{"id":4223,"date":"2025-11-04T08:07:24","date_gmt":"2025-11-04T08:07:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4223"},"modified":"2025-11-04T08:07:27","modified_gmt":"2025-11-04T08:07:27","slug":"pcb-stack-up-design-to-reduce-emi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/pcb-stack-up-design-to-reduce-emi\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00e1vrh PCB Stack-Up pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed EMI"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00davod<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Informa\u010dn\u00ed v\u011bk je tady a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f st\u00e1le roste. N\u00e1vrhy desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f jsou st\u00e1le slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. S t\u00edm, jak jsou elektronick\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1stky na desk\u00e1ch plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f um\u00edst\u011bny bl\u00ed\u017ee k sob\u011b, se st\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem elektrick\u00e9 ru\u0161en\u00ed. U v\u00edcevrstv\u00fdch desek mus\u00ed b\u00fdt odd\u011bleny sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 a nap\u00e1jec\u00ed nebo zemnic\u00ed vrstvy. Proto je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd n\u00e1vrh stack-up a po\u0159ad\u00ed vrstev. Dobr\u00fd stack-up m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdrazn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit EMI a p\u0159eslechy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pro\u010d pou\u017e\u00edvat v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jednovrstv\u00fdmi deskami p\u0159id\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desky sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 vrstvy, sm\u011brovac\u00ed vrstvy a odd\u011blen\u00e9 nap\u00e1jec\u00ed a zemnic\u00ed roviny. Hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdhodou je, \u017ee poskytuj\u00ed stabiln\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed pro digit\u00e1ln\u00ed sign\u00e1ly. Rovnom\u011brn\u011b rozd\u011bluj\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed do v\u0161ech \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. To pom\u00e1h\u00e1 sni\u017eovat \u0161um mezi sign\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdkonov\u00e1 a zemn\u00ed rovina<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pou\u017eit\u00ed velk\u00fdch m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch n\u00e1pln\u00ed pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a pevn\u00e9 zemnic\u00ed roviny sni\u017euje odpor t\u011bchto rovin. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed odpor udr\u017euje stabiln\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed na v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 rovin\u011b. To pom\u00e1h\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00e9mu sign\u00e1lov\u00e9mu veden\u00ed udr\u017eet jeho charakteristickou impedanci. Stabiln\u00ed impedance pom\u00e1h\u00e1 sni\u017eovat odrazy a sni\u017eovat p\u0159eslechy. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fdch desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i \u010dasto vol\u00ed skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed s v\u00edce ne\u017e \u0161esti vrstvami. V\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desky p\u0159ekon\u00e1vaj\u00ed jednovrstv\u00e9 nebo n\u00edzkovrstv\u00e9 desky z hlediska elektrick\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed elektromagnetick\u00e9ho vyza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed. S v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtem vrstev se zvy\u0161uj\u00ed n\u00e1klady. Cena DPS z\u00e1vis\u00ed na po\u010dtu vrstev a hustot\u011b veden\u00ed na jednotku plochy. Pokud zkr\u00e1t\u00edte vrstvy, abyste u\u0161et\u0159ili, ztrat\u00edte prostor pro sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed. To zvy\u0161uje hustotu sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed. Mo\u017en\u00e1 budete pot\u0159ebovat u\u017e\u0161\u00ed stopy a men\u0161\u00ed mezery, abyste vyhov\u011bli n\u00e1vrhu. Tyto zm\u011bny mohou zv\u00fd\u0161it n\u00e1klady nebo zt\u00ed\u017eit v\u00fdrobu desky. Zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed vrstev m\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit n\u00e1klady, ale m\u016f\u017ee po\u0161kodit elektrick\u00fd v\u00fdkon. Tato volba se m\u016f\u017ee vymst\u00edt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mikrop\u00e1sky, zp\u011btn\u00e1 cesta a zemn\u00edc\u00ed rovina jako sou\u010d\u00e1st p\u0159enosov\u00e9ho veden\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1te na mikrop\u00e1skov\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f jako na model, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zemn\u00edc\u00ed rovina sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed p\u0159enosov\u00e9ho veden\u00ed. Zemn\u00ed m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fd p\u0159eliv pod sign\u00e1lovou stopou funguje jako zp\u011btn\u00e1 cesta pro sign\u00e1l. V\u00fdkonov\u00e1 rovina je v pohledu na st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fd proud sv\u00e1z\u00e1na se zem\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm odd\u011blovac\u00edch kondenz\u00e1tor\u016f. Tyto dv\u011b roviny se chovaj\u00ed stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem pro n\u00e1vrat sign\u00e1lu. Rozd\u00edl mezi n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00edmi a vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edmi proudov\u00fdmi smy\u010dkami spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, jak si zp\u011btn\u00fd proud najde svou cestu. P\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00e9 frekvenci se proud vrac\u00ed cestou s nejmen\u0161\u00edm odporem. P\u0159i vysok\u00e9 frekvenci se proud vrac\u00ed cestou s nejmen\u0161\u00ed induk\u010dnost\u00ed. Zp\u011btn\u00fd proud m\u00e1 tendenci se soust\u0159edit p\u0159\u00edmo pod stopou sign\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00fd proud a vlastn\u00ed st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 frekvenci le\u017e\u00ed stopa p\u0159\u00edmo nad zemn\u00ed rovinou, vr\u00e1t\u00ed se proud i p\u0159i mnoha zp\u011btn\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch pod sign\u00e1ln\u00ed stopu na nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed sm\u011brovac\u00ed vrstv\u011b, kter\u00e1 vede zp\u011bt ke zdroji. Tato cesta m\u00e1 nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed impedanci. Pou\u017eit\u00ed velk\u00fdch odd\u011blovac\u00edch kondenz\u00e1tor\u016f k propojen\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed se zem\u00ed potla\u010duje elektrick\u00e9 pole kapacitou. Zp\u011btn\u00e1 cesta s n\u00edzkou induk\u010dnost\u00ed potla\u010duje magnetick\u00e1 pole. Tato dvojice efekt\u016f udr\u017euje n\u00edzkou \u010distou reaktanci. Tomu \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me samost\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Plocha smy\u010dky, vzd\u00e1lenost a proudov\u00e1 hustota<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Z rovnic pro zp\u011btn\u00fd proud vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee hustota zp\u011btn\u00e9ho proudu je nep\u0159\u00edmo \u00fam\u011brn\u00e1 vzd\u00e1lenosti od sign\u00e1ln\u00ed stopy. Men\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenost d\u00e1v\u00e1 men\u0161\u00ed plochu smy\u010dky a men\u0161\u00ed induk\u010dnost. Vid\u00edme tak\u00e9, \u017ee pokud jsou sign\u00e1ln\u00ed veden\u00ed a zp\u011btn\u00e1 cesta bl\u00edzko sebe, jsou proudy v nich podobn\u011b velk\u00e9 a maj\u00ed opa\u010dn\u00fd sm\u011br. Jejich magnetick\u00e1 pole se v bl\u00edzk\u00e9m prostoru vz\u00e1jemn\u011b ru\u0161\u00ed. D\u00edky tomu je vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed elektromagnetick\u00e9 ru\u0161en\u00ed velmi mal\u00e9. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu stack-up je nejlep\u0161\u00ed um\u00edstit zemn\u00edc\u00ed rovinu v bl\u00edzkosti ka\u017ed\u00e9 sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 vrstvy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u0159eslechy zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 vz\u00e1jemnou induk\u010dnost\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i p\u0159eslechu v zemn\u00ed rovin\u011b zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed obvody p\u0159eslech p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm induk\u010dn\u00ed vazbou. Ze vzorce pro zp\u011btn\u00fd proud vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee dv\u011b bl\u00edzk\u00e9 sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 stopy tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se proudov\u00e9 smy\u010dky. Tyto p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se smy\u010dky zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed ru\u0161en\u00ed magnetick\u00e9ho pole. \u010cinitel vazby K ve vzorci z\u00e1vis\u00ed na dob\u011b n\u00e1b\u011bhu sign\u00e1lu a na d\u00e9lce ru\u0161iv\u00e9 stopy. Ve stack-upu p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 vrstvy a zemn\u00ed roviny sni\u017euje ru\u0161en\u00ed ze zemn\u00ed roviny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">M\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00e1livky, \u0161t\u011bpky a izola\u010dn\u00ed st\u011bny<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i zal\u00e9vaj\u00ed m\u011b\u010f pro nap\u00e1jen\u00ed a uzemn\u011bn\u00ed, mus\u00ed si d\u00e1t pozor, aby v oblasti zalit\u00ed nevznikla izola\u010dn\u00ed st\u011bna. Tento probl\u00e9m \u010dasto vznik\u00e1 v d\u016fsledku p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu pr\u016fchodek nebo \u0161patn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu izolace pr\u016fchodek. V\u00fdsledkem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pomal\u00fd n\u00e1b\u011bh hran, v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plocha smy\u010dky, vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed induk\u010dnost a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159eslechy a EMI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hustota pr\u016fchod\u016f a plot\u016f m\u016f\u017ee rozd\u011blit p\u016fdorys na ostrovy. Tyto ostr\u016fvky nut\u00ed zp\u011btn\u00fd proud k del\u0161\u00ed cest\u011b. To zvy\u0161uje plochu smy\u010dky a induk\u010dnost. Abyste tomu p\u0159ede\u0161li, navrhn\u011bte um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed pr\u016fchodek a rozd\u011blen\u00ed roviny tak, aby zp\u011btn\u00fd proud mohl prot\u00e9kat plynule. Pokud je nutn\u00e9 rozd\u011blit roviny pro r\u016fzn\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed, um\u00edst\u011bte pr\u016fchodky pro se\u0161it\u00ed a udr\u017eujte odd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u00e1rov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch n\u00e1lev\u016f pro vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed procesu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159i pokl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bdi do desky se sna\u017ete um\u00edstit n\u00e1levy ve dvojic\u00edch, aby byl proces vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd. Jedn\u00e1 se o probl\u00e9m p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. Nevyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e1 m\u011b\u010f m\u016f\u017ee desku deformovat. Pro ka\u017edou sign\u00e1ln\u00ed vrstvu je nejlep\u0161\u00ed m\u00edt jako souseda odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed vrstvu m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9ho n\u00e1levu. Vzd\u00e1lenost mezi silnoproudou nap\u00e1jec\u00ed rovinou a sousedn\u00edm m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdm n\u00e1levem ovliv\u0148uje stabilitu a EMI. P\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu vysokorychlostn\u00edch desek je b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159id\u00e1vat dal\u0161\u00ed zemnic\u00ed vrstvy, kter\u00e9 odd\u011bluj\u00ed sign\u00e1lov\u00e9 vrstvy. Tyto dodate\u010dn\u00e9 zemnic\u00ed vrstvy funguj\u00ed jako st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed a pom\u00e1haj\u00ed udr\u017eovat n\u00edzk\u00e9 EMI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Odd\u011blen\u00ed a zp\u011btn\u00e1 cesta v bl\u00edzkosti zdroje<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Odd\u011blovac\u00ed kondenz\u00e1tory udr\u017eujte v bl\u00edzkosti nap\u00e1jec\u00edch v\u00fdvod\u016f za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Odd\u011blovac\u00ed kondenz\u00e1tory spojuj\u00ed nap\u00e1jec\u00ed a zemn\u00ed roviny p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch frekvenc\u00edch. Dobr\u00e9 odd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165uje kr\u00e1tkou zp\u011btnou cestu v bl\u00edzkosti za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. T\u00edm se zmen\u0161\u00ed plocha smy\u010dky a sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed induk\u010dnost. Kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 smy\u010dky sni\u017euj\u00ed EMI a p\u0159eslechy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed impedance a vlastnosti stopy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed impedance stopy znamen\u00e1 udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1l\u00e9 geometrie stopy a dielektrick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed. St\u00e1l\u00e1 impedance udr\u017euje sign\u00e1ly \u010dist\u00e9 a sni\u017euje odrazy. Pro kontrolu impedance um\u00edst\u011bte stopu nad pevnou referen\u010dn\u00ed rovinu a udr\u017eujte st\u00e1lou vzd\u00e1lenost a dielektrickou konstantu. Referen\u010dn\u00ed zem p\u0159\u00edmo pod stopou poskytuje dobr\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed mikrop\u00e1sk\u016f nebo p\u00e1sk\u016f. To pom\u00e1h\u00e1 jak jednosm\u011brn\u00fdm, tak diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u00e1r\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00e1ry a \u0161um ve spole\u010dn\u00e9m m\u00f3du<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00e1ry pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed t\u011bsn\u00e9 rozestupy a pevnou referen\u010dn\u00ed rovinu, aby byla diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed impedance stabiln\u00ed. Diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed signalizace sni\u017euje \u0161um spole\u010dn\u00e9ho m\u00f3du, pokud je p\u00e1r dob\u0159e veden. Udr\u017eujte p\u00e1r pohromad\u011b, vyhn\u011bte se odbo\u010dk\u00e1m a udr\u017eujte vratnou rovinu bl\u00edzko sebe. T\u00edm se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9 EMI i p\u0159eslechy do okoln\u00edch s\u00edt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pravidla sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed a kompromisy v po\u010dtu vrstev<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Kdy\u017e se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed po\u010det vrstev, zmen\u0161\u00ed se prostor pro sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed. To nut\u00ed konstrukt\u00e9ry zmen\u0161ovat \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku tras a mezery. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hustota sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it p\u0159eslechy a odchylky impedance. V mnoha n\u00e1vrz\u00edch je spr\u00e1vnou volbou akceptovat vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det vrstev, aby bylo sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed a aby byl zachov\u00e1n elektrick\u00fd v\u00fdkon. N\u00e1klady na v\u00edce vrstev jsou re\u00e1ln\u00e9, ale \u0161patn\u00e1 integrita sign\u00e1lu m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t v\u00edce \u010dasu na lad\u011bn\u00ed a selh\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdrobku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vysokorychlostn\u00ed desky a dal\u0161\u00ed zemn\u00ed vrstvy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Vysokorychlostn\u00ed desky vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed zemn\u00edc\u00edch vrstev k izolaci sign\u00e1lov\u00fdch vrstev. T\u00edm se sn\u00ed\u017e\u00ed vazba mezi sign\u00e1ly v r\u016fzn\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch. Dal\u0161\u00ed zemn\u00edc\u00ed vrstvy funguj\u00ed jako st\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. Poskytuj\u00ed bl\u00edzkou n\u00edzkoinduk\u010dn\u00ed zp\u011btnou cestu. T\u00edm se sni\u017euje elektromagnetick\u00e9 ru\u0161en\u00ed a \u010dasov\u00e1n\u00ed je p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Praktick\u00e9 tipy pro skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>V bl\u00edzkosti ka\u017ed\u00e9 vysokorychlostn\u00ed sign\u00e1ln\u00ed vrstvy um\u00edst\u011bte pevnou zemn\u00edc\u00ed rovinu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pou\u017e\u00edvejte v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 roviny se \u0161irok\u00fdmi m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdmi n\u00e1pln\u011bmi a udr\u017eujte je s n\u00edzk\u00fdm odporem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V bl\u00edzkosti nap\u00e1jec\u00edch v\u00fdvod\u016f um\u00edst\u011bte odd\u011blovac\u00ed \u010depi\u010dky a spojte nap\u00e1jen\u00ed se zem\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fdmi cestami.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vyhn\u011bte se roz\u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed roviny pod vysokorychlostn\u00edmi stopami. Pokud mus\u00edte rovinu rozd\u011blit, p\u0159idejte v bl\u00edzkosti stopy pro\u0161\u00edvac\u00ed pr\u016fchodky.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sledujte hustotu, aby nedo\u0161lo k odpojen\u00ed v letadle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Udr\u017eujte stopy kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 a vyhn\u011bte se odbo\u010dk\u00e1m.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pro sign\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed odolnost proti \u0161umu, pou\u017e\u00edvejte diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00e1ry.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zvolte takov\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, aby byla zp\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed cesta kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 a plocha smy\u010dky mal\u00e1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vyva\u017ete m\u011b\u010f na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch, abyste sn\u00ed\u017eili deformace.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Souhrn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>S rostouc\u00ed hustotou elektroniky se EMI a p\u0159eslechy st\u00e1vaj\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem. V\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f poskytuj\u00ed n\u00e1stroje pro boj s t\u011bmito probl\u00e9my. Pom\u00e1haj\u00ed nap\u00e1jec\u00ed a zemnic\u00ed roviny, sp\u00e1rovan\u00e9 m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 vrstvy, t\u011bsn\u00e9 stohov\u00e1n\u00ed a dobr\u00e9 odd\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pe\u010dliv\u00fd pl\u00e1n vrstev a praxe sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed sni\u017euj\u00ed plochu smy\u010dky a induk\u010dnost. To sni\u017euje EMI a p\u0159eslechy. Nakonec dobr\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a volba sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161et\u0159\u00ed \u010das a pen\u00edze t\u00edm, \u017ee sni\u017euje riziko lad\u011bn\u00ed a poruch.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction The information age is here, and PCB use keeps growing. PCB designs are getting more complex. 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