{"id":5095,"date":"2026-07-06T09:38:39","date_gmt":"2026-07-06T09:38:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=5095"},"modified":"2026-07-06T09:40:55","modified_gmt":"2026-07-06T09:40:55","slug":"ipc-4101-compliance-pcb-materials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/ipc-4101-compliance-pcb-materials\/","title":{"rendered":"Soulad s normou IPC-4101: Jak se vyhnout n\u00e1kladn\u00fdm chyb\u00e1m p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru materi\u00e1l\u016f pro desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n\n\n        .article-container h1 {\n\n            font-weight: 700;\n            color: #1a202c;\n            line-height: 1.25;\n            border-left: 5px solid #FE5D00;\n            padding-left: 18px;\n            margin-bottom: 32px;\n        }\n\n        .article-container h2 {\n\n            font-weight: 700;\n            color: #1a202c;\n            margin-top: 56px;\n            margin-bottom: 20px;\n            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color: #FE5D00;\n            font-weight: 500;\n        }\n\n        \/* Responsive adaptation *\/\n        @media (max-width: 768px) {\n\n            .img-placeholder {\n                padding: 50px 16px;\n                font-size: 14px;\n            }\n\n            .cta-section {\n                padding: 28px 24px;\n            }\n        }\n\n        .article-container table {\n            width: 100%;\n            border-collapse: collapse;\n            margin-top: 15px;\n        }\n\n        .article-container th, td {\n            border: 1px solid #ddd;\n            padding: 10px;\n            text-align: left;\n            font-size: 14px;\n        }\n\n        .article-container th {\n            background-color: #f5f5f5;\n        }\n\n        .article-container tr:nth-child(even) {\n            background-color: rgb(90 90 90 \/ 0.26);\n        }\n    <\/style>\n<div class=\"article-container\">\n\n    <h2>Kdy\u017e sel\u017eou materi\u00e1ly pro desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f: N\u00e1klady spojen\u00e9 s nedodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00edm normy IPC-4101<\/h2>\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-placeholder\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Automotive-ECU.webp\"\n         alt=\"Automotive ECU\">\n\n    <p>V roce 2019 st\u00e1hl dodavatel automobilov\u00fdch d\u00edl\u016f prvn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b (Tier-1) z trhu 40 000 \u0159\u00eddic\u00edch jednotek motoru. Hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou nebyla vada\nsamotn\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1stky, ale delaminace lamin\u00e1tu. V\u00fdb\u011br materi\u00e1lu desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f poru\u0161oval po\u017eadavky normy IPC-4101 a k poru\u0161e\n do\u0161lo ji\u017e po pouh\u00fdch 800 teplotn\u00edch cyklech \u2013 co\u017e je daleko m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 3 000 cykl\u016f po\u017eadovan\u00fdch pro aplikace pod kapotou.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Konstruk\u010dn\u00ed t\u00fdm zvolil standardn\u00ed lamin\u00e1t FR-4 s Tg 130 \u00b0C. Na pap\u00ed\u0159e se to zd\u00e1lo p\u0159ijateln\u00e9. Av\u0161ak\npodm\u00ednky v motorov\u00e9m prostoru vystavovaly desku trval\u00fdm teplot\u00e1m nad 125 \u00b0C s kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdmi v\u00fdkyvy a\u017e na 150 \u00b0C. Syst\u00e9m\nprysky\u0159ic v tomto lamin\u00e1tu nebyl navr\u017een pro provoz p\u0159i vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch. Norma IPC-4101 v\u00fdslovn\u011b definuje,\nkter\u00e9 typy desek se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pro aplikace s vysok\u00fdmi teplotami. Tento t\u00fdm pou\u017eil univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed materi\u00e1l \/21 nam\u00edsto\nlamin\u00e1tu s vysokou hodnotou Tg, jako je \/126 nebo \/129.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Co se odehr\u00e1lo na zased\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edstavenstva<\/h3>\n    <p>Mechanismus poruchy byl postupn\u00fd. B\u011bhem teplotn\u00edch cykl\u016f se prysky\u0159ice roztahovala jinou rychlost\u00ed ne\u017e\nm\u011b\u010f a sklen\u011bn\u00e1 tkanina. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se materi\u00e1l s n\u00edzkou hodnotou Tg pou\u017e\u00edval v bl\u00edzkosti sv\u00e9 teploty skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu,\nroztahov\u00e1n\u00ed v ose Z se vymklo kontrole. Ka\u017ed\u00fd cyklus prysky\u0159ici d\u00e1le roztahoval. Po n\u011bkolika stech cyklech do\u0161lo k naru\u0161en\u00ed\n spojen\u00ed mezi prysky\u0159ic\u00ed a sklen\u011bn\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny. Vytvo\u0159ily se mikrotrhliny. Do vnit\u0159ku pronikla vlhkost. N\u00e1sledn\u011b se v pokoven\u00fdch pr\u016fchoz\u00edch otvorech\n objevily trhliny v m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9m pl\u00e1\u0161ti.<\/p>\n\n    <p>K delaminaci do\u0161lo nejprve na rozhran\u00edch vnit\u0159n\u00edch vrstev, kde se nach\u00e1zely oblasti s vysok\u00fdm obsahem prysky\u0159ice. N\u00e1sledn\u00e1 rentgenov\u00e1 kontrola\n odhalila odd\u011blen\u00ed vrstev v cel\u00e9 plo\u0161e desky. Desky pro\u0161ly po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edmi elektrick\u00fdmi zkou\u0161kami ve v\u00fdrobn\u00edm z\u00e1vod\u011b. V praxi v\u0161ak\n selhaly po 6\u201312 m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch skute\u010dn\u00e9ho tepeln\u00e9ho nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Rozpis n\u00e1klad\u016f<\/h3>\n    <div class=\"case-highlight\">\n        <p>N\u00e1klady na svol\u00e1vac\u00ed akci p\u0159es\u00e1hly $4 milion\u016f. Tato \u010d\u00e1stka zahrnovala n\u00e1hradn\u00ed d\u00edly, pr\u00e1ci prodejc\u016f a logistiku. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed\nztr\u00e1tou v\u0161ak bylo zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159i certifikaci u automobilov\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobce OEM. Dodavatel str\u00e1vil 18 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f op\u011btovnou certifikac\u00ed\ns pou\u017eit\u00edm spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho lamin\u00e1tu podle normy IPC-4101\/126. B\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby z\u00edskal zak\u00e1zku na v\u00fdrobu z\u00e1suvek konkurent.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>Technick\u00e9 listy IPC-4101 nejsou pouh\u00fdmi doporu\u010den\u00edmi. Definuj\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed materi\u00e1lu za konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch podm\u00ednek nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed.\nV\u00fdb\u011br nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu znamen\u00e1, \u017ee lamin\u00e1t sice m\u016f\u017ee proj\u00edt f\u00e1z\u00ed prototypov\u00e1n\u00ed a dokonce i po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edmi zkou\u0161kami spolehlivosti, ale\nskute\u010dn\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed odhal\u00ed nesoulad. Selh\u00e1n\u00ed je p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9. In\u017een\u00fd\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed ignoruj\u00ed\n klasifika\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m technick\u00fdch list\u016f, nepodstupuj\u00ed kalkulovan\u00e9 riziko \u2013 pouze h\u00e1daj\u00ed. A v automobilov\u00e9 elektronice\n stoj\u00ed takov\u00e9 h\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed miliony.<\/p>\n\n    <h2>Co norma IPC-4101 ve skute\u010dnosti stanovuje<\/h2>\n\n\n    <p>Norma IPC-4101 ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b nepopisuje hotov\u00e9 desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f. Specifikuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 k jejich v\u00fdrob\u011b\n \u2013 surov\u00e9 lamin\u00e1ty a prepregy, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdrobci dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed od dodavatel\u016f materi\u00e1l\u016f je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm lept\u00e1n\u00ed,\n vrt\u00e1n\u00ed nebo pokovov\u00e1n\u00ed. Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, proto\u017ee o dlouhodob\u00e9 spolehlivosti desky se \u010dasto rozhoduje\nje\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e je na ni nanesena prvn\u00ed m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e1 stopa. Pokud z\u00e1kladn\u00ed materi\u00e1l nedok\u00e1\u017ee odolat tepeln\u00e9mu nebo elektrick\u00e9mu nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed dan\u00e9\naplikace, nezachr\u00e1n\u00ed ji ani sebepe\u010dliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1vrh rozlo\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Norma je uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na na z\u00e1klad\u011b syst\u00e9mu takzvan\u00fdch \u201cslash sheet\u016f\u201d. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u201cslash sheet\u201d \u2013 ozna\u010den\u00fd \u010d\u00edslem za\nhlavn\u00ed specifikac\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad \/99 nebo \/126 \u2013 definuje kompletn\u00ed specifikaci materi\u00e1lu pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed skupinu\nlamin\u00e1t\u016f. Jeden list se lom\u00edtkem zahrnuje syst\u00e9m prysky\u0159ic, typ v\u00fdztu\u017ee, teplotu skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu,\n teplotu rozkladu a \u00faplnou sadu minim\u00e1ln\u00edch po\u017eadavk\u016f na vlastnosti. In\u017een\u00fd\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed pracuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo s\n \u010d\u00edsly slash sheet\u016f, specifikuj\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00fd profil materi\u00e1lu nam\u00edsto obecn\u00e9ho ozna\u010den\u00ed \u201eFR-4\u201c nebo \u201ehigh-Tg\u201c\n na v\u00fdrobn\u00edm v\u00fdkresu.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Co obsahuj\u00ed tabulky vlastnost\u00ed<\/h3>\n    <p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd list s technick\u00fdmi \u00fadaji obsahuje podrobn\u00e9 tabulky vlastnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 stanovuj\u00ed jak zku\u0161ebn\u00ed metodu, tak minim\u00e1ln\u00ed\np\u0159ijatelnou hodnotu. Tyto tabulky zahrnuj\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti, jako je dielektrick\u00e1 konstanta a ztr\u00e1tov\u00fd faktor p\u0159i\nr\u016fzn\u00fdch frekvenc\u00edch. Specifikuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti, v\u010detn\u011b pevnosti v ohybu, pevnosti v odlupov\u00e1n\u00ed a\nmezn\u00edch hodnot absorpce vlhkosti. Stejn\u00e1 pozornost je v\u011bnov\u00e1na i tepeln\u00fdm vlastnostem \u2013 doba do delaminace p\u0159i 260 \u00b0C, teplota skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu (TMA)\n a rozta\u017enost v ose Z jsou uvedeny spolu s jasn\u00fdmi prahov\u00fdmi hodnotami pro spln\u011bn\u00ed\/nespln\u011bn\u00ed po\u017eadavk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm bodem je, \u017ee norma IPC-4101 nepopisuje, jak tyto materi\u00e1ly zpracov\u00e1vat. Definuje pouze to, \u010deho\nmus\u00ed materi\u00e1l dos\u00e1hnout, aby byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed. To poskytuje v\u00fdrobc\u016fm jasn\u00e1 krit\u00e9ria pro p\u0159ijet\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148\nd\u00e1v\u00e1 dodavatel\u016fm materi\u00e1l\u016f prostor pro inovace ve slo\u017een\u00ed. Lamin\u00e1t, kter\u00fd spl\u0148uje specifikaci \/126 od jednoho\n v\u00fdrobce, je funk\u010dn\u011b zam\u011bniteln\u00fd s produktem \/126 jin\u00e9ho dodavatele \u2013 alespo\u0148 na pap\u00ed\u0159e.\n Ve v\u00fdrobn\u00ed praxi se \u010dasto objevuj\u00ed jemn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i vrt\u00e1n\u00ed nebo v toku prysky\u0159ice, ale z\u00e1kladn\u00ed specifikace\n z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u00fdm referen\u010dn\u00edm bodem pro vstupn\u00ed kontrolu a kvalifikaci dodavatel\u016f.<\/p>\n\n    <h2>Rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tabulek Slash: V\u00fdb\u011br materi\u00e1lu podle \u00fa\u010delu pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n    <table>\n        <thead>\n        <tr>\n            <th>P\u0159ehledov\u00fd list<\/th>\n            <th>Typ materi\u00e1lu<\/th>\n            <th>Tg (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n            <th>Td (\u00b0C)<\/th>\n            <th>Hlavn\u00ed charakteristiky<\/th>\n            <th>Typick\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n        <\/thead>\n        <tbody>\n        <tr>\n            <td>\/21<\/td>\n            <td>Standardn\u00ed FR-4 (epoxid s dvoj\u00ed funkc\u00ed)<\/td>\n            <td>110\u2013130<\/td>\n            <td>~310<\/td>\n            <td>N\u00edzk\u00e1 cena, z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00fdkon<\/td>\n            <td>Spot\u0159ebn\u00ed elektronika, univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n            <td>\/24<\/td>\n            <td>FR-4 s vysokou hodnotou Tg (\u010dty\u0159funk\u010dn\u00ed epoxid)<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265150<\/td>\n            <td>~320<\/td>\n            <td>Zlep\u0161en\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 odolnost<\/td>\n            <td>Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, automobilov\u00e1 elektronika<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n            <td>\/26<\/td>\n            <td>Bezhalogenov\u00fd FR-4 s vysokou hodnotou Tg<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265170<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265340<\/td>\n            <td>V souladu s normou RoHS, stabiln\u00ed v\u00fdkon<\/td>\n            <td>Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 a ekologick\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n            <td>\/98<\/td>\n            <td>Multifunk\u010dn\u00ed epoxidov\u00e1 prysky\u0159ice s vysokou hodnotou Tg<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265150<\/td>\n            <td>~325<\/td>\n            <td>N\u00edzk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty sign\u00e1lu, stabiln\u00ed dielektrikum<\/td>\n            <td>Vysokorychlostn\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n            <td>\/99<\/td>\n            <td>Epoxidov\u00e1 prysky\u0159ice s vysokou hodnotou Tg a vylep\u0161en\u00fdmi vlastnostmi<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265170<\/td>\n            <td>~340<\/td>\n            <td>Vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed odolnost proti bezolovnat\u00e9 p\u00e1jce<\/td>\n            <td>Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 a komunika\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n            <td>\/121<\/td>\n            <td>Legacy FR-4 Standard<\/td>\n            <td>~130<\/td>\n            <td>~310<\/td>\n            <td>Tradi\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed materi\u00e1l<\/td>\n            <td>Aplikace s n\u00edzk\u00fdmi n\u00e1klady na desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n            <td>\/124<\/td>\n            <td>Epoxidov\u00e1 prysky\u0159ice s vysokou hodnotou Tg (bez plniva)<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265150<\/td>\n            <td>~325<\/td>\n            <td>Dobr\u00e1 vrtatelnost a zpracovatelnost<\/td>\n            <td>Obecn\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 desky<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n            <td>\/126<\/td>\n            <td>Vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00e1 epoxidov\u00e1 prysky\u0159ice s vysokou hodnotou Tg (s plnivem)<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265170<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265340<\/td>\n            <td>Vysok\u00e1 rozm\u011brov\u00e1 stabilita<\/td>\n            <td>V\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f a desky HDI<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n            <td>\/129<\/td>\n            <td>Epoxidov\u00e1 prysky\u0159ice s n\u00edzk\u00fdm koeficientem tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti (CTE) a vysokou skelnou teplotou (Tg)<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265170<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265340<\/td>\n            <td>N\u00edzk\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 rozta\u017enost<\/td>\n            <td>Elektronika s vysokou spolehlivost\u00ed<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n\n        <tr>\n            <td>\/130<\/td>\n            <td>Materi\u00e1l s vysok\u00fdm po\u010dtem vrstev a n\u00edzk\u00fdm koeficientem tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265170<\/td>\n            <td>\u2265340<\/td>\n            <td>Vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed odolnost proti deformaci<\/td>\n            <td>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed desky a vysokorychlostn\u00ed syst\u00e9my<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <\/tbody>\n    <\/table>\n\n    <p>V\u011bt\u0161ina in\u017een\u00fdr\u016f ne\u010dte cel\u00fd technick\u00fd list. Prohl\u00e9dnou si ozna\u010den\u00ed podle normy IPC-4101, zkontroluj\u00ed dv\u011b nebo t\u0159i \u010d\u00edsla\na jdou d\u00e1l. To funguje, dokud se lamin\u00e1t p\u0159i mont\u00e1\u017ei nebo p\u0159i teplotn\u00edch cyklech nechov\u00e1 jinak, ne\u017e se o\u010dek\u00e1valo.<\/p>\n\n    <p>\u010c\u00edslo listu s lom\u00edtkem je sice zkratka, ale vyjad\u0159uje skute\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdkonnostn\u00ed limity. List \/126 nap\u0159\u00edklad\nozna\u010duje materi\u00e1l FR-4 s vysokou hodnotou Tg, jeho\u017e teplota skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu p\u0159esahuje 170 \u00b0C. Deska \/99 specifikuje polyimid s n\u00edzk\u00fdm koeficientem tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti (CTE)\n pro aplikace, kde doch\u00e1z\u00ed k opakovan\u00fdm tepeln\u00fdm \u0161ok\u016fm. Tento rozd\u00edl nen\u00ed pouze teoretick\u00fd. Projevuje se ve spolehlivosti pokoven\u00fdch\n pr\u016fchoz\u00edch otvor\u016f po 2 000 cyklech.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Tg: V\u00fdchoz\u00ed bod, nikoli cel\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh<\/h3>\n    <p>P\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru lamin\u00e1tu se nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost v\u011bnuje teplot\u011b skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu. Materi\u00e1ly s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed hodnotou Tg odol\u00e1vaj\u00ed\n zm\u011bk\u010den\u00ed b\u011bhem bezolovnat\u00e9ho p\u00e1jen\u00ed, a proto konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i standardn\u011b vol\u00ed typy s Tg 170 \u00b0C nebo 180 \u00b0C. Samotn\u00e1 hodnota Tg v\u0161ak\n neumo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt chov\u00e1n\u00ed v praxi. Materi\u00e1l s Tg 180 \u00b0C a vysok\u00fdm koeficientem tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti (CTE) v ose Z nad hodnotou Tg bude i tak zp\u016fsobovat prask\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1lc\u016f\n b\u011bhem teplotn\u00edch cykl\u016f. Prysky\u0159ice sice m\u00e9n\u011b zm\u011bkne, ale st\u00e1le se roztahuje. Tato roztahovac\u00ed s\u00edla, pokud nen\u00ed omezena, vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed\n nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Vid\u011bl jsem desky vyroben\u00e9 z lamin\u00e1t\u016f s Tg 180 \u00b0C, kter\u00e9 selhaly d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e desky s Tg 150 \u00b0C, proto\u017ee nesoulad koeficient\u016f tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti (CTE) byl v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. V\ntechnick\u00e9m listu najdete ob\u011b hodnoty, pokud v\u00edte, kde je hledat.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>CTE a probl\u00e9m s osou Z<\/h3>\n    <p>Koeficient tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti (CTE) v ose Z m\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam, ne\u017e si v\u011bt\u0161ina konstrukt\u00e9r\u016f uv\u011bdomuje. Pod hodnotou Tg se u v\u011bt\u0161iny syst\u00e9m\u016f FR-4 pohybuje v rozmez\u00ed 45\u201365 ppm\/\u00b0C. Nad\n Tg se tato hodnota u standardn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed na 250\u2013300 ppm\/\u00b0C. List s lom\u00edtky normy IPC-4101 definuje maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty pro\n ka\u017ed\u00fd teplotn\u00ed rozsah. List \/124 omezuje koeficient tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti (CTE) v ose Z na celkovou rozta\u017enost 3,5% v rozmez\u00ed teplot od 50 \u00b0C do 260 \u00b0C. Jedn\u00e1 se o\n u\u017e\u0161\u00ed rozmez\u00ed ne\u017e u star\u0161\u00edch list\u016f \/21, kter\u00e9 povolovaly 4,5% nebo v\u00edce.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Kdy\u017e se deska vystavuje teplotn\u00edm v\u00fdkyv\u016fm v rozmez\u00ed -40 \u00b0C a\u017e 125 \u00b0C, doch\u00e1z\u00ed v d\u016fsledku rozta\u017enosti a smr\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed v ose Z k p\u016fsoben\u00ed sil, kter\u00e9 p\u016fsob\u00ed proti m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9mu\npovlaku. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu se na rozhran\u00ed mezi prysky\u0159ic\u00ed a v\u00fdztu\u017e\u00ed za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed objevovat v\u00e1lcovit\u00e9 trhliny. Materi\u00e1ly s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm koeficientem tepeln\u00e9 rozta\u017enosti tento\nproces zpomaluj\u00ed. Nezastav\u00ed ho sice \u00fapln\u011b, ale poskytuj\u00ed ur\u010ditou \u010dasovou rezervu.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>P\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed \u0161ablony \u201eSlash Sheet\u201c konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed aplikaci<\/h3>\n    <p>U vysokorychlostn\u00edch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1vrh\u016f se \u010dasto standardn\u011b vol\u00ed materi\u00e1ly s n\u00edzkou dielektrickou konstantou, jako jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad materi\u00e1ly \u0159ady \/70. N\u00edzk\u00e1 dielektrick\u00e1\n konstanta v\u0161ak nepom\u016f\u017ee, pokud dojde p\u0159i oprav\u00e1ch k delaminaci desky. U hust\u00fdch v\u00edcevrstv\u00fdch desek s tlustou m\u011bd\u011bnou vrstvou\n up\u0159ednost\u0148uji tepelnou spolehlivost p\u0159ed elektrick\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem. Polyimid \u0159ady \/99 nebo FR-4 s vysokou Tg \u0159ady \/126 zvl\u00e1daj\u00ed\n opakovan\u00e9 teplotn\u00ed v\u00fdkyvy l\u00e9pe ne\u017e materi\u00e1l s n\u00edzk\u00fdmi ztr\u00e1tami a ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed teplotou rozkladu.<\/p>\n\n    <p>List se \u0161ikm\u00fdmi \u0159ezy tak\u00e9 definuje pevnost v odlupov\u00e1n\u00ed, absorpci vlhkosti a t\u0159\u00eddu ho\u0159lavosti. Pro\nlaboratorn\u00ed prototypy maj\u00ed tyto parametry men\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Naopak hraj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed roli u desek, kter\u00e9 proch\u00e1zej\u00ed certifikac\u00ed pro automobilov\u00fd nebo leteck\u00fd pr\u016fmysl. Pokud\n lamin\u00e1t absorbuje 0,5% vlhkosti nam\u00edsto 0,2%, impedance se posune natolik, \u017ee p\u0159i rychlosti 25 Gbps dojde k bitov\u00fdm chyb\u00e1m.\n Technick\u00fd list na to upozorn\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed vyroben\u00edm prvn\u00edho prototypu.<\/p>\n\n    <h2>Tepeln\u00e1 spolehlivost: Pro\u010d samotn\u00e1 hodnota Tg nesta\u010d\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-placeholder\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CTE-by-using-TMA.webp\" alt=\"CTE by using TMA\">\n\n\n    <p>Vid\u011bl jsem, jak z opravny vych\u00e1zely v\u00edcevrstv\u00e9 desky, u nich\u017e byla hodnota Tg pohodln\u011b nad procesn\u00ed teplotou, a p\u0159esto\npr\u016fchody na vnit\u0159n\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch vypadaly jako kr\u00e1tery. Tehdy se \u010dlov\u011bk na vlastn\u00ed k\u016f\u017ei p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee Tg je pouze bod, ve kter\u00e9m\nprysky\u0159ice m\u011bkne. Ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 to nic o tom, kdy se materi\u00e1l skute\u010dn\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 rozkl\u00e1dat.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Teplota rozkladu (Td)<\/h3>\n    <p>Td je teplota, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 se prysky\u0159i\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 chemicky rozkl\u00e1dat, nikoli pouze zm\u011bk\u010dovat. Obvykle se setk\u00e1te s prahovou hodnotou \u00fabytku hmotnosti 5%,\nkter\u00e1 je stanovena termogravimetrickou anal\u00fdzou. Materi\u00e1l s vysokou hodnotou Tg a n\u00edzkou hodnotou Td je past. Vydr\u017e\u00ed\n bezolovnat\u00e9 p\u00e1jen\u00ed jednou, mo\u017en\u00e1 dvakr\u00e1t, ale t\u0159et\u00ed teplotn\u00ed cyklus b\u011bhem opravn\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f vyvol\u00e1 nevratn\u00e9 po\u0161kozen\u00ed.\n Spojen\u00ed mezi sklem a prysky\u0159ic\u00ed se oslab\u00ed. Zvenku to nen\u00ed vid\u011bt, ale odolnost proti CAF ji\u017e\n neexistuje.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>T260 a T288: Doba do poruchy<\/h3>\n    <p>Jedn\u00e1 se o hodnoty, kter\u00e9 ud\u00e1vaj\u00ed, jak dlouho lamin\u00e1t vydr\u017e\u00ed p\u0159i dan\u00e9 teplot\u011b, ne\u017e dojde k delaminaci. Zkou\u0161ka T260\n se prov\u00e1d\u00ed p\u0159i 260 \u00b0C, zkou\u0161ka T288 p\u0159i 288 \u00b0C. Ve v\u00fdrob\u011b sledujeme desky na palet\u011b pro vlnov\u00e9 p\u00e1jen\u00ed. Materi\u00e1l s hodnotou T260 pod 10\n        minut za\u010dne v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b jak\u00e9hokoli zastaven\u00ed v\u00fdroby vykazovat skvrny nebo puch\u00fd\u0159e je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed koncem sm\u011bny. Specifikace IPC-4101\nuv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty T260 a T288 pro ka\u017edou t\u0159\u00eddu materi\u00e1lu. Pokud je ignorujete, v\u00fdt\u011b\u017enost oprav\nse kolem t\u0159et\u00ed desky prudce propadne.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Skute\u010dn\u00fd tepeln\u00fd v\u00fdkon<\/h3>\n    <p>Tepeln\u00e1 spolehlivost se ned\u00e1 vyj\u00e1d\u0159it jedinou hodnotou. Jedn\u00e1 se o vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00ed mezi hodnotami Tg, Td, T260, T288 a obsahem vlhkosti.\nLamin\u00e1t s absorbovanou vlhkost\u00ed 0,3% se dostane do reflow pece a voda se roz\u0161i\u0159uje rychleji, ne\u017e sta\u010d\u00ed prysky\u0159ice\nodply\u0148ovat. Hodnota T260 m\u016f\u017ee na such\u00e9m vzorku \u010dinit 30 minut, ale stejn\u00fd materi\u00e1l sel\u017ee za 3 minuty, pokud je v n\u011bm\n p\u0159\u00edtomna vlhkost. Vid\u011bl jsem v\u00fdrobn\u00ed \u0161ar\u017ee, kter\u00e9 na such\u00fdch vzorc\u00edch pro\u0161ly zkou\u0161kou tepeln\u00e9ho nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed podle normy IPC-TM-650, ale p\u0159i mont\u00e1\u017ei do\u0161lo k delaminaci,\n proto\u017ee desky le\u017eely dva t\u00fddny ve vlhk\u00e9m skladu. \u00dadaje v technick\u00e9m listu p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed kontrolovan\u00e9 podm\u00ednky.\n V v\u00fdrobn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed jsou v\u0161ak tyto podm\u00ednky k dispozici jen z\u0159\u00eddka.<\/p>\n\n    <h2>Odpor CAF: Skryt\u00fd mechanismus selh\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-placeholder\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CAF-Conductive-Anodic-Filament-Growth.webp\" alt=\"CAF Conductive Anodic Filament Growth\">\n\n\n    <p>Jednou jsme vysledovali p\u0159\u00edpad reklamace z ter\u00e9nu a\u017e k desce, kter\u00e1 byla vyrobena naprosto bezchybn\u011b. V\u0161echny hodnoty impedance byly v r\u00e1mci tolerance.\nV\u0161echny pr\u016f\u0159ezy vyhovovaly. Porucha spo\u010d\u00edvala ve zkratu mezi rovinou 3,3 V a zemn\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fchodkou, hluboko uvnit\u0159\nlamin\u00e1tu. Pod mikroskopem jsme spat\u0159ili charakteristick\u00e9 tmav\u00e9 dendritick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno rostouc\u00ed pod\u00e9l svazku sklen\u011bn\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken.\nJednalo se o tvorbu vodiv\u00e9ho anodick\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna (CAF) \u2013 poruchu, kter\u00e1 p\u0159i elektrick\u00fdch testech ve\ntov\u00e1rn\u011b nezanech\u00e1v\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 stopy.<\/p>\n\n    <p>CAF je elektrochemick\u00e1 migrace, k n\u00ed\u017e doch\u00e1z\u00ed uvnit\u0159 desky, nikoli na jej\u00edm povrchu. Ionty m\u011bdi se uvol\u0148uj\u00ed z\nanody, \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed se pod\u00e9l oslaben\u00e9ho rozhran\u00ed mezi prysky\u0159ic\u00ed a sklem a usazuj\u00ed se na katod\u011b. B\u011bhem m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f provozu ve vlhk\u00e9m\nprost\u0159ed\u00ed se tak vytvo\u0159\u00ed vodiv\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha tam, kde p\u0159edt\u00edm \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 nebyla. Deska funguje, dokud nep\u0159estane fungovat. Nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu postupn\u00e9mu zhor\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed stavu,\nkter\u00e9 by v\u00e1s na to upozornilo.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Norma IPC-4101 \u0159e\u0161\u00ed tento probl\u00e9m prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm kvalifikace materi\u00e1l\u016f, nikoli pouze kontrolou proces\u016f. Norma definuje konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed\nmetody zkou\u0161ek odolnosti proti CAF a v\u00fdkonnostn\u00ed krit\u00e9ria pro z\u00e1kladn\u00ed lamin\u00e1ty. Lamin\u00e1ty typu \/126 a \/129 vy\u017eaduj\u00ed\nzku\u0161ebn\u00ed vzorky s t\u011bsn\u011b rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdmi pr\u016fchoz\u00edmi otvory nebo pr\u016fchody, kter\u00e9 jsou po del\u0161\u00ed\ndobu vystaveny p\u016fsoben\u00ed vysok\u00e9 vlhkosti a stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9mu p\u0159edp\u011bt\u00ed. Krit\u00e9rium pro spln\u011bn\u00ed\/nespln\u011bn\u00ed je jasn\u00e9: po 1 000 hodin\u00e1ch nesm\u00ed doch\u00e1zet k r\u016fstu filament\u016f p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00edmu definovanou prahovou hodnotu.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Probl\u00e9m se sklen\u011bn\u00fdmi svazky<\/h3>\n    <p>Ne v\u0161echna sklen\u011bn\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna jsou stejn\u00e1. CAF se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed pod\u00e9l dut\u00fdch jader ur\u010dit\u00fdch sklen\u011bn\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken, zejm\u00e9na v\noblastech s n\u00edzk\u00fdm obsahem prysky\u0159ice. Lamin\u00e1ty vyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed norm\u011b IPC-4101 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u011b upraven\u00e9 povrchy sklen\u011bn\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed\npom\u011br prysky\u0159ice ke sklu, aby tuto cestu zablokovaly. Rozd\u00edl se projev\u00ed ve v\u00fdrob\u011b. Standardn\u00ed lamin\u00e1t FR-4 m\u016f\u017ee\nsn\u00e1\u0161et tepeln\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed, ale p\u0159i zkou\u0161ce CAF za podm\u00ednek 50 \u00b0C\/90% relativn\u00ed vlhkosti sel\u017ee do 300 hodin. Kvalifikovan\u00fd lamin\u00e1t za stejn\u00fdch\npodm\u00ednek vydr\u017e\u00ed d\u00e9le ne\u017e 1 500 hodin.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Co v\u00e1m testy neprozrad\u00ed<\/h3>\n    <p>Podm\u00ednky zrychlen\u00fdch zkou\u0161ek podle normy jsou n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9, ale i tak p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed idealizovan\u00fd obraz re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Zku\u0161ebn\u00ed vzorky jsou \u010dist\u00e9,\np\u0159esn\u011b leptan\u00e9 a bez drsnost\u00ed po vrt\u00e1n\u00ed. Skute\u010dn\u00e9 desky vykazuj\u00ed mikrotrhliny zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 tup\u00fdmi vrt\u00e1ky, ne\u00fapln\u00fdm\nodstran\u011bn\u00edm zbytk\u016f po vrt\u00e1n\u00ed a zbytky pokovovac\u00edch chemik\u00e1li\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z t\u011bchto vad se st\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u00edstem iniciace CAF. Vid\u011bl jsem\n desky, kter\u00e9 pro\u0161ly materi\u00e1lovou kvalifikac\u00ed, ale v praxi selhaly, proto\u017ee v\u00fdrobce p\u0159ekro\u010dil doporu\u010den\u00fd limit po\u010dtu vrtn\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f.\n Lamin\u00e1t byl v po\u0159\u00e1dku. Slabinu zp\u016fsobil v\u00fdrobn\u00ed proces.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Toto je skryt\u00e1 mezera. Norma IPC-4101 stanovuje po\u017eadavky na materi\u00e1l. Nestanovuje v\u0161ak po\u017eadavky na pl\u00e1n \u00fadr\u017eby vrt\u00e1k\u016f va\u0161eho v\u00fdrobce\nani na \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jeho linky pro odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u010distot. Odolnost proti CAF je v\u017edy kombinac\u00ed obou faktor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n    <h2>Certifik\u00e1ty materi\u00e1l\u016f a co ve skute\u010dnosti znamenaj\u00ed<\/h2>\n    <p>Osv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o shod\u011b (C of C) je nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm dokumentem, kter\u00fd obdr\u017e\u00edte spolu s dod\u00e1vkou lamin\u00e1tu. Jedn\u00e1\nse tak\u00e9 o dokument, kter\u00fd je nej\u010dast\u011bji \u0161patn\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1n. Osv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o shod\u011b nen\u00ed zku\u0161ebn\u00ed protokol. Jedn\u00e1 se o pr\u00e1vn\u00ed prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, \u017ee materi\u00e1l by m\u011bl na z\u00e1klad\u011b\n syst\u00e9mu kvality v\u00fdrobce spl\u0148ovat po\u017eadavky konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho listu normy IPC-4101. Podepisuje jej dodavatel.\n Laborato\u0159 se mo\u017en\u00e1 nikdy nedostala k va\u0161\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u0161ar\u017ei. V pracovn\u00edm postupu s vysok\u00fdmi n\u00e1roky na spolehlivost je chyba pova\u017eovat osv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed o shod\u011b za technick\u00fd\nlist. Jedn\u00e1 se o z\u00e1ruku sledovatelnosti, nikoli o ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Rozd\u00edl mezi osv\u011bd\u010den\u00edm o shod\u011b a zku\u0161ebn\u00edm protokolem<\/h3>\n    <p>Skute\u010dn\u00e1 zku\u0161ebn\u00ed zpr\u00e1va obsahuje re\u00e1ln\u00e9 \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 hodnoty ze vzorku odebran\u00e9ho ze \u0161ar\u017ee, kterou kupujete. Uv\u00e1d\u00ed\n nam\u011b\u0159enou hodnotu Tg metodou DSC, hodnotu Dk p\u0159i 10 GHz a pevnost v odlupov\u00e1n\u00ed po tepeln\u00e9m nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed. Tento rozd\u00edl m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam p\u0159i\n v\u00fdrob\u011b. Setkal jsem se s p\u0159\u00edpadem, kdy certifik\u00e1t p\u016fvodu (C of C) uv\u00e1d\u011bl shodu s normou IPC-4101\/126, zat\u00edmco skute\u010dn\u00e1 \u0161ar\u017ee p\u0159i nez\u00e1visl\u00e9m\n testov\u00e1n\u00ed vyk\u00e1zala hodnotu Tg o 8 \u00b0C ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e je minimum. Tento materi\u00e1l byl sice pou\u017eiteln\u00fd pro desky s mal\u00fdm po\u010dtem vrstev,\nale p\u0159i bezolovnat\u00e9 mont\u00e1\u017ei by selhal v 24vrstv\u00e9 zadn\u00ed desce. Certifik\u00e1t shody (C of C) by to nezachytil. To by dok\u00e1zal pouze\nzku\u0161ebn\u00ed protokol specifick\u00fd pro danou \u0161ar\u017ei.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed souladu s normou IPC-4101 v r\u00e1mci auditu dodavatele<\/h3>\n    <p>B\u011bhem auditu dodavatele se neomezujte pouze na kontrolu, zda soubor s certifik\u00e1tem shody (C of C) existuje. Po\u017e\u00e1dejte o vysledov\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho certifik\u00e1tu a\u017e k jeho surov\u00fdm\n \u00fadaj\u016fm. Sledujte dokumentaci od \u010d\u00edsla dodan\u00e9 \u0161ar\u017ee zp\u011bt k intern\u00edm z\u00e1znam\u016fm o zkou\u0161k\u00e1ch. Prohl\u00e9dn\u011bte si datov\u00e1\nraz\u00edtka. Pokud je datum zkou\u0161ky o n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e datum odesl\u00e1n\u00ed, materi\u00e1l le\u017eel skladov\u00e1n a absorpce vlhkosti mohla\novlivnit hodnotu Dk. Zkontrolujte tak\u00e9, jak dodavatel postupuje v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f. Dobr\u00fd dodavatel danou \u0161ar\u017ei um\u00edst\u00ed do karant\u00e9ny. \u0160patn\u00fd ji ode\u0161le\ns certifik\u00e1tem shody (C of C) a douf\u00e1, \u017ee ji nebudete sami testovat. Norma IPC-4101 stanovuje mezn\u00ed hodnoty vlastnost\u00ed. V\u00e1\u0161 audit ov\u011b\u0159uje\nintegritu syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd prohla\u0161uje, \u017ee tyto mezn\u00ed hodnoty spl\u0148uje.<\/p>\n\n    <h2>Jak v\u00fdrobce desek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f zaji\u0161\u0165uje soulad s normou IPC-4101<\/h2>\n\n\n    <p>Kdy\u017e doraz\u00ed z\u00e1silka lamin\u00e1tu FR-4 na nakl\u00e1dac\u00ed rampu, jako prvn\u00ed nekontrolujeme doklady.\nZkontrolujeme \u0161t\u00edtek na palet\u011b a porovn\u00e1me ho s fyzick\u00fdm vzorkem vy\u0159\u00edznut\u00fdm z okraje desky. Vid\u011bl jsem cel\u00e9 \u0161ar\u017ee,\n u nich\u017e certifik\u00e1t shody uv\u00e1d\u011bl spr\u00e1vn\u00fd list s lom\u00edtkem podle normy IPC-4101, ale skute\u010dn\u00e1 teplota skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu byla o\n 15 \u00b0C ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e bylo uvedeno. Tento rozd\u00edl je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. Materi\u00e1l s Tg 130 \u00b0C prod\u00e1van\u00fd jako 150 \u00b0C p\u0159e\u017eije reflow. Nevydr\u017e\u00ed v\u0161ak\ndva roky teplotn\u00edch cykl\u016f v \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed jednotce motoru. Kontrola p\u0159\u00edjmu zbo\u017e\u00ed tedy za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 ov\u011b\u0159en\u00edm toto\u017enosti\n: v\u00fdrobce, k\u00f3d data a \u010d\u00edslo listu se mus\u00ed shodovat s objedn\u00e1vkou. Pot\u00e9 vy\u0159\u00edzneme\nvzorek.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed dielektrick\u00e9 konstanty a \u00fahlov\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty<\/h3>\n    <p>Skute\u010dn\u00e1 in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 na zku\u0161ebn\u00edm stavu. Norma IPC-4101 definuje mezn\u00ed hodnoty Dk a Df pro ka\u017ed\u00fd typ desky, av\u0161ak\n norma p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u00ed odchylky v r\u00e1mci ur\u010dit\u00e9ho rozmez\u00ed. U vysokorychlostn\u00edch digit\u00e1ln\u00edch desek je toto rozmez\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u0161irok\u00e9. M\u011b\u0159\u00edme\n Dk a Df pomoc\u00ed dielektrick\u00e9ho rezon\u00e1toru se \u0161t\u011bpen\u00fdm p\u00f3lem p\u0159i frekvenci 1 GHz a n\u011bkdy i p\u0159i 10 GHz, pokud to aplikace vy\u017eaduje\n. Jedna \u0161ar\u017ee \u201cvysokorychlostn\u00edho\u201d materi\u00e1lu od kvalifikovan\u00e9ho dodavatele vyk\u00e1zala hodnotu Dk 4,1 nam\u00edsto o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdch 3,8.\n        Tato odchylka zm\u011bnila impedan\u010dn\u00ed profil ka\u017ed\u00e9ho diferenci\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u00e1ru ve vrstvov\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Materi\u00e1l technicky\n spl\u0148oval normu IPC-4101. Z funk\u010dn\u00edho hlediska by v\u0161ak zp\u016fsobil poruchy integrity sign\u00e1lu. Tuto \u0161ar\u017ei jsme odm\u00edtli.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Kontrola proces\u016f po p\u0159evzet\u00ed materi\u00e1lu<\/h3>\n    <p>\u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 absolvov\u00e1n\u00ed vstupn\u00ed kontroly je\u0161t\u011b neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee je v\u0161e v po\u0159\u00e1dku. Stejn\u00fd lamin\u00e1t se chov\u00e1 odli\u0161n\u011b v z\u00e1vislosti na\n parametrech lisov\u00e1n\u00ed, rychlosti n\u00e1r\u016fstu teploty a profilech chlazen\u00ed. Kvalifikovan\u00fd <a\n                href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/cs\/pcb-manufacturer\/\">V\u00fdrobce\ndesek plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f<\/a> Tyto prom\u011bnn\u00e9 je nutn\u00e9 pevn\u011b stanovit pro ka\u017ed\u00fd typ materi\u00e1lu. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me samostatn\u00e9 lisovac\u00ed cykly pro\nstandardn\u00ed lamin\u00e1ty FR-4, lamin\u00e1ty s vysokou hodnotou Tg a bezhalogenov\u00e9 lamin\u00e1ty. Jejich sm\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9. Charakteristiky toku prysky\u0159ice\nse li\u0161\u00ed a profil optimalizovan\u00fd pro jeden typ desky m\u016f\u017ee u jin\u00e9ho typu zp\u016fsobit nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 vytvrzen\u00ed nebo nadm\u011brn\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed.\nKa\u017ed\u00fd lisovac\u00ed cyklus sledujeme podle \u010d\u00edsla \u0161ar\u017ee materi\u00e1lu. Pokud se u n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u0161ar\u017ee po zkou\u0161ce tepeln\u00e9ho nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed\nprojev\u00ed delaminace, m\u016f\u017eeme b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika minut zjistit, zda je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou vada materi\u00e1lu nebo odchylka v procesu.<\/p>\n\n    <p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto bod\u011b mnoho levn\u00fdch dodavatel\u016f \u0161et\u0159\u00ed na nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdch m\u00edstech. Pro v\u0161e pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jeden univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed lisovac\u00ed cyklus a spol\u00e9haj\u00ed se na\ncertifik\u00e1t shody (C of C) od dodavatele lamin\u00e1tu jako d\u016fkaz souladu s normou. To funguje, dokud se na va\u0161em stole neobjev\u00ed reklamace z ter\u00e9nu. Skute\u010dn\u00e1\n shoda s normou IPC-4101 nen\u00ed jen dokument. Jedn\u00e1 se o syst\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, sledovatelnosti a procesn\u00ed discipl\u00edny, kter\u00fd\n za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 na p\u0159\u00edjmov\u00e9m doku a pokra\u010duje p\u0159es ka\u017ed\u00fd cyklus laminov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n    <h2>Zad\u00e1n\u00ed normy IPC-4101 ve v\u00fdrobn\u00edm v\u00fdkresu<\/h2>\n\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-placeholder\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PCB-Fabrication-Drawing-with-IPC-4101-Callout-Example.webp\" alt=\"PCB Fabrication Drawing with IPC-4101 Callout Example\">\n\n\n    <p>V\u011bt\u0161ina v\u00fdrobn\u00edch v\u00fdkres\u016f, kter\u00e9 posuzuji, st\u00e1le uv\u00e1d\u00ed tuto normu nespr\u00e1vn\u011b. Pozn\u00e1mka obvykle zn\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b takto:\n\u201cMateri\u00e1l podle IPC-4101\u201d \u2013 a pr\u00e1v\u011b t\u00edm za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 probl\u00e9m. IPC-4101 nen\u00ed specifikace materi\u00e1lu. Jedn\u00e1 se o\nklasifika\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m s v\u00edce ne\u017e 60 p\u0159\u00edlohami. Ka\u017ed\u00fd list definuje konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed typ lamin\u00e1tu nebo prepreg\u016f\n s vlastn\u00edm prysky\u0159i\u010dn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem, v\u00fdztu\u017e\u00ed, teplotou skeln\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu a t\u0159\u00eddou ho\u0159lavosti. Uveden\u00ed\n z\u00e1kladn\u00ed normy bez konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho listu v\u00fdrobci nic u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9ho ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Jak vypad\u00e1 spr\u00e1vn\u00fd popisek<\/h3>\n    <p>Pozn\u00e1mka k v\u00fdrobku mus\u00ed obsahovat t\u0159i prvky: z\u00e1kladn\u00ed normu, konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo technick\u00e9ho listu a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed\npo\u017eadavky na vlastnosti, kter\u00e9 nejsou v technick\u00e9m listu uvedeny. Spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 zn\u011bn\u00ed pozn\u00e1mky je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"spec-callout\">\n        \u201cLamin\u00e1tov\u00fd materi\u00e1l mus\u00ed spl\u0148ovat po\u017eadavky normy IPC-4101\/126 a m\u00edt minim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnotu Tg 175 \u00b0C stanovenou podle metody 2.4.25 normy IPC-TM-650.\u201d\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>T\u00edm se v\u00fdrobci p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010duje, kterou kategorii materi\u00e1lu m\u00e1 pou\u017e\u00edt. List 126 definuje bromovan\u00fd epoxidov\u00fd\nlamin\u00e1t z tkan\u00e9ho E-skla s klasifikac\u00ed UL 94 V-0. P\u0159idan\u00fd po\u017eadavek na Tg vypl\u0148uje mezeru \u2013 n\u011bkter\u00e9 lamin\u00e1ty typu \/126 mohou\nv z\u00e1vislosti na dodavateli klesnout pod 170 \u00b0C, tak\u017ee specifikace minim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty 175 \u00b0C vylu\u010duje materi\u00e1ly na hranici po\u017eadavk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>Pozn\u00e1mky k prepreg\u016fm jsou tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9<\/h3>\n    <p>Mnoho konstrukt\u00e9r\u016f zapom\u00edn\u00e1, \u017ee prepregy vy\u017eaduj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed v seznamu materi\u00e1l\u016f. Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed lamin\u00e1t a prepregy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9\n k lepen\u00ed nemaj\u00ed v\u017edy stejn\u00fd k\u00f3d v seznamu materi\u00e1l\u016f. U lamin\u00e1tov\u00e9ho bal\u00edku \/126 je odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed prepreg\nobvykle tak\u00e9 \/126, ale je t\u0159eba ov\u011b\u0159it kompatibilitu prysky\u0159ic. Pozn\u00e1mka pro v\u00fdrobu by m\u011bla uv\u00e1d\u011bt:<\/p>\n\n    <div class=\"spec-callout\">\n        \u201cPrepreg mus\u00ed spl\u0148ovat po\u017eadavky normy IPC-4101\/126; obsah prysky\u0159ice a tokov\u00e9 vlastnosti zvol\u00ed v\u00fdrobce tak, aby bylo dosa\u017eeno\n c\u00edlov\u00e9 tlou\u0161\u0165ky dielektrika.\u201d\n    <\/div>\n\n    <p>Nechte v\u00fdrobce, aby si vybral konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed typ prepreg\u016f \u2013 1080, 2116, 7628 \u2013, proto\u017ee toto rozhodnut\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na\n jeho v\u00fdrobn\u00edch mo\u017enostech a na rozestupech mezi vrstvami, kter\u00e9 uvedete jinde v tabulce vrstven\u00ed. Nespecifikujte\ntyp sklen\u011bn\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna nadm\u011brn\u011b, pokud k tomu nem\u00e1te d\u016fvod z hlediska \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 impedance.<\/p>\n\n    <h3>\u010cemu se vyhnout v pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch k v\u00fdrob\u011b<\/h3>\n    <p>Za \u010d\u00edslem listu se lom\u00edtkem neuv\u00e1d\u011bjte \u201cnebo ekvivalent\u201d. Tato fr\u00e1ze vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed mezeru v p\u0159edpisech. V\u00fdrobce, kter\u00fd je pod\ntlakem na sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed n\u00e1klad\u016f, nahrad\u00ed materi\u00e1l s ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hodnotou Tg, kter\u00fd sice technicky spl\u0148uje minim\u00e1ln\u00ed po\u017eadavky uveden\u00e9 v listu se lom\u00edtkem,\nale vykazuje hor\u0161\u00ed vlastnosti p\u0159i teplotn\u00edch cyklech. Pokud pot\u0159ebujete flexibilitu, v\u00fdslovn\u011b uve\u010fte p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed listy s lom\u00edtkem\n: \u201cIPC-4101\/126 nebo \/129 p\u0159ijateln\u00e9.\u201d \/129 je bezolovnat\u00e1 varianta s vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tepelnou\nspolehlivost\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se o z\u00e1m\u011brnou volbu, nikoli o otev\u0159enou v\u00fdzvu.<\/p>\n\n    <h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se normy IPC-4101<\/h2>\n\n    <div class=\"faq-item\">\n        <h3>Mohu jeden list s lom\u00edtky IPC-4101 nahradit jin\u00fdm?<\/h3>\n        <p>Ne, bez technick\u00e9ho posouzen\u00ed to nejde. \u010c\u00edslo specifikace nen\u00ed pouh\u00fdm doporu\u010den\u00edm. Definuje p\u0159esnou lamin\u00e1tovou\nkonstrukci, syst\u00e9m prysky\u0159ic a chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti vytvrzov\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00fdm\u011bna jednoho za druh\u00e9 m\u011bn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed desky p\u0159i\nmont\u00e1\u017ei i v praxi.<\/p>\n        <p>Tuto chybu v\u00edd\u00e1m nej\u010dast\u011bji u bezolovnat\u00fdch spoj\u016f. N\u00e1vrh vy\u017eaduje lamin\u00e1t IPC-4101\/126 \u2013 standardn\u00ed FR-4\nur\u010den\u00fd pro bezolovnat\u00e9 p\u00e1jen\u00ed. N\u011bkdo z odd\u011blen\u00ed n\u00e1kupu najde levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lamin\u00e1t \/121 a zept\u00e1 se, zda je to \u201cdostate\u010dn\u011b\nbl\u00edzk\u00e9\u201d. Nen\u00ed. Lamin\u00e1t \/121 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 epoxidovou prysky\u0159ici vytvrzovanou dicyklopentanem s ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hodnotou Tg a teplotou rozkladu, kter\u00e1\nnen\u00ed schopna spolehliv\u011b odolat opakovan\u00fdm \u0161pi\u010dk\u00e1m teploty 260 \u00b0C p\u0159i reflow p\u00e1jen\u00ed. Riskujete delaminaci, prask\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1lc\u016f nebo poruchy zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 CAF\n, kter\u00e9 se projev\u00ed a\u017e o n\u011bkolik m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f pozd\u011bji v praxi.<\/p>\n        <p>Jedinou bezpe\u010dnou mo\u017enost\u00ed nahrazen\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edpad, kdy to v\u00fdrobce v\u00fdslovn\u011b povoluje. Nap\u0159\u00edklad ve v\u00fdkresu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt uvedeno:\n\u201cIPC-4101\/126 nebo \/129 je p\u0159ijateln\u00e9.\u201d To je v po\u0159\u00e1dku, proto\u017ee \/129 je varianta se vysokou hodnotou Tg, vytvrzen\u00e1 fenolem,\n vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. M\u00e1 lep\u0161\u00ed tepelnou spolehlivost, nikoli hor\u0161\u00ed. In\u017een\u00fdr se v\u011bdom\u011b rozhodl\n p\u0159ijmout v\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed alternativu. To nen\u00ed tot\u00e9\u017e jako nechat n\u00e1kupn\u00ed odd\u011blen\u00ed vybrat to, co je\n nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n        <p>Pokud mus\u00edte pou\u017e\u00edt n\u00e1hradu, zkontrolujte t\u0159i v\u011bci. Za prv\u00e9, ujist\u011bte se, \u017ee minim\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnoty Tg a Td odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016fm v p\u016fvodn\u00edm\ntechnick\u00e9m listu. Za druh\u00e9, ov\u011b\u0159te, zda je prysky\u0159i\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m kompatibiln\u00ed s va\u0161imi testy spolehlivosti. Za t\u0159et\u00ed se ujist\u011bte, \u017ee\ndielektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti nezm\u011bn\u00ed va\u0161e c\u00edlov\u00e9 hodnoty impedance. I mal\u00e1 zm\u011bna hodnoty Dk mezi dv\u011bma variantami FR-4\nm\u016f\u017ee p\u0159i del\u0161\u00edm provozu zp\u016fsobit, \u017ee diferenci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00e1r vybo\u010d\u00ed ze specifikace.<\/p>\n        <p>Pokud m\u00e1te pochybnosti, neh\u00e1dejte. Po\u017e\u00e1dejte v\u00fdrobce o kompletn\u00ed technick\u00fd list lamin\u00e1tu a porovnejte jej\n\u0159\u00e1dek po \u0159\u00e1dku s p\u016fvodn\u00edm textem normy IPC-4101.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"cta-section\">\n        <h2>Nechte si vypracovat technickou anal\u00fdzu vrstven\u00ed materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/h2>\n        <p>Setk\u00e1v\u00e1me se s p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoha n\u00e1vrhy, u nich\u017e byla skladba materi\u00e1l\u016f zkop\u00edrov\u00e1na z p\u0159edchoz\u00edho projektu, ani\u017e by se ov\u011b\u0159ilo, zda jsou\nlamin\u00e1ty st\u00e1le k dispozici nebo zda spl\u0148uj\u00ed po\u017eadavky. Slo\u017een\u00ed, kter\u00e9 fungovalo v roce 2021, m\u016f\u017ee nyn\u00ed obsahovat ji\u017e nevyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fd\nprepreg nebo lamin\u00e1t, kter\u00fd ji\u017e nespl\u0148uje po\u017eadavky normy IPC-4101 na teploty bezolovnat\u00e9 mont\u00e1\u017ee\n. Kdy\u017e p\u0159edlo\u017e\u00edte svou vrstvenou strukturu k technick\u00e9mu posouzen\u00ed, n\u00e1\u0161 t\u00fdm porovn\u00e1 ka\u017edou vrstvu\n s aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed dostupnost\u00ed materi\u00e1l\u016f a p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nou specifikac\u00ed IPC-4101. Zkontrolujeme nap\u0159\u00edklad procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed\n obsah prysky\u0159ice, typ sklen\u011bn\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken a toleranci Dk p\u0159i va\u0161\u00ed provozn\u00ed frekvenci. N\u011bkdy sta\u010d\u00ed jednoduch\u00e1\nv\u00fdm\u011bna materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00e1 zachov\u00e1 stejn\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 vlastnosti. Jindy p\u016fvodn\u00ed volba lamin\u00e1tu\nvy\u017eaduje p\u0159epracov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1vrhu, proto\u017ee dodavatel zm\u011bnil slo\u017een\u00ed materi\u00e1lu. A\u0165 tak \u010di onak, dozv\u00edte se to je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e\ndeska p\u016fjde do v\u00fdroby, a ne a\u017e pot\u00e9.<\/p>\n        <p>Pokud pot\u0159ebujete prov\u00e9st posouzen\u00ed konstrukce va\u0161\u00ed desky plo\u0161n\u00fdch spoj\u016f z hlediska materi\u00e1lov\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed, <a class='spectra-popup-trigger-4901'>obra\u0165te se na n\u00e1\u0161 technick\u00fd t\u00fdm ohledn\u011b\nkontroly DFM a ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed shody materi\u00e1l\u016f<\/a>.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When PCB Materials Fail: The Cost of Ignoring IPC-4101 In 2019, a Tier-1 automotive supplier recalled 40,000 engine control units. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5099,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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