek zva\u017ete v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozm\u011bry, abyste sn\u00ed\u017eili impedanci.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Izola\u010dn\u00ed z\u00f3na nap\u00e1jen\u00ed<\/strong><br>\u010c\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed je oblast izolace nap\u00e1jen\u00ed, t\u00edm l\u00e9pe. Zva\u017ete hustotu pr\u016fchodek na rovin\u011b. \u010casto se jako vod\u00edtko pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 D1 = D2 + 0,41, co\u017e znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011br podlo\u017eky se rovn\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011bru rovinn\u00e9 v\u016fle plus 0,41 mm. To pom\u00e1h\u00e1 udr\u017eet dostate\u010dn\u011b \u0161irokou v\u016fli roviny.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Minimalizace zm\u011bn vrstev<\/strong><br>Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu pr\u016fchod\u016f t\u00edm, \u017ee se vyhnete zbyte\u010dn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m vrstev p\u0159i sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed sign\u00e1l\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pou\u017eit\u00ed ten\u010d\u00edch desek<\/strong><br>Ten\u010d\u00ed desky sni\u017euj\u00ed kapacitu i induk\u010dnost pr\u016fchodek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 a \u0161irok\u00e1 p\u0159ipojen\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed\/zem\u011b<\/strong><br>Udr\u017eujte p\u0159\u00edvod od via k nap\u00e1jec\u00edmu nebo zemn\u00edc\u00edmu kol\u00edku kr\u00e1tk\u00fd. Pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed induk\u010dn\u00ed impedance vytvo\u0159te co nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00ed stopy pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed nebo zem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uzemn\u011bn\u00ed pr\u016fchodek v bl\u00edzkosti pr\u016fchodek pro v\u00fdm\u011bnu vrstev<\/strong><br>P\u0159idejte zemnic\u00ed pr\u016fchodky v bl\u00edzkosti pr\u016fchodek, kde se sign\u00e1l pohybuje mezi vrstvami. Sign\u00e1l tak z\u00edsk\u00e1 kr\u00e1tkou zp\u011btnou cestu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u0161imn\u011bte si tak\u00e9, \u017ee d\u00e9lka pr\u016fchodky je hlavn\u00edm faktorem induk\u010dnosti pr\u016fchodky. U pr\u016fchodek v horn\u00ed a spodn\u00ed vrstv\u011b se d\u00e9lka pr\u016fchodky rovn\u00e1 pln\u00e9 tlou\u0161\u0165ce desky. S rostouc\u00edm po\u010dtem vrstev m\u016f\u017ee tlou\u0161\u0165ka desky p\u0159es\u00e1hnout 5 mm. P\u0159i vysokorychlostn\u00edm n\u00e1vrhu se d\u00e9lka pr\u016fchodek obvykle udr\u017euje pod 2,0 mm, aby se omezily probl\u00e9my souvisej\u00edc\u00ed s pr\u016fchodkami. U pr\u016fchodek del\u0161\u00edch ne\u017e 2,0 mm m\u016f\u017ee zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011bru pr\u016fchodky pomoci obnovit impedan\u010dn\u00ed spojitost. Pokud je d\u00e9lka pr\u016fchodky 1,0 mm nebo m\u00e9n\u011b, je nejlep\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br pr\u016fchodky p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 0,20 mm a\u017e 0,30 mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b DPS<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Co je zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed je speci\u00e1ln\u00ed vrtac\u00ed krok, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 u desek s hlubok\u00fdmi otvory. Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b 12vrstv\u00e9 desky m\u016f\u017eeme cht\u00edt propojit vrstvu 1 s vrstvou 9. Obvykle jednou vyvrt\u00e1me pr\u016fchoz\u00ed otvor a pot\u00e9 desku. Tato pr\u016fchodka pak vede z vrstvy 1 do vrstvy 12, ale my pot\u0159ebujeme pouze spojen\u00ed mezi vrstvou 1 a vrstvou 9. Dodate\u010dn\u00fd \u00fasek od vrstvy 10 k vrstv\u011b 12 funguje jako odbo\u010dka. Tento odstup ovliv\u0148uje sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 cesty a m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit probl\u00e9my s integritou sign\u00e1lu v komunika\u010dn\u00edch sign\u00e1lech. Abychom tento p\u0159\u00eddavn\u00fd odstup odstranili, vyvrt\u00e1me jej ze zadn\u00ed strany - druh\u00fd krok vrt\u00e1n\u00ed. Tomuto postupu se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed. V praxi v\u00fdrobci nevyvrt\u00e1vaj\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd kousek do posledn\u00edho, proto\u017ee pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kroky odstra\u0148uj\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st m\u011bdi a vrt\u00e1k m\u00e1 z\u00fa\u017eenou \u0161pi\u010dku. V\u00fdrobce tedy obvykle ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 velmi mal\u00fd pah\u00fdl. D\u00e9lka ponechan\u00e9ho pah\u00fdlu se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 hodnota B a dobr\u00e1 hodnota B se obvykle pohybuje mezi 50 \u03bcm a 150 \u03bcm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"349\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/backdrilling.webp\" alt=\"backdrilling\" class=\"wp-image-3605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/backdrilling.webp 500w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/backdrilling-300x209.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Pro\u010d zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed n\u011bkolik v\u00fdhod:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sni\u017euje \u0161um a ru\u0161en\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zlep\u0161uje integritu sign\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>M\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt ke zten\u010den\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u00ed oblasti desky.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sni\u017euje pot\u0159ebu zapu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch nebo slep\u00fdch pr\u016fchodek, co\u017e sni\u017euje slo\u017eitost desky.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. K \u010demu slou\u017e\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Zp\u011btn\u00fdm vrt\u00e1n\u00edm se odstran\u00ed pr\u016fchoz\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st, kter\u00e1 nepom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u0159ipojen\u00ed ani p\u0159enosu sign\u00e1lu. T\u00edm se zabr\u00e1n\u00ed odraz\u016fm, rozptylu, zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edm efekt\u016fm, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed \u201czkreslen\u00ed\u201d sign\u00e1lu. V\u00fdzkumy ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee krom\u011b designu, materi\u00e1lu desky, p\u0159enosov\u00fdch veden\u00ed, konektor\u016f a balen\u00ed \u010dip\u016f maj\u00ed pr\u016fchodky velk\u00fd vliv na integritu sign\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Princip fungov\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00e9ho vrt\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i zp\u011btn\u00e9m vrt\u00e1n\u00ed se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 vrt\u00e1k, kter\u00fd se nastavuje podle povrchu desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. Kdy\u017e se hrot vrt\u00e1ku dotkne m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 f\u00f3lie na povrchu desky, vznikne mikroproud. Tento proud informuje stroj o v\u00fd\u0161ce povrchu desky. Stroj pak vrt\u00e1 do nastaven\u00e9 hloubky a zastav\u00ed se.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Kroky procesu zp\u011btn\u00e9ho vrt\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Typick\u00fd postup zp\u011btn\u00e9ho vrt\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee vypadat takto:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. DPS opat\u0159ete registra\u010dn\u00edmi otvory. Pomoc\u00ed t\u011bchto otvor\u016f prove\u010fte prvn\u00ed krok vrt\u00e1n\u00ed (pr\u016fchoz\u00ed otvor).<br>b. Po prvn\u00edm vrt\u00e1n\u00ed otvory vyvrtejte. P\u0159ed pokoven\u00edm pou\u017eijte suchou f\u00f3lii k ochran\u011b registra\u010dn\u00edch otvor\u016f podle pot\u0159eby.<br>c. Na pokoven\u00e9 desce vytvo\u0159te vzor vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vrstvy.<br>d. Prove\u010fte pokoven\u00ed vzoru. P\u0159ed pokoven\u00edm vzoru znovu o\u0161et\u0159ete registra\u010dn\u00ed otvory suchou f\u00f3li\u00ed, je-li to nutn\u00e9.<br>e. Pomoc\u00ed registra\u010dn\u00edch otvor\u016f z prvn\u00edho vrt\u00e1n\u00ed um\u00edst\u011bte desku pro zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed. Pomoc\u00ed vrt\u00e1ku odvrtejte pokoven\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba zp\u011btn\u011b odvrtat.<br>f. Po zp\u011btn\u00e9m vrt\u00e1n\u00ed vymyjte vyvrtan\u00e9 otvory, abyste odstranili prach a zbytky vrt\u00e1ku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Technick\u00e9 vlastnosti desek se zadn\u00edm vrt\u00e1n\u00edm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mezi typick\u00e9 technick\u00e9 vlastnosti pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>V\u011bt\u0161ina desek se zadn\u00edm vrt\u00e1n\u00edm jsou tuh\u00e9 desky.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Po\u010det vrstev se obvykle pohybuje od 8 do 50 vrstev.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tlou\u0161\u0165ka desek je \u010dasto 2,5 mm nebo v\u00edce.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pom\u011br tlou\u0161\u0165ky k pr\u016fm\u011bru je pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00fd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Velikost desek je velk\u00e1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br vrt\u00e1ku je obvykle \u2265 0,3 mm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vrstvy maj\u00ed m\u00e1lo stop; na desce se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 soustava otvor\u016f pro zalisov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Otvory pro zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed jsou obvykle o 0,2 mm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e otvory, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt odstran\u011bny.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tolerance hloubky zp\u011btn\u00e9ho vrt\u00e1n\u00ed je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \u00b10,05 mm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pokud mus\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed zasahovat a\u017e do vrstvy M, pak tlou\u0161\u0165ka dielektrika od vrstvy M k vrstv\u011b M-1 mus\u00ed b\u00fdt alespo\u0148 0,17 mm.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/backdrilled-board.webp\" alt=\"backdrilled board\" class=\"wp-image-3604\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/backdrilled-board.webp 600w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/backdrilled-board-300x225.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Typick\u00e9 aplikace pro desky se zadn\u00edm vrt\u00e1n\u00edm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Desky se zadn\u00edm vrt\u00e1n\u00edm se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed hlavn\u011b v oblastech, kde je pot\u0159eba velmi dobr\u00e1 integrita sign\u00e1lu a velk\u00e9 struktury. B\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi oblastmi jsou komunika\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, velk\u00e9 servery, l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 elektronika, vojenstv\u00ed a letectv\u00ed. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee vojenstv\u00ed a letectv\u00ed jsou citliv\u00e9 oblasti, jsou zadn\u00ed desky pro tyto oblasti \u010dasto vyr\u00e1b\u011bny v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdmi \u00fastavy, v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdmi a v\u00fdvojov\u00fdmi st\u0159edisky nebo v\u00fdrobci desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f se siln\u00fdm z\u00e1zem\u00edm v t\u011bchto oblastech. V \u010c\u00edn\u011b poch\u00e1z\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161ina popt\u00e1vky po z\u00e1kladn\u00edch desk\u00e1ch z komunika\u010dn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu, kter\u00fd rychle roste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Souhrn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Zkr\u00e1tka, pr\u016fchodky jsou jednoduch\u00e9, ale z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Spojuj\u00ed vrstvy a p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed parazitn\u00ed kapacitu a induk\u010dnost. Tyto parazity ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed dobu n\u00e1b\u011bhu sign\u00e1lu i to, jak dob\u0159e funguj\u00ed bypassov\u00e9 kondenz\u00e1tory. D\u00e9lka pr\u016fchodek ovliv\u0148uje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm induk\u010dnost. Velikost pr\u016fchodek, velikost podlo\u017eek a v\u016fle ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed kapacitu. Pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed konstrukce pou\u017eijte n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kontroln\u00ed seznam:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vyberte si velikosti, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed hustot\u011b desek a n\u00e1klad\u016fm. Pro mnoho desek je vhodn\u00e9 10\/20 mil; pro hust\u0161\u00ed desky zkuste 8\/18 mil. Pro nap\u00e1jec\u00ed\/zemn\u00ed pr\u016fchodky volte v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed velikosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pokud je to mo\u017en\u00e9, pou\u017eijte tenkou desku. Sn\u00ed\u017e\u00edte t\u00edm parazitov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vyhn\u011bte se zbyte\u010dn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m vrstev. Pokud m\u016f\u017eete, udr\u017eujte sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed ve stejn\u00e9 vrstv\u011b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nap\u00e1jec\u00ed a zemnic\u00ed kol\u00edky um\u00edst\u011bte do bl\u00edzkosti pr\u016fchodek a udr\u017eujte spoje kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 a \u0161irok\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>P\u0159idejte zemnic\u00ed pr\u016fchodky v bl\u00edzkosti sign\u00e1lov\u00fdch pr\u016fchodek, kter\u00e9 m\u011bn\u00ed vrstvy, abyste z\u00edskali kr\u00e1tkou zp\u011btnou cestu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>U dlouh\u00fdch pr\u016fchodek nebo hlubok\u00fdch desek zva\u017ete zp\u011btn\u00e9 vrt\u00e1n\u00ed, abyste odstranili odbo\u010dky, kter\u00e9 po\u0161kozuj\u00ed vysokorychlostn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pokud je hustota pr\u016fchodek velmi vysok\u00e1, zva\u017ete zmen\u0161en\u00ed velikosti podlo\u017eek v n\u011bkter\u00fdch vnit\u0159n\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch, abyste se vyhnuli poru\u0161en\u00ed m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdlisk\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0158i\u010fte se t\u011bmito pravidly a p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lejte o cel\u00e9m syst\u00e9mu, ne jen o jedn\u00e9 jeho \u010d\u00e1sti. 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