{"id":4132,"date":"2025-10-21T06:59:15","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T06:59:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4132"},"modified":"2025-10-21T07:03:01","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T07:03:01","slug":"three-levels-of-routing-in-pcb-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/three-levels-of-routing-in-pcb-design\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u0159i \u00farovn\u011b sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu DPS"},"content":{"rendered":"

V n\u00e1vrhu desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f lze sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed ch\u00e1pat ve t\u0159ech z\u00e1kladn\u00edch rovin\u00e1ch. Prvn\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed konektivita. Jedn\u00e1 se o nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed po\u017eadavek v n\u00e1vrhu DPS. Pokud se s\u00edt\u011b nepropoj\u00ed, nem\u00e1 deska \u017e\u00e1dnou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed funkci. Pak je deska zmetkem. O dal\u0161\u00edch v\u011bcech se nebav\u00edme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Druhou \u00farovn\u00ed je v\u00fdkonnost. Ta je m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem toho, jak kvalitn\u00ed je deska s plo\u0161n\u00fdmi spoji. Po sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed se mus\u00edme zamyslet nad t\u00edm, jak dos\u00e1hnout co nejlep\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdkonu. Mus\u00edme se vyhnout r\u016fzn\u00fdm druh\u016fm ru\u0161en\u00ed. Mus\u00edme tak\u00e9 udr\u017eovat sign\u00e1ly stabiln\u00ed a \u010dist\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0159et\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed je vzhled. Stopy se mohou spojovat a deska m\u016f\u017ee vykazovat dobr\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 parametry, ale jej\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159esto vypadat chaoticky. V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bychom m\u011bli zajistit, aby sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed vypadalo \u00fahledn\u011b. \u00dahledn\u00e9 sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed pom\u00e1h\u00e1 pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu testov\u00e1n\u00ed a oprav\u00e1m. \u00dahledn\u00e9 sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed tak\u00e9 ukazuje dovednosti star\u0161\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak dob\u0159e sm\u011brovat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Metody sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed se mohou velmi li\u0161it. Abychom se vyhnuli probl\u00e9m\u016fm, jako jsou odra\u017een\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, kdy\u017e vstupn\u00ed a v\u00fdstupn\u00ed stopy vedou bl\u00edzko sebe a paraleln\u011b, a abychom se vyhnuli parazitn\u00ed vazb\u011b, kdy\u017e stopy na dvou sousedn\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch vedou paraleln\u011b, mus\u00edme myslet na mnoho faktor\u016f. Pokud je ru\u0161en\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b siln\u00e9, deska nemus\u00ed v\u016fbec fungovat. N\u00ed\u017ee uv\u00e1d\u00edme n\u011bkolik doporu\u010den\u00fdch pravidel pro sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. pravidlo \u201cp\u011bti p\u011btek\u201d (pravidlo volby vrstev)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toto pravidlo pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zvolit po\u010det vrstev desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. Pokud hodinov\u00e1 frekvence dosahuje 5 MHz nebo doba n\u00e1b\u011bhu pulzu je krat\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 5 ns, m\u011bla by b\u00fdt deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f v\u00edcevrstv\u00e1. Jedn\u00e1 se o b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 pravidlo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bkdy lid\u00e9 st\u00e1le vol\u00ed dvouvrstvou desku kv\u016fli cen\u011b. Pokud pou\u017eijete dv\u011b vrstvy, sna\u017ete se jednu celou stranu pou\u017e\u00edt jako pevnou zemn\u00ed rovinu. To pom\u00e1h\u00e1 v\u00fdkonu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e1 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed a analogov\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pravidla<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mnoho desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f m\u00e1 nyn\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed i analogov\u00e9 obvody. P\u0159i jejich sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed myslete na vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 ru\u0161en\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na na \u0161um na zemi. Digit\u00e1ln\u00ed obvody pracuj\u00ed na vysok\u00e9 frekvenci. Analogov\u00e9 obvody jsou \u010dasto citliv\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U sign\u00e1l\u016f udr\u017eujte vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed stopy daleko od citliv\u00fdch analogov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Pro uzemn\u011bn\u00ed m\u00e1 cel\u00e1 deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f jeden uzel do okoln\u00edho sv\u011bta. Proto mus\u00edte s digit\u00e1ln\u00edm a analogov\u00fdm uzemn\u011bn\u00edm uvnit\u0159 desky zach\u00e1zet opatrn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uvnit\u0159 desky jsou digit\u00e1ln\u00ed a analogov\u00e1 zem \u010dasto odd\u011bleny a nejsou vz\u00e1jemn\u011b propojeny. Spojuj\u00ed se pouze v m\u00edst\u011b, kde se deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f p\u0159ipojuje k vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu sv\u011btu, nap\u0159\u00edklad ke konektoru. Ujist\u011bte se, \u017ee digit\u00e1ln\u00ed zem a analogov\u00e1 zem maj\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 spojen\u00ed v jednom bod\u011b. N\u011bkter\u00e9 syst\u00e9my se mohou rozhodnout nesd\u00edlet zem na desce. \u0158i\u010fte se rozhodnut\u00edm o n\u00e1vrhu syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manipulace s p\u0159\u00edvody sou\u010d\u00e1stek ve velk\u00fdch m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Velk\u00e9 m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 zemnic\u00ed nebo nap\u00e1jec\u00ed plochy se \u010dasto setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed s mnoha vodi\u010di sou\u010d\u00e1stek. P\u0159i manipulaci s v\u00fdvody sou\u010d\u00e1stek mus\u00edme vyv\u00e1\u017eit elektrick\u00fd v\u00fdkon a mont\u00e1\u017e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z elektrick\u00e9ho hlediska by m\u011bla b\u00fdt podlo\u017eka pln\u011b spojena s m\u011bd\u00ed, aby m\u011bla co nejlep\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon. Pln\u011b m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 podlo\u017eky v\u0161ak zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed probl\u00e9my p\u0159i p\u00e1jen\u00ed. Mezi probl\u00e9my pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e1jen\u00ed vy\u017eaduje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed tepla z p\u00e1je\u010dky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Snadn\u011bji tak z\u00edsk\u00e1te studen\u00e9 nebo slab\u00e9 p\u00e1jec\u00ed spoje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed elektrick\u00fdch pot\u0159eb a v\u00fdroby vyrobte tepeln\u011b odleh\u010dovac\u00ed podlo\u017eky. B\u011b\u017enou formou je podlo\u017eka ve tvaru k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee. Ta se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 odleh\u010dovac\u00ed nebo tepeln\u00e1 podlo\u017eka. Pom\u00e1h\u00e1 p\u00e1jen\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee tepeln\u011b izoluje podlo\u017eku od velk\u00fdch m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch rovin. Tepeln\u00e9 podlo\u017eky sni\u017euj\u00ed mo\u017enost vzniku studen\u00fdch p\u00e1jec\u00edch spoj\u016f. Stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem zach\u00e1zejte s pr\u016fchodkami p\u0159ipojuj\u00edc\u00edmi se k v\u00fdkonov\u00fdm a zemnic\u00edm vrstv\u00e1m na v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pravidla syst\u00e9mu m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u0159\u00ed\u017ekov\u00fd uzem\u0148ovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m nebo uzem\u0148ovac\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 sn\u00ed\u017eit induk\u010dnost stopy a poskytuje dobrou zp\u011btnou cestu pro VF proudy. D\u00e1vejte v\u0161ak pozor na hustotu m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud je m\u0159\u00ed\u017eka p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 hust\u00e1, vznikne mnoho mal\u00fdch krok\u016f s\u00edt\u011b. To generuje velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed dat o rozvr\u017een\u00ed. To vy\u017eaduje v\u00edce \u00falo\u017en\u00e9ho prostoru a zpomaluje n\u00e1stroje CAD. Tak\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00e9 cesty m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky jsou zbyte\u010dn\u00e9, proto\u017ee je zab\u00edraj\u00ed podlo\u017eky sou\u010d\u00e1stek nebo mont\u00e1\u017en\u00ed otvory. Pokud je m\u0159\u00ed\u017eka p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u0159\u00eddk\u00e1, je sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nost sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed kles\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zvolte proto p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enou hustotu m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky. Standardn\u00ed rozte\u010d vodi\u010d\u016f sou\u010d\u00e1stek je 0,1 palce (2,54 mm). B\u011b\u017en\u00e1 je tedy z\u00e1kladn\u00ed m\u0159\u00ed\u017eka o velikosti 0,1 palce nebo jej\u00ed \u00fahledn\u00fd podn\u00e1sobek. P\u0159\u00edklady: 0,05 palce, 0,025 palce, 0,02 palce atd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak zkontrolovat po sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Po dokon\u010den\u00ed trasov\u00e1n\u00ed DPS zkontrolujte, zda n\u00e1vrh odpov\u00edd\u00e1 pravidl\u016fm a zda spl\u0148uje v\u00fdrobn\u00ed limity. N\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9 kontroly jsou b\u011b\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oblasti, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba zkontrolovat, zahrnuj\u00ed: obecn\u00e9 polo\u017eky v\u00fdkresu n\u00e1vrhu PCB, elektrick\u00e9 kontroly PCB, fyzick\u00e9 kontroly PCB, mechanick\u00e9 faktory n\u00e1vrhu, po\u017eadavky na mont\u00e1\u017e PCB, pot\u0159eby rozd\u011blen\u00ed desky, mechanick\u00e9 aspekty, elektrick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, trasy a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed tras, \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky a tlou\u0161\u0165ky stop, rozte\u010de stop, kontroly tvaru stop a seznam polo\u017eek n\u00e1vrhu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Praktick\u00fd kontroln\u00ed seznam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Zkontrolujte, zda je vzd\u00e1lenost mezi pr\u016fchodkami p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zkontrolujte, zda \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka nap\u00e1jec\u00ed a zemnic\u00ed stopy vyhovuje sou\u010dasn\u00fdm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zkontrolujte, zda kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 stopy pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed nejlep\u0161\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed (kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 cesta, \u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 impedance, st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zkontrolujte, zda maj\u00ed analogov\u00e9 a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby odd\u011blen\u00e9 uzemn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zkontrolujte, zda p\u0159idan\u00e9 m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 vzory na desce nemohou zkratovat sign\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zkontrolujte, zda m\u00e1 deska po\u017eadovan\u00e9 v\u00fdrobn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ry nebo ozna\u010den\u00ed pro tov\u00e1rnu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zkontrolujte, zda jsou hrany nap\u00e1jec\u00ed a zemnic\u00ed roviny na v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desce opat\u0159eny po\u017eadovanou vlo\u017ekou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e1 studie sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed a kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 pravidla<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Trasov\u00e1n\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. Trasov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasto zabere nejv\u00edce \u010dasu. Konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i by m\u011bli p\u0159i trasov\u00e1n\u00ed dodr\u017eovat z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pravidla, jako jsou pravidla pro zkosen\u00ed a pravidlo 3W.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pravidlo zemn\u00ed smy\u010dky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pravidlo nejmen\u0161\u00ed smy\u010dky znamen\u00e1, \u017ee plocha ohrani\u010den\u00e1 sign\u00e1lem a jeho zp\u011btnou cestou by m\u011bla b\u00fdt co nejmen\u0161\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed je plocha smy\u010dky, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b bude deska vyza\u0159ovat a t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b bude p\u0159ij\u00edmat vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0161um.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i rozd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed zemn\u00edch rovin myslete na to, jak se vyrovn\u00e1 tvar roviny a d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 cesty. P\u0159edch\u00e1zejte probl\u00e9m\u016fm zp\u016fsoben\u00fdm \u0161t\u011brbinami v zemn\u00ed rovin\u011b, kter\u00e9 zv\u011bt\u0161uj\u00ed plochu smy\u010dky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U dvouvrstv\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed zachovejte dostate\u010dnou plochu pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed. Ostatn\u00ed prostor vypl\u0148te referen\u010dn\u00ed m\u011bd\u00ed. P\u0159idejte pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 zemnic\u00ed pr\u016fchodky pro propojen\u00ed obou stran desky. Pro kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly pou\u017eijte zemn\u00ed izolaci. U vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1vrh\u016f pou\u017eijte v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Ground<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravidlo st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed a ochrany<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak sn\u00ed\u017eit plochu smy\u010dky a sn\u00ed\u017eit vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, je st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. St\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvejte pro d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly, jako jsou hodinov\u00e9 a synchroniza\u010dn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro velmi kritick\u00e9 nebo vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly m\u016f\u017eete pou\u017e\u00edt m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed nebo koaxi\u00e1ln\u00ed proveden\u00ed. Obklopte vedenou stopu ze v\u0161ech stran zem\u00ed. Napl\u00e1nujte tak\u00e9, jak se zem st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ipoj\u00ed k hlavn\u00ed zemnic\u00ed rovin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Shielding<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravidlo kontroly p\u0159eslech\u016f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159eslechy znamenaj\u00ed ru\u0161en\u00ed mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi s\u00edt\u011bmi na desce plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. Vznik\u00e1 p\u0159i dlouh\u00e9m paraleln\u00edm veden\u00ed. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou je rozlo\u017een\u00e1 kapacita a induk\u010dnost mezi paraleln\u00edmi trasami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hlavn\u00ed zp\u016fsoby boje proti p\u0159eslech\u016fm:- Zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti mezi paraleln\u00edmi stopami. Mezi kritick\u00e9 paraleln\u00ed stopy vlo\u017ete uzemn\u011bn\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 stopy.- Zmen\u0161ete vzd\u00e1lenost mezi sm\u011brovac\u00ed vrstvou a zemn\u00ed rovinou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159ipomenut\u00ed pravidla 3W<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Chcete-li omezit p\u0159eslechy, dodr\u017eujte velk\u00e9 rozestupy mezi stopami. Je-li st\u0159edov\u00e1 vzd\u00e1lenost trojn\u00e1sobkem \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky stopy, je izolov\u00e1no p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 70% pole. Pro izolaci 98% pou\u017eijte 10 W.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"3w<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed sm\u011bru stop<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Udr\u017eujte sm\u011br sousedn\u00edch vrstev kolm\u00fd. Vyhn\u011bte se veden\u00ed stop ve stejn\u00e9m sm\u011bru v sousedn\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch. T\u00edm se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed vazba mezi vrstvami. Pokud si struktura desky vynucuje paraleln\u00ed veden\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na u vysokorychlostn\u00edch n\u00e1vrh\u016f, pou\u017eijte k jejich izolaci zemn\u00ed roviny mezi vrstvami trasov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte tak\u00e9 uzemn\u011bn\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 stopy mezi sign\u00e1ln\u00edmi stopami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Trace<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravidlo kontroly vis\u00edc\u00ed stopy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nenech\u00e1vejte \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd konec s\u00edt\u011b plovouc\u00ed bez p\u0159ipojen\u00ed. Plovouc\u00ed stopy mohou fungovat jako ant\u00e9ny. Zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00e9 vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a mohou zachycovat \u0161um. Vyhn\u011bte se tomu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Dangling<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kontroln\u00ed pravidlo uzav\u0159en\u00e9 smy\u010dky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Zabra\u0148uje vytvo\u0159en\u00ed smy\u010dky sign\u00e1lu v r\u016fzn\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch. Ve v\u00edcevrstv\u00fdch desk\u00e1ch zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed smy\u010dky vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. D\u00e1vejte na to pozor a upravte sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Closed-loop<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravidlo zkosen\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Vyhn\u011bte se ostr\u00fdm nebo ostr\u00fdm \u00fahl\u016fm v roz\u00edch stop. Ostr\u00e9 rohy mohou zp\u016fsobit ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Mohou b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 nevhodn\u00e9 pro v\u00fdrobu. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte m\u00edrn\u00e9 zat\u00e1\u010dky nebo \u00fahly 45 stup\u0148\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Chamfer<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravidlo pro odd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed slo\u017eek<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Podle pot\u0159eby p\u0159idejte odd\u011blovac\u00ed kondenz\u00e1tory. Odd\u011blen\u00ed filtruje \u0161um na nap\u00e1jec\u00edch vodi\u010d\u00edch. Odd\u011blovac\u00ed kondenz\u00e1tor um\u00edst\u011bte v bl\u00edzkosti nap\u00e1jec\u00edho pinu za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed za nap\u00e1jec\u00ed filtr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Component<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Integrita v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch a zemn\u00edch rovin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V oblastech s mnoha pr\u016fchodkami nenechte pr\u016fchodky protnout rovinu tak, aby se rovina rozd\u011blila na men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti. Rozd\u011blen\u00ed roviny zvy\u0161uje plochu smy\u010dky a zp\u016fsobuje probl\u00e9my se zp\u011btnou cestou sign\u00e1lu. P\u0159i v\u011btven\u00ed dodr\u017eujte rozte\u010d pr\u016fchodek tak, abyste mezi pr\u016fchodkami mohli v\u00e9st alespo\u0148 jednu stopu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Power<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pravidlo p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 roviny<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Zamezte p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch rovin v prostoru. T\u00edm se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed ru\u0161en\u00ed mezi zdroji, zejm\u00e9na pokud maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 zdroje velk\u00e9 rozd\u00edly nap\u011bt\u00ed. Pokud je p\u0159ekr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed nevyhnuteln\u00e9, zva\u017ete p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed zemnic\u00ed vrstvy mezi n\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Power<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Opakov\u00e1n\u00ed pravidla 20H<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nezapome\u0148te na efekt hrany. Vzd\u00e1lenost mezi v\u00fdkonem a zemn\u00ed rovinou ovliv\u0148uje vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed na hran\u011b. Vlo\u017ete v\u00fdkonovou rovinu, aby pole z\u016fstalo uvnit\u0159 zemn\u00ed roviny. Vlo\u017eka 20H omezuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 70% pole. Vlo\u017eka 100H omezuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 98% pole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"20H<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pravidla a kontroly sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed zp\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed cesty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u017edy si napl\u00e1nujte zp\u011btnou cestu sign\u00e1lu. Sign\u00e1l mus\u00ed m\u00edt pod sebou n\u00edzkoimpedan\u010dn\u00ed zp\u011btnou cestu. Zp\u011btn\u00e9 cesty k zemi udr\u017eujte kr\u00e1tk\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fanout a prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

U hust\u011b osazen\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1stek BGA nebo sou\u010d\u00e1stek s jemnou rozte\u010d\u00ed napl\u00e1nujte fanout v\u010das. Dodr\u017eujte rozte\u010d pr\u016fchodek, kter\u00e1 ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 prostor pro veden\u00ed sign\u00e1l\u016f. V pokro\u010dil\u00fdch n\u00e1vrz\u00edch pou\u017e\u00edvejte pro v\u011btr\u00e1n\u00ed mikropropusty nebo slep\u00e9 pr\u016fchodky, je-li to nutn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed impedance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

U vysokorychlostn\u00edch jednosm\u011brn\u00fdch tras nebo diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u00e1r\u016f kontrolujte \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku a rozte\u010d tras tak, aby odpov\u00eddaly c\u00edlov\u00e9 impedanci. K v\u00fdpo\u010dtu geometrie stopy pou\u017eijte skladbu desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f a dielektrikum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u00e1ru<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sm\u011brujte diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00e1ry se stejnou d\u00e9lkou. Udr\u017eujte stabiln\u00ed rozestupy. Vyhn\u011bte se odbo\u010dk\u00e1m. Udr\u017eujte ohyby hladk\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shoda d\u00e9lky a zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

U sb\u011brnic a rozhran\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159izp\u016fsobte d\u00e9lku sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pro lad\u011bn\u00ed d\u00e9lky pou\u017eijte hadovit\u00e9 trasy. Udr\u017eujte serpentiny hladk\u00e9 a kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 na v\u00fd\u0161ku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tepeln\u00e9 odleh\u010den\u00ed a tepeln\u00e9 podlo\u017eky<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i p\u0159ipojov\u00e1n\u00ed podlo\u017eek k velk\u00fdm m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdm d\u00edl\u016fm pou\u017eijte tepeln\u00e9 odleh\u010den\u00ed. P\u0159ipojte podlo\u017eku k rovin\u011b pomoc\u00ed \u0161pejl\u00ed. To usnadn\u00ed p\u00e1jen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e1jec\u00ed maska a pastov\u00e1 maska<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Zkontrolujte otvory p\u00e1jec\u00ed masky. Zarovnejte masku pasty u d\u00edl\u016f SMD. Ujist\u011bte se, \u017ee mal\u00e9 plo\u0161ky maj\u00ed spr\u00e1vnou plochu pasty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1vrh pro testov\u00e1n\u00ed a mont\u00e1\u017e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Zku\u0161ebn\u00ed body a mont\u00e1\u017en\u00ed zna\u010dky ponechte. Ponechte prostor pro sondy. Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148ujte p\u00e1jen\u00ed a kontrolu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kone\u010dn\u00fd kontroln\u00ed seznam trasov\u00e1n\u00ed (kr\u00e1tk\u00fd seznam)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

- Zkontrolujte, zda jsou zapojeny v\u0161echny s\u00edt\u011b.- Prove\u010fte kontroly DRC a ERC.- Zkontrolujte \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku stopy a proud.- Zkontrolujte odstupy pro p\u0159eslechy a nap\u011bt\u00ed.- Zkontrolujte odd\u011blovac\u00ed a objemov\u00e9 kondenz\u00e1tory.- Zkontrolujte rozd\u011blen\u00ed rovin a zp\u011btn\u00e9 cesty.- Zkontrolujte tepeln\u00e9 odleh\u010den\u00ed a tvary podlo\u017eek.- Zkontrolujte mont\u00e1\u017e a p\u0159\u00edstup k test\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cast\u00e9 chyby, kter\u00fdch je t\u0159eba se vyvarovat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

- Ponech\u00e1n\u00ed dr\u00e1\u017eek v zemn\u00ed rovin\u011b pod kritick\u00fdmi sign\u00e1ly.- Veden\u00ed vysokorychlostn\u00edch tras vedle hlu\u010dn\u00fdch nap\u00e1jec\u00edch tras.- Pou\u017eit\u00ed mnoha roh\u016f o 90 stup\u0148\u016f.- Nep\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed odd\u011blovac\u00edch prvk\u016f v bl\u00edzkosti v\u00fdvod\u016f integrovan\u00e9ho obvodu.- \u0160patn\u00e9 rozd\u011blen\u00ed rovin pr\u016fchodkami.- Nepl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed rozd\u011blen\u00ed pro hust\u00e9 \u010dipy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 pozn\u00e1mky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Trasov\u00e1n\u00ed je kl\u00ed\u010dovou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. Dobr\u00e9 sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165uje spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 spojen\u00ed, dobr\u00fd v\u00fdkon a vzhled. Dodr\u017eujte jednoduch\u00e1 pravidla. Udr\u017eujte smy\u010dky mal\u00e9. Kontrolujte p\u0159eslechy a zp\u011btn\u00e9 cesty. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte rovinn\u00e9 vlo\u017eky pro kontrolu hran. Pou\u017e\u00edvejte odd\u011blovac\u00ed prvky pro v\u00fdkonov\u00fd \u0161um. Pro p\u00e1jen\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvejte tepeln\u00e9 odleh\u010den\u00ed. Pro sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvejte p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enou m\u0159\u00ed\u017eku. Po sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed desku pe\u010dliv\u011b zkontrolujte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud dodr\u017e\u00edte tato z\u00e1kladn\u00ed pravidla, sn\u00ed\u017e\u00edte elektromagnetick\u00e9 ru\u0161en\u00ed, zlep\u0161\u00edte kvalitu sign\u00e1lu a usnadn\u00edte si stavbu a \u00fadr\u017ebu desky. Sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed je t\u0159eba v\u011bnovat pozornost. V\u011bnujte \u010das pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a rozvr\u017een\u00ed. Dobr\u00e9 rozvr\u017een\u00ed se vyplat\u00ed v u\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9m \u010dase p\u0159i testov\u00e1n\u00ed a oprav\u00e1ch a v kvalit\u011b v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho produktu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In PCB design, routing can be seen in three broad levels. The first level is basic connectivity. This is the […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4143,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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PCB design, routing can be seen in three broad levels. The first level is basic connectivity. This is the […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4132"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4132\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4145,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4132\/revisions\/4145"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4143"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4132"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}