{"id":4729,"date":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","date_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4729"},"modified":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","slug":"how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak CTE ovliv\u0148uje spolehlivost a n\u00e1vrh desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sou\u010dinitel tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti materi\u00e1lu (CTE) je jednou z fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed materi\u00e1lu. P\u0159i zm\u011bn\u011b teploty se m\u011bn\u00ed tvar sou\u010d\u00e1sti a vznik\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed. Tomu nem\u016f\u017eeme zabr\u00e1nit. Podstatou v\u00fdroby jak\u00e9hokoli elektronick\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobku je um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stek, kter\u00e9 spl\u0148uj\u00ed po\u017eadavky, na desku s plo\u0161n\u00fdmi spoji (DPS). Sou\u010d\u00e1stky k desce p\u0159ipojujeme p\u00e1jen\u00edm. Pro pr\u016fchoz\u00ed technologie (THT)<\/a>, d\u00edly maj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edvody. Kdy\u017e se deska oh\u00fdb\u00e1 nebo roz\u0161i\u0159uje, veden\u00ed se oh\u00fdb\u00e1 a pohlcuje nap\u011bt\u00ed. T\u011blo d\u00edlu je pak m\u00e9n\u011b nam\u00e1h\u00e1no. Del\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvody tedy znamenaj\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed v t\u011blese sou\u010d\u00e1sti. Nap\u011bt\u00ed v p\u00e1jce zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 zm\u011bnou teploty pak ovliv\u0148uje hlavn\u011b p\u00e1jec\u00ed spoj a podlo\u017eku. To ovliv\u0148uje spolehlivost p\u00e1jen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kdy\u017e pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me technologie povrchov\u00e9 mont\u00e1\u017ee (SMT)<\/a>, m\u016f\u017eeme na desku um\u00edstit v\u00edce d\u00edl\u016f. Sou\u010d\u00e1stky v\u0161ak nemaj\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edvody, kter\u00e9 by pohlcovaly nap\u011bt\u00ed. Nap\u011bt\u00ed jde p\u0159\u00edmo do t\u011bla sou\u010d\u00e1stky. Pokud se deska a sou\u010d\u00e1stka rozp\u00ednaj\u00ed r\u016fznou rychlost\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k po\u0161kozen\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1stky nebo p\u00e1jec\u00edho spoje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charakteristiky CTE z\u00e1kladn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu FR4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

B\u011b\u017en\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed materi\u00e1l vyztu\u017een\u00fd sklen\u011bn\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny (fr4)<\/a> m\u00e1 rozd\u00edlnou CTE v ose z (p\u0159es tlou\u0161\u0165ku desky) a v rovin\u011b x-y (pod\u00e9l desky). P\u0159i zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed teploty se deska v ose z v\u00edce rozp\u00edn\u00e1. Kdy\u017e je materi\u00e1l pod teplotou skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu Tg, je materi\u00e1l ve stavu skla a jeho CTE je mal\u00e1. Tuto hodnotu CTE naz\u00fdv\u00e1me a1. Kdy\u017e je materi\u00e1l nad teplotou Tg, je materi\u00e1l ve stavu podobn\u00e9m gum\u011b a jeho CTE je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Tuto hodnotu CTE naz\u00fdv\u00e1me a2. Obvykle je a2 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b trojn\u00e1sobkem a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159i teplot\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Tg nen\u00ed CTE epoxidu se sklen\u011bn\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny ve sm\u011bru x a y stejn\u00e1. Li\u0161\u00ed se p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o 1 a\u017e 5 ppm\/\u00b0C. Ve sm\u011bru z je to p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 20 ppm\/\u00b0C. Pokud m\u00e1 velk\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro povrchovou mont\u00e1\u017e CTE odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed desce, m\u00e1 tento rozd\u00edl velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zv\u00fd\u0161it \u017eivotnost p\u00e1jec\u00edho spoje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vliv CTE na PTH a mikroorganismy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

CTE je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm faktorem pro pr\u016fchoz\u00ed otvory a mikrodr\u00e1\u017eky namontovan\u00e9 na PWA. Pom\u011br stran (tj. tlou\u0161\u0165ka desky d\u011blen\u00e1 pr\u016fm\u011brem otvoru) je u t\u011bchto pr\u016fchodek obvykle v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pom\u011br stran pr\u00e1v\u011b vyvrtan\u00e9ho otvoru v hol\u00e9 desce. V procesech, jako je p\u0159etaven\u00ed SMT, vyjmut\u00ed d\u00edlu, p\u0159etaven\u00ed pro opravu, v\u00fdroba desek, upevn\u011bn\u00ed kuli\u010dek, vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed hork\u00fdm vzduchem a p\u00e1jen\u00ed vlnou, zp\u016fsob\u00ed velk\u00fd CTE ve sm\u011bru z p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00e9 tahov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed PTH. To m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit poruchy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru materi\u00e1lu pro z\u00e1kladovou desku je tedy t\u0159eba nejprve zv\u00e1\u017eit, zda jeho CTE odpov\u00edd\u00e1 CTE montovan\u00fdch d\u00edl\u016f. Pokud se neshoduj\u00ed, mus\u00edte p\u0159ijmout kompenza\u010dn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed definice a v\u00fdznam CTE pro PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mnoho lid\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 slovo CTE, kdy\u017e mluv\u00ed o PCB. Ale kolik z nich skute\u010dn\u011b v\u00ed, co CTE znamen\u00e1 a jak CTE za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ovliv\u0148ovat desku?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CTE je zkratka pro koeficient tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti. Ukazuje procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bnu velikosti p\u0159i zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed nebo ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00fd materi\u00e1l na sv\u011bt\u011b se s teplotou trochu rozp\u00edn\u00e1 nebo smr\u0161\u0165uje. Nap\u0159\u00edklad d\u016fm je v l\u00e9t\u011b o n\u011bco v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v zim\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly se p\u0159i zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed smr\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, ale v\u011bt\u0161ina se p\u0159i zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed m\u00edrn\u011b rozp\u00edn\u00e1. Rozta\u017enost se ud\u00e1v\u00e1 v \u010d\u00e1stech na milion na stupe\u0148 Celsia (ppm\/\u00b0C). Pokud se deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f roz\u0161i\u0159uje do stran o 14 ppm\/\u00b0C, znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee kdyby byla deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f dlouh\u00e1 jeden milion palc\u016f, zv\u011bt\u0161ila by se o 14 palc\u016f na ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst o 1\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nesoulad CTE mezi PCB a k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdmi \u010dipy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Typick\u00fd lamin\u00e1t fr4 m\u00e1 CTE 14 a\u017e 17 ppm\/\u00b0C. To vypad\u00e1 dob\u0159e, dokud to neporovn\u00e1me s velk\u00fdm k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdm \u010dipem. Mnoho k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdch \u010dip\u016f m\u00e1 CTE bl\u00edzk\u00e9 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. Rozd\u00edl v rozta\u017enosti je dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00fd - zejm\u00e9na u velk\u00fdch BGA bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f - aby se p\u0159i zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f a \u010dipu deska plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f roztahovala v\u00edce ne\u017e \u010dip. Tento dodate\u010dn\u00fd pohyb m\u016f\u017ee vytrhnout p\u00e1jec\u00ed spoje z \u010dipu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z hlediska PCB tedy v\u00fdrobci \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed materi\u00e1ly s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem CTE. Jak ale CTE ovliv\u0148uje desku a zp\u016fsob jej\u00edho n\u00e1vrhu a v\u00fdroby?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typick\u00e9 hodnoty CTE materi\u00e1l\u016f a sou\u010d\u00e1stek DPS<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Materi\u00e1l \/ sou\u010d\u00e1st<\/th>CTE (sm\u011br X-Y) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th>CTE (sm\u011br Z) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th>Pozn\u00e1mky<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Standardn\u00ed lamin\u00e1t FR-4<\/td>14 - 17<\/td>60 - 70 (nad Tg m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt >200)<\/td>Nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1l PCB<\/td><\/tr>
FR-4 s vysokou Tg<\/td>12 - 16<\/td>50 - 60<\/td>Lep\u0161\u00ed tepeln\u00e1 stabilita<\/td><\/tr>
Polyimidov\u00fd materi\u00e1l PCB<\/td>12 - 14<\/td>40 - 50<\/td>Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se pro vysokoteplotn\u00ed aplikace<\/td><\/tr>
M\u011b\u010f<\/td>16.5 - 17<\/td>16.5 - 17<\/td>Referen\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1l vodi\u010de<\/td><\/tr>
K\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fd \u010dip<\/td>2,6 - 3 (objemov\u00fd k\u0159em\u00edk)<\/td>-<\/td>Efektivn\u00ed balen\u00ed ~6 ppm\/\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>
Balen\u00ed BGA (typick\u00e9)<\/td>6 - 10<\/td>-<\/td>Z\u00e1vis\u00ed na typu substr\u00e1tu<\/td><\/tr>
Keramick\u00fd obal<\/td>6 - 8<\/td>-<\/td>Dobr\u00e1 shoda CTE s k\u0159em\u00edkem<\/td><\/tr>
Hlin\u00edk<\/td>22 - 24<\/td>22 - 24<\/td>Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se v desk\u00e1ch s kovov\u00fdm j\u00e1drem<\/td><\/tr>
J\u00e1dro z m\u011bdi a m\u011bdi (CIC)<\/td>8 - 10<\/td>8 - 10<\/td>Kovov\u00e9 j\u00e1dro s n\u00edzkou CTE<\/td><\/tr>
J\u00e1dro z m\u011bdi, molybdenu a m\u011bdi (CMC)<\/td>6 - 8<\/td>6 - 8<\/td>Kovov\u00e9 j\u00e1dro s velmi n\u00edzkou CTE<\/td><\/tr>
Aramidov\u00e9 \/ kevlarov\u00e9 j\u00e1dro<\/td>7 - 8<\/td>7 - 8<\/td>Kompozitn\u00ed materi\u00e1l s n\u00edzkou CTE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed pro j\u00e1dra PCB s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem CTE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru lamin\u00e1tu sledujeme mimo jin\u00e9 parametry jako Tg, dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta Dk a rozptylov\u00fd faktor Df. Na v\u0161ech t\u011bchto parametrech z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed a vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed. Pokud vybereme lamin\u00e1t na ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed CTE, zjist\u00edme, \u017ee v\u0161echny typy fr4 maj\u00ed podobn\u00e9 hodnoty CTE. V\u011bt\u0161ina z nich je st\u00e1le vysok\u00e1 (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 14 ppm\/\u00b0C). To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pro velmi velk\u00e9 k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 bal\u00ed\u010dky pot\u0159ebujeme jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup ke kontrole CTE. Jednou z mo\u017enost\u00ed je p\u0159idat j\u00e1dro z kovu, kevlaru nebo aramidu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tato j\u00e1dra s n\u00edzk\u00fdm CTE se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pod vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi vrstvami fr4 pro v\u00fdrobu desek s n\u00edzk\u00fdm CTE. Kovov\u00e1 j\u00e1dra mohou b\u00fdt m\u011b\u010f-var-m\u011b\u010f (CIC) nebo m\u011b\u010f-molybden-m\u011b\u010f (CMC). Obvykle maj\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165ku asi 6 mil. M\u011b\u010f na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm povrchu kovov\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje laminovat p\u0159es kovov\u00e9 j\u00e1dro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 prepregy a j\u00e1dra fr4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dv\u011b \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 kovov\u00e1 j\u00e1dra jsou CIC a CMC. Hodnoty CTE jejich jader jsou p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 8 ppm\/\u00b0C a 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. Pokud ke kovov\u00e9mu j\u00e1dru ukotv\u00edte vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vrstvy fr4, celkov\u00e1 CTE desky se pohybuje okolo 12 ppm\/\u00b0C u CIC a okolo 9 ppm\/\u00b0C u CMC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jako j\u00e1dro m\u016f\u017eeme pou\u017e\u00edt tak\u00e9 kevlarov\u00fd Thermount nebo aramidov\u00fd lamin\u00e1t. Jejich n\u00edzk\u00e1 CTE j\u00e1dra je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 7 a\u017e 8 ppm\/\u00b0C. Se standardn\u00edmi vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi vrstvami fr4 se CTE cel\u00e9 desky pohybuje kolem 12 ppm\/\u00b0C. P\u0159i v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b nahrazuje j\u00e1dro s n\u00edzkou CTE typick\u00e9 j\u00e1dro fr4. Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee kevlarov\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno m\u00e1 ve skute\u010dnosti samo o sob\u011b z\u00e1pornou tepelnou rozta\u017enost. Kdy\u017e vl\u00e1kna spoj\u00edme epoxidem, v\u00fdsledkem je mal\u00e1 kladn\u00e1 CTE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e1klady, proces a dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhody jader s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem CTE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed lamin\u00e1tu s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem CTE je obvykle nejdra\u017e\u0161\u00ed variantou kovov\u00e9 j\u00e1dro. Kevlarov\u00e9 a aramidov\u00e9 lamin\u00e1ty stoj\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b. V minulosti bylo obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 sehnat kevlarov\u00fd lamin\u00e1t Arlon Thermount, ale nov\u00e1 v\u00fdroba nyn\u00ed zvy\u0161uje nab\u00eddku. V\u0161echna j\u00e1dra s n\u00edzk\u00fdm CTE se h\u016f\u0159e vrtaj\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1vaj\u00ed. Jsou v\u0161ak jedin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak splnit po\u017eadavky 6-9 ppm\/\u00b0C u velmi velk\u00fdch k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00fdch bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krom\u011b kontroly CTE mohou desky s kovov\u00fdm j\u00e1drem tak\u00e9 zlep\u0161it p\u0159enos tepla p\u0159i vysok\u00e9m v\u00fdkonu. Pamatujte, \u017ee kov se p\u0159i zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed rozp\u00edn\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e fr4. Kovov\u00e9 j\u00e1dro poskytuje v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kontrolu nad rozta\u017enost\u00ed desky ne\u017e kevlar. Kovov\u00e9 j\u00e1dro m\u016f\u017ee m\u011bnit rozta\u017enost cel\u00e9 desky v\u00edce ne\u017e kevlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Praktick\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika nesouladu CTE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V praxi m\u016f\u017eete pro sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed rizika nesouladu CTE ud\u011blat tyto z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kroky:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud m\u016f\u017eete, sna\u017ete se sladit CTE desky s CTE velk\u00e9ho balen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro velk\u00e9 bal\u00edky pou\u017e\u00edvejte j\u00e1dra s n\u00edzk\u00fdm CTE, jako je CIC, CMC, kevlar nebo aramid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sledujte Tg a pou\u017e\u00edvejte materi\u00e1ly s Tg vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je va\u0161e nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed procesn\u00ed teplota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U d\u00edl\u016f SMT navrhn\u011bte podlo\u017eky a vzory p\u016fdy tak, abyste sn\u00ed\u017eili nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00e1jec\u00edch spoj\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b kontrolujte \u0161pi\u010dkovou teplotu p\u0159etaven\u00ed a rychlost chlazen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U pr\u016fchoz\u00edch d\u00edl\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvejte vodi\u010de, kter\u00e9 se mohou oh\u00fdbat a p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bzte, \u017ee j\u00e1dra s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem CTE jsou dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed a vy\u017eaduj\u00ed jin\u00e9 vrtac\u00ed n\u00e1stroje a postupy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shrnut\u00ed v\u00fdznamu CTE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

CTE je jednoduch\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo, ale ovliv\u0148uje mnoho \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed projektu PCB. Pokud se nad n\u00edm v\u010das nezamysl\u00edte, m\u016f\u017eete se do\u010dkat poruch p\u00e1jec\u00edch spoj\u016f, prasklin a n\u00edzk\u00e9 spolehlivosti. Pokud budete CTE pl\u00e1novat od za\u010d\u00e1tku, dos\u00e1hnete lep\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotnosti desky a sou\u010d\u00e1stek.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Material coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is one physical property of a material. When temperature changes, the part will change 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