{"id":4967,"date":"2026-05-25T08:17:53","date_gmt":"2026-05-25T08:17:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4967"},"modified":"2026-05-25T08:25:01","modified_gmt":"2026-05-25T08:25:01","slug":"fr4-vs-high-speed-pcb-materials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/fr4-vs-high-speed-pcb-materials\/","title":{"rendered":"Je FR-4 nejlep\u0161\u00edm materi\u00e1lem pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kdy\u017e se pust\u00edme do projektu, kter\u00fd je mimo na\u0161i komfortn\u00ed z\u00f3nu, v\u0161ichni jsme si t\u00edm n\u011bkdy pro\u0161li. Pro m\u011b ten den nastal, kdy\u017e m\u011b \u0161\u00e9f po\u017e\u00e1dal, abych navrhl vysokorychlostn\u00ed tabuli. I kdy\u017e jsem si myslel, \u017ee jsem zku\u0161en\u00fd n\u00e1vrh\u00e1\u0159 obvod\u016f, v\u011bd\u011bl jsem, \u017ee vysokorychlostn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f m\u00e1 mnoho omezen\u00ed, se kter\u00fdmi se p\u0159i n\u00e1vrhu b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho obvodu obvykle nesetk\u00e1te. Nejprve jsem str\u00e1vil \u010das t\u00edm, \u017ee jsem sch\u00e9ma p\u0159izp\u016fsobil vysokorychlostn\u00edmu n\u00e1vrhu. Ale jakmile to bylo hotov\u00e9, pln\u011b jsem se soust\u0159edil na to, zda m\u016fj vysokorychlostn\u00ed PCB <\/a>prototyp by m\u011bl pou\u017e\u00edvat FR-4<\/a> nebo specializovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed materi\u00e1l. Ne\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na to, co jsem se dozv\u011bd\u011bl, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku \u201cvysokorychlostn\u00ed\u201d znamen\u00e1 cokoli nad 50 MHz. Jedn\u00e1 se o body materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00fdm byste m\u011bli v\u011bnovat pozornost p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci v tomto frekven\u010dn\u00edm rozsahu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vysokorychlostn\u00ed konstrukce m\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pravidla pro integritu sign\u00e1lu ne\u017e jin\u00e9 konstrukce. P\u0159esto\u017ee je t\u0159eba b\u00fdt velmi opatrn\u00fd p\u0159i sm\u011brov\u00e1n\u00ed vysokorychlostn\u00edch sign\u00e1l\u016f, abyste tato pravidla splnili, je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee samotn\u00fd materi\u00e1l desky je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed cel\u00e9 rovnice integrity sign\u00e1lu. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed materi\u00e1ly desek pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 p\u0159i vysokorychlostn\u00edm n\u00e1vrhu vlastnosti, jako je p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b kontrolovan\u00e1 dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta, kter\u00e1 pom\u00e1h\u00e1 kontrolovat impedanci. Pokud se impedance nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d konstrukc\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee m\u011bnit, vysokorychlostn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly za\u010dnou p\u0159i pohybu po stop\u00e1ch odr\u00e1\u017eet energii zp\u011bt a sign\u00e1l se zkresl\u00ed. Stejn\u011b tak je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00fd \u010dinitel rozptylu, kter\u00fd pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zachovat integritu sign\u00e1lu. A kone\u010dn\u011b, tepeln\u00e1 stabilita je dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou vlastnost\u00ed, proto\u017ee pom\u00e1h\u00e1 zajistit, aby se dielektrick\u00fd v\u00fdkon nezhor\u0161il.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"High-Speed<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

FR-4: V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Od doby, kdy se zab\u00fdv\u00e1m navrhov\u00e1n\u00edm desek s plo\u0161n\u00fdmi spoji, je FR-4 v\u017edy standardn\u00edm materi\u00e1lem pro v\u00fdrobu desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. V dob\u011b, kdy jsem byl je\u0161t\u011b mlad\u0161\u00edm konstrukt\u00e9rem, jsme dokonce v\u0161em desk\u00e1m \u0159\u00edkali \u201cFR-4\u201d bez ohledu na to, zda z n\u011bj byly skute\u010dn\u011b vyrobeny. FR-4 je neho\u0159lav\u00fd epoxidov\u00fd lamin\u00e1t typu 4 vyztu\u017een\u00fd sklen\u011bn\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny. Je to velmi cenov\u011b v\u00fdhodn\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Je tak\u00e9 velmi dobr\u00fdm elektrick\u00fdm izolantem a je velmi pevn\u00fd v such\u00fdch i vlhk\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch. M\u00e1 tak\u00e9 dobr\u00e9 v\u00fdrobn\u00ed vlastnosti, co\u017e z n\u011bj \u010din\u00ed velmi dobr\u00fd materi\u00e1l pro stavbu desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"fr-4\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nev\u00fdhodou materi\u00e1lu FR-4 je, \u017ee m\u00e1 limity, pokud je v\u00fdkon, nap\u011bt\u00ed nebo teplo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00e9. Pokud se p\u0159ekro\u010d\u00ed jeho pracovn\u00ed limity, dielektrick\u00fd v\u00fdkon FR-4 klesne. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se zhor\u0161\u00ed izola\u010dn\u00ed schopnost materi\u00e1lu a ten za\u010dne v\u00e9st elektrick\u00fd proud. Dal\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem materi\u00e1lu FR-4 je udr\u017een\u00ed stabiln\u00ed impedance p\u0159i vysokorychlostn\u00edm n\u00e1vrhu. Je to proto, \u017ee dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta materi\u00e1lu FR-4 se m\u016f\u017ee m\u011bnit po cel\u00e9 d\u00e9lce a \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce desky. Se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se rychlost\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu se tak\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty sign\u00e1lu, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 u jin\u00fdch ne\u017e vysokorychlostn\u00edch n\u00e1vrh\u016f, mohou na desk\u00e1ch FR-4 st\u00e1t p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00fdmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Specializovan\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed desky vs. FR-4<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Speci\u00e1ln\u00ed vysokorychlostn\u00ed deskov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, jako jsou uhlovod\u00edkov\u00e9 termosety a PTFE lamin\u00e1ty<\/a>, m\u016f\u017ee poskytnout lep\u0161\u00ed a spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon ne\u017e FR-4 v konstrukc\u00edch s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi frekvencemi. Na kompromisy se pod\u00edv\u00e1me pozd\u011bji, ale nejprve se pod\u00edvejme na n\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdhody, kter\u00e9 tyto materi\u00e1ly pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed desky mohou nab\u00eddnout:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Men\u0161\u00ed ztr\u00e1ta sign\u00e1lu.<\/strong>\u00a0S rostouc\u00ed frekvenc\u00ed p\u0159enosov\u00e9ho veden\u00ed se ztr\u00e1ty sign\u00e1lu st\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm probl\u00e9mem. Materi\u00e1ly pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed konstruk\u010dn\u00ed desky maj\u00ed mnohem ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u010dinitel rozptylu ne\u017e FR-4 a n\u011bkter\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, nap\u0159\u00edklad lamin\u00e1ty z t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dist\u00e9ho PTFE, jsou \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b lep\u0161\u00ed. Tyto ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed rozptylov\u00e9 faktory jsou d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed ztr\u00e1t sign\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. P\u0159\u00edsn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kontrola impedance.<\/strong>\u00a0Tradi\u010dn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly pro desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f, jako je FR-4, nedok\u00e1\u017eou kontrolovat dielektrickou konstantu (Dk) tak dob\u0159e jako vysokorychlostn\u00ed deskov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly. Dk materi\u00e1lu FR-4 se m\u016f\u017ee li\u0161it o +\/- 10% nebo v\u00edce, zat\u00edmco materi\u00e1ly jako PTFE udr\u017euj\u00ed toleranci Dk na +\/- 2% nebo lep\u0161\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Lep\u0161\u00ed tepeln\u00e1 spr\u00e1va.<\/strong>\u00a0N\u011bkter\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed konstruk\u010dn\u00ed desky, nap\u0159\u00edklad termosetov\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edkov\u00e9 lamin\u00e1ty, maj\u00ed mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed tepelnou vodivost ne\u017e FR-4. Pokud se v\u00e1\u0161 n\u00e1vrh zab\u00fdv\u00e1 ot\u00e1zkami tepeln\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy, stoj\u00ed za to se na tyto materi\u00e1ly desek pod\u00edvat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed absorpce vlhkosti.<\/strong>\u00a0Voda m\u00e1 dielektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti a i mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vlhkosti absorbovan\u00e9 do desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f s vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00edmi obvody m\u016f\u017ee zm\u011bnit elektrick\u00fd v\u00fdkon t\u011bchto obvod\u016f. Zat\u00edmco FR-4 m\u00e1 m\u00edru absorpce vlhkosti bl\u00edzkou 50%, n\u011bkter\u00e9 PTFE materi\u00e1ly maj\u00ed m\u00edru absorpce vlhkosti pouh\u00fdch 2%, tak\u017ee je t\u0159eba tento probl\u00e9m zv\u00e1\u017eit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Lep\u0161\u00ed rozm\u011brov\u00e1 stabilita.<\/strong>\u00a0U hust\u00fdch vysokorychlostn\u00edch konstrukc\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fdmi tolerancemi je pot\u0159eba rozm\u011brov\u00e9 stability je\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. A\u010dkoli je materi\u00e1l FR-4 zn\u00e1m\u00fd svou rozm\u011brovou stabilitou, nenab\u00edz\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhody, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed vysokorychlostn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly. V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b mohou b\u00fdt lep\u0161\u00ed volbou termosetov\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edkov\u00e9 lamin\u00e1ty.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    When we take on a project that is outside our comfort zone, we have all been there at one time 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