{"id":2145,"date":"2025-08-29T07:13:53","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T07:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=2145"},"modified":"2025-09-25T09:02:55","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T09:02:55","slug":"rf-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-manufacturer\/rf-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"Designregler for RF-printkort: Fra materiale til layout"},"content":{"rendered":"
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RF PCB er en type printkort (PCB), der er lavet til at b\u00e6re og h\u00e5ndtere radiofrekvenssignaler. Disse signaler er h\u00f8jfrekvente. De har normalt en frekvens p\u00e5 300 kHz eller derover og op til 300 GHz.<\/p>

\"RF<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Radiofrekvens, eller RF, er et navn for en gruppe elektromagnetiske b\u00f8lger. Folk bruger dette navn, n\u00e5r b\u00f8lgerne kan bruges til radiokommunikation. Frekvensomr\u00e5det for RF er ikke altid det samme i forskellige b\u00f8ger. I nogle b\u00f8ger st\u00e5r der, at RF er fra 30 MHz til 3 GHz. Andre siger, at det er fra 300 MHz til 40 GHz. Disse omr\u00e5der kan overlappe med det omr\u00e5de, der kaldes mikrob\u00f8lger. Andre b\u00f8ger bruger en anden m\u00e5de at opdele spektret p\u00e5. De siger, at b\u00f8lger med en b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde fra 1 megameter til 1 meter er i en gruppe. Det giver frekvenser fra 30 Hz til 300 MHz. Gr\u00e6nsen mellem RF og mikrob\u00f8lger er ikke helt klar. Gr\u00e6nsen kan \u00e6ndre sig i takt med, at dele og designmetoder bliver bedre.<\/p>

RF PCB og dets vigtigste funktioner<\/h1>

N\u00e5r vi designer et printkort til RF-brug, skal vi t\u00e6nke p\u00e5, hvordan transmissionslinjer opf\u00f8rer sig. En ledning eller et spor p\u00e5 et printkort kan modelleres p\u00e5 to m\u00e5der. Den ene er modellen med klumpede elementer. Den anden er den distribuerede parametermodel. En almindelig regel er denne. Hvis den geometriske l\u00e6ngde l divideret med b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngden \u03bb er lig med eller st\u00f8rre end 0,05, s\u00e5 bruger vi den distribuerede model. I denne note betyder et RF-link et kredsl\u00f8b, hvor transmissionslinjen har brug for den distribuerede model. I praksis er PCB-sporl\u00e6ngden sj\u00e6ldent l\u00e6ngere end 50 cm. S\u00e5 vi kan starte med analoge signaler ved 30 MHz. Signaler over 3 GHz kaldes ofte mikrob\u00f8lger. Af hensyn til produktionsgr\u00e6nser, hvor elementafstanden kan v\u00e6re 0,5 mm, s\u00e6tter folk nogle gange topfrekvensen til 30 GHz. Men det er ikke altid brugbart.<\/p>

Ud fra disse punkter kan vi sige, at et RF-printkort er et printkort til analoge signaler med en frekvens p\u00e5 ca. 30 MHz til 6 GHz. Valget mellem klumpet eller distribueret model skal f\u00f8lge formlen ovenfor og arbejdsfrekvensen.<\/p>

Fordi substratets dielektriske konstant normalt er h\u00f8j, bev\u00e6ger b\u00f8lgerne sig langsommere i pladen end i luft. Det g\u00f8r b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngden kortere p\u00e5 pladen. Til mikrostrip og andre linjer skal substratet have et lavt dielektrisk tab. Den dielektriske konstant b\u00f8r ikke \u00e6ndre sig meget over det n\u00f8dvendige frekvens- og temperaturomr\u00e5de. Substratet skal have en god varmeledningsevne og en glat overflade. Det skal kl\u00e6be godt til lederen.<\/p>

Til metallet p\u00e5 sporet har vi brug for h\u00f8j ledningsevne. Metallet skal have en lille temperaturkoefficient for modstand. Det skal sidde godt fast p\u00e5 underlaget. Det skal v\u00e6re let at lodde.<\/p>

Principper for valg af RF-kortmateriale<\/h1>

Substratets rolle i mikrob\u00f8lge-PCB'er<\/h2>

Et mikrob\u00f8lgefrekvens-printkort er ikke kun en st\u00f8tte for komponenter. Det er ogs\u00e5 et medium for elektromagnetiske mikrob\u00f8lgefelter. S\u00e5 til RF-kredsl\u00f8b er det bedste valg et h\u00f8jfrekvens- eller mikrob\u00f8lgesubstrat.<\/p>

Kontrol af sporingsimpedans<\/h2>

P\u00e5 et RF-printkort skal de trykte spor f\u00f8lge normale regler som str\u00f8mkapacitet. Derudover skal vi kontrollere sporets karakteristiske impedans. Sporene skal matches i impedans. S\u00e5 PCB-processen skal kontrollere sporimpedansen. En spors karakteristiske impedans afh\u00e6nger af printmaterialet og dets fysiske parametre. S\u00e5 PCB-designere skal kende materialets ydeevne.<\/p>

Materialekrav til RF-kort<\/h2>

RF-kort har normalt brug for h\u00f8j frekvens og h\u00f8j ydeevne. Folk v\u00e6lger substrat med n\u00f8jagtig dielektrisk konstant. Underlaget skal v\u00e6re stabilt og have lavt tab. Materialet skal ogs\u00e5 fungere i produktionen. Det skal f.eks. kunne h\u00e5ndtere reflow-lodning ved h\u00f8j temperatur. Vores virksomhed bruger ofte fr4, TACONIC og materialer fra ROGERS til RF-basismateriale.<\/p>

FR-4 egenskaber<\/h2>

fr4 (flammeh\u00e6mmende kobberbelagt epoxyglasstof) har en dielektrisk konstant Er testet ved 1 GHz som Er = 4,3 \u00b1 0,2. Glasovergangstemperaturen Tg er 135 \u00b0C. Til almindelige plader bruger vi to slags plader. Den ene er standardkortmateriale. Det er billigt og har en moden proces. Den anden er UV-plade, ofte kaldet gul plade. Det har UV-BLOCKING til at blokere ultraviolet. Vi bruger det til de ydre lag. Dens ydeevne er lidt bedre end standardpladen.<\/p>

\"fr-4\"
fr-4<\/figcaption><\/figure>

TACONIC-materiale<\/h2>

TACONIC<\/a> er et velkendt m\u00e6rke. Det har mange specifikationer. Prisen er h\u00f8jere end fr4.<\/p>

ROGERS-materiale<\/h2>

ROGERS-materialet har en h\u00f8j n\u00f8jagtighed i den dielektriske konstant. Det er temperaturstabilt og har lavt tab. Vi bruger det til kredsl\u00f8b med h\u00f8j effekt. PCB-fremstillingen og -processen ligner fr4, s\u00e5 fremstillingsomkostningerne er lave. Men kobberfoliens vedh\u00e6ftning er lav.<\/p>

Bord med underlag<\/h1>
Materialetype<\/th>Typisk materiale<\/th>Dk (10 GHz)<\/th>Df (10 GHz)<\/th>Funktioner og brug<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Fluorpolymer-substrat<\/td>PTFE (polytetrafluorethylen)<\/td>2.1-2.3<\/td>0.0005-0.001<\/td>Meget lavt tab. God til mmWave. Kan bruges til 5G-basestationer og radar.<\/td><\/tr>
Keramisk fyldt substrat<\/td>Rogers RO4000-serien<\/td>3.38-4.5<\/td>0.0027-0.004<\/td>Middel pris. God til mikrob\u00f8lgeovn. Bruges til WiFi- og Bluetooth-moduler.<\/td><\/tr>
Substrat af glasfiber<\/td>H\u00f8jfrekvent fr4 (som Isola FR408)<\/td>3.9-4.2<\/td>0.008-0.01<\/td>Lav pris. God til mellem og lav RF. Bruges til walkie talkies og lignende.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div>

RF-problemer i PCB-design og -l\u00f8sninger<\/h1>

Generelt g\u00e6lder det for kredsl\u00f8b med frekvenser under mikrob\u00f8lger (det g\u00e6lder ogs\u00e5 lavfrekvente og digitale kredsl\u00f8b med lav hastighed), at et omhyggeligt layout er den f\u00f8rste n\u00f8gle til succes. Hvis du kender reglerne, kan du lave et godt design. For mikrostrip- og h\u00f8jhastighedsdigitalkredsl\u00f8b p\u00e5 PCB-niveau kan det v\u00e6re n\u00f8dvendigt med to eller tre PCB-versioner for at sikre kredsl\u00f8bets kvalitet. For RF-kredsl\u00f8b med frekvenser over mikrob\u00f8lgeovnen skal du bruge flere versioner for at forbedre ydeevnen. S\u00e5 du vil st\u00e5 over for mange udfordringer under design af RF-kredsl\u00f8b.<\/p>

Her er en liste over almindelige problemer og l\u00f8sninger.<\/p>

Almindelige problemer i design af RF-kredsl\u00f8b<\/h2>

  1. Interferens mellem digitale og analoge moduler<\/b>
    N\u00e5r analoge RF-dele og digitale dele arbejder alene, kan de hver is\u00e6r fungere godt. Men n\u00e5r de blandes p\u00e5 samme kort og deler str\u00f8m, kan hele systemet blive ustabilt. Digitale signaler svinger mellem jord og Vcc med mere end 3 V. Perioden kan v\u00e6re kort, i st\u00f8rrelsesordenen nanosekunder. Fordi amplituden er stor, og skiftet er hurtigt, indeholder digitale signaler h\u00f8jfrekvente komponenter, som ikke afh\u00e6nger af switching-uret. I den analoge del, fra en tunet radiosl\u00f8jfe til en modtager, kan sp\u00e6ndingen v\u00e6re mindre end 1 \u03bcV. Forskellen mellem det lille RF-signal og den digitale st\u00f8j kan v\u00e6re mere end 120 dB. Hvis digitale signaler ikke holdes v\u00e6k fra RF, kan det svage RF-signal blive beskadiget. Radioen kan holde op med at fungere eller fungere d\u00e5rligt.<\/p><\/li>

  2. St\u00f8jinterferens i str\u00f8mforsyningen<\/b>
    RF-kredsl\u00f8b er f\u00f8lsomme over for st\u00f8j. De er f\u00f8lsomme over for spidser og andre h\u00f8jfrekvente overtoner. En mikrocontroller vil pludselig tr\u00e6kke meget str\u00f8m ved hver intern clockcyklus. De fleste moderne mikrocontrollere bruger CMOS. Hvis en mikrocontroller k\u00f8rer med 1 MHz internt ur, vil den tr\u00e6kke str\u00f8m ved den hastighed. Hvis vi ikke har en god str\u00f8mafkobling, f\u00e5r vi sp\u00e6ndingsst\u00f8j p\u00e5 str\u00f8mledningerne. Hvis der kommer sp\u00e6ndingsspidser til RF-str\u00f8mstifterne, kan RF-blokken svigte.<\/p><\/li>

  3. D\u00e5rligt design af jorden<\/b>
    Hvis jorden ikke er godt designet til RF, kan der ske m\u00e6rkelige resultater. I digitalt design fungerer de fleste kredsl\u00f8b stadig, selv om jorden ikke er perfekt. Men i RF fungerer selv korte jordledninger som induktorer. For eksempel er 1 nH induktans t\u00e6t p\u00e5 1 mm i l\u00e6ngden. Ud fra det kan vi g\u00e6tte p\u00e5, at et 10 mm langt PCB-spor har en reaktans p\u00e5 ca. 27 ohm. Hvis vi ikke har en god jordforbindelse, vil mange jordspor v\u00e6re lange, og kredsl\u00f8bet vil ikke holde sine designede egenskaber.<\/p><\/li>

  4. Antennestr\u00e5ling, der forstyrrer andre analoge kredsl\u00f8b<\/b>
    I PCB-layout er der andre analoge dele. Mange print har ADC'er eller DAC'er. Et st\u00e6rkt RF-signal fra en sender kan n\u00e5 ADC-indgangen. Ethvert spor kan fungere som en antenne. Hvis ADC-indgangen ikke har en god h\u00e5ndtering, kan RF g\u00e5 ind i dens ESD-diode og for\u00e5rsage ADC-offset eller -fejl.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

    Principper og l\u00f8sninger for design af RF-kredsl\u00f8b<\/h2>

    1. Definition af RF-layout<\/h3>

    F\u00f8lg disse regler, n\u00e5r du designer RF-layout.<\/p>

    1. Hold h\u00f8jeffektforst\u00e6rkere (HPA'er) og lavst\u00f8jsforst\u00e6rkere (LNA'er) s\u00e5 langt fra hinanden som muligt. Placer sendedele med h\u00f8j effekt langt fra modtagedele med lav effekt.<\/p><\/li>

    2. I h\u00f8jfrekvensomr\u00e5der p\u00e5 printet skal der v\u00e6re mindst et fuldt jordplan under, og man skal undg\u00e5 vias i det. Jo st\u00f8rre kobberareal, desto bedre.<\/p><\/li>

    3. Afkobling af kredsl\u00f8b og str\u00f8m er lige s\u00e5 vigtigt.<\/p><\/li>

    4. Placer RF-udgange v\u00e6k fra RF-indgange.<\/p><\/li>

    5. S\u00e6t f\u00f8lsomme analoge signaler langt fra h\u00f8jhastighedsdigitale og RF-signaler.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

      \"Definition<\/p>

      2. Designregler for fysisk og elektrisk opdeling<\/h3>

      Partition betyder at opdele kortet efter funktion. Du kan lave fysisk partition og elektrisk partition. Fysisk partition handler om del-layout, retning og afsk\u00e6rmning. Elektrisk opdeling handler om str\u00f8mfordeling, RF-routing, f\u00f8lsomme dele, signaler og jordzoner.<\/p>

      \"RF<\/p>

      a. Principper for fysisk opdeling<\/h4>

      Del-layout er n\u00f8glen til et godt RF-design. En god metode er at placere delene langs RF-stien f\u00f8rst. Indstil derefter deres retning. Placer indgange v\u00e6k fra udgange. Hold dele med h\u00f8j effekt og dele med lav effekt adskilt. Det er med til at forkorte RF-stierne.<\/p>

      b. Princip for PCB-stackup-design<\/h4>

      En god opstilling placerer hovedjordplanet p\u00e5 laget under sporlaget. L\u00e6g RF-spor p\u00e5 planlaget. G\u00f8r vias p\u00e5 RF-stier sm\u00e5. Det reducerer stiinduktansen og reducerer kolde lodninger p\u00e5 hovedjordingen. Der vil ogs\u00e5 l\u00e6kke mindre RF-energi til andre lag.<\/p>

      \"\"<\/p>

      c. RF-dele og RF-sporprincipper<\/h4>

      P\u00e5 tavlen kan line\u00e6re kredsl\u00f8b som flertrinsforst\u00e6rkere adskille RF-zoner. Men duplexere, mixere og IF-forst\u00e6rkere f\u00e5r ofte mange RF- og IF-signaler til at optr\u00e6de t\u00e6t p\u00e5 hinanden. Du b\u00f8r s\u00f8rge for at mindske denne kobling. F\u00f8r RF- og IF-spor omhyggeligt, og lad der v\u00e6re jord mellem dem. Den rigtige RF-vej er afg\u00f8rende for PCB'ets ydeevne. Derfor tager delelayout det meste af tiden i design af telefonprintkort.<\/p>

      d. Princippet om elektrisk skillev\u00e6g<\/h4>

      Det meste str\u00f8m i telefonkredsl\u00f8b er lav DC, s\u00e5 du beh\u00f8ver ikke specielt brede ledninger. Men til str\u00f8m til h\u00f8jeffektforst\u00e6rkere skal man lave brede ledninger til h\u00f8j str\u00f8m. Det holder sp\u00e6ndingsfaldet lille. Brug mange vias til at flytte str\u00f8mmen fra et plan til et andet for at undg\u00e5 str\u00f8mtab.<\/p>

      Effektafkobling til effektdele er vigtig. Hvis man undlader at afkoble effekten ved en h\u00f8j effektforst\u00e6rkers pin, kan der opst\u00e5 mange problemer. St\u00f8j med h\u00f8j effekt kan str\u00e5le ud over hele kortet. Jordforbindelse til h\u00f8jeffektforst\u00e6rkere er meget vigtig. Designere har ofte brug for en metalafsk\u00e6rmning.<\/p>

      e. Princip for isolering af RF-input\/output<\/h4>

      Det er meget vigtigt at holde RF-udgang v\u00e6k fra RF-indgang. Dette g\u00e6lder for forst\u00e6rkere, buffere og filtre. I v\u00e6rste fald, hvis forst\u00e6rkerens eller bufferens udgang kommer tilbage til indgangen med den rigtige fase og amplitude, kan delen g\u00e5 i selvoscillation. I gode tilf\u00e6lde vil kredsl\u00f8bet v\u00e6re stabilt ved alle temperaturer og sp\u00e6ndinger. I det d\u00e5rlige tilf\u00e6lde vil det tilf\u00f8je st\u00f8j og intermodulation til RF-signalet.<\/p>

      Sammenfatning<\/h1>

      Kort sagt arbejder RF-kredsl\u00f8b med distribuerede parameterlinjer. De udviser skin-effekt og kobling. Det g\u00f8r dem forskellige fra lavfrekvens- og j\u00e6vnstr\u00f8mskredsl\u00f8b. S\u00e5 i RF PCB-design skal du fokusere p\u00e5 ovenst\u00e5ende punkter. Hvis du g\u00f8r det, bliver designet effektivt og pr\u00e6cist.<\/p>

      1. Hold sporene korte, n\u00e5r det er muligt. Korte spor reducerer tab og u\u00f8nsket reaktans.<\/p><\/li>

      2. Brug det rigtige substrat til den n\u00f8dvendige frekvens. fr4 er okay i mange tilf\u00e6lde. Brug Rogers eller PTFE til lavt tab ved h\u00f8je frekvenser.<\/p><\/li>

      3. Kontroller impedansen af sporene. Brug den rigtige bredde, afstand og stabling. M\u00e5l eller beregn med v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer.<\/p><\/li>

      4. Hold digitale og RF-dele adskilt. Giv hver sektion sin egen jordforbindelse. Brug afkobling ved str\u00f8mstifter t\u00e6t p\u00e5 delen.<\/p><\/li>

      5. Brug stelplader og sm\u00e5 vias til RF-retur. Det s\u00e6nker induktansen.<\/p><\/li>

      6. Placer filtre og afsk\u00e6rmning i n\u00e6rheden af f\u00f8lsomme dele. Det mindsker u\u00f8nsket opsamling.<\/p><\/li>

      7. Test med prototyper. RF har normalt brug for flere runder med layout og tune. Sm\u00e5 \u00e6ndringer kan have stor effekt ved h\u00f8je frekvenser.<\/p><\/li>

      8. Til antenner skal du give et frit omr\u00e5de og holde metal og andre spor v\u00e6k. Antennematchning og -indstilling kr\u00e6ver ofte plads p\u00e5 tavlen og test.<\/p><\/li>

      9. N\u00e5r du laver h\u00f8jeffektbaner, skal du g\u00f8re dem brede og bruge mange vias til at f\u00f8re str\u00f8m mellem lagene.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

        Grundl\u00e6ggende formler og regler, der skal kontrolleres<\/h1>

        1. Brug l\/\u03bb \u2265 0,05 til at se, om et spor har brug for en distribueret model. l er geometrisk l\u00e6ngde. \u03bb er arbejdsb\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde i mediet.<\/p><\/li>

        2. For at f\u00e5 en hurtig fornemmelse af induktansen svarer 1 nH til ca. 1 mm spor. Brug dette til at tjekke, om lange jordforbindelser tilf\u00f8jer induktans.<\/p><\/li>

        3. For at kontrollere impedansen skal du kende stackup, sporbredde, dielektrisk konstant og afstand til planet. Brug en field solver eller impedansberegner for at f\u00e5 n\u00f8jagtige v\u00e6rdier.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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          Ofte stillede sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHvad er et RF-printkort?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Et RF-printkort (radiofrekvens) er designet til at b\u00e6re RF- og mikrob\u00f8lgesignaler (hundreder af MHz op til mange GHz). Det bruger kontrollerede materialer, stackups og layoutregler for at minimere tab og bevare signalintegriteten.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHvilke substratmaterialer bruges typisk til RF-printkort?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Almindelige valg er PTFE-baserede laminater og konstruerede materialer (Rogers, Taconic osv.) til lavt tab og stabile dielektriske egenskaber; i nogle lavfrekvente eller omkostningsf\u00f8lsomme designs kan der bruges FR-4-varianter af h\u00f8j kvalitet.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHvorfor ikke altid bruge FR-4 til RF-design?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Standard FR-4 har h\u00f8jere dielektrisk tab og mindre stabil Dk ved GHz-frekvenser, hvilket \u00f8ger d\u00e6mpning og impedansvariabilitet - s\u00e5 til pr\u00e6cisions RF-arbejde foretr\u00e6kkes normalt laminater i PTFE\/Rogers-klassen.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEr via stubs et problem for RF-signaler?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Ja, viastubs fungerer som korte, uafsluttede transmissionslinjer og for\u00e5rsager refleksioner. Almindelige afhj\u00e6lpninger omfatter bagboring, nedgravede\/stablede vias og omhyggelig placering af vias.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHvilke tests validerer RF-printkortets ydeevne?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Almindelige tests: VNA S-parameter (insertion\/return loss), TDR\/impedans-tjek og termiske\/aldringstests for at verificere Dk-stabilitet og dimensionel adf\u00e6rd.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHvad skal jeg give en producent for at f\u00e5 et pr\u00e6cist RF-tilbud?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Lever Gerbers\/ODB++, m\u00e5limpedansv\u00e6rdier, n\u00f8jagtig lagopbygning, dielektriske valg (eller Dk\/Df-m\u00e5l), BGA\/pitch-info, via-krav (backdrill\/via-in-pad) og eventuelle s\u00e6rlige noter om routing eller samling. Tidlig DFM-gennemgang fremskynder produktionen og reducerer risikoen.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          RF PCB er en type printkort (PCB), der er lavet til at b\u00e6re og h\u00e5ndtere radiofrekvenssignaler. Disse signaler [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1898,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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          RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals are high frequency. They usually have frequency equal to or above 300 kHz and up to 300 GHz.<\\\/p>

          \\\"RF<\\\/p>

          \\u00a0<\\\/p>

          Radio frequency, or RF, is a name for a group of electromagnetic waves. People use this name when the waves can work for radio communication. The range of frequency for RF is not always the same in different books. Some books say RF is from 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Some say it is from 300 MHz to 40 GHz. These ranges can overlap with the range called microwave. Some other books use a different way to split the spectrum. They say waves with wavelength from 1 megameter to 1 meter are in a group. That gives frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 MHz. The line between RF and microwave is not very clear. The line can change as parts and design methods get better.<\\\/p>

          RF PCB and its main features<\\\/h1>

          When we design a PCB for RF use, we must think about how transmission lines behave. For a wire or trace on a PCB, we can model it in two ways. One is the lumped element model. The other is the distributed parameter model. A common rule is this. If the geometric length l divided by the wavelength \\u03bb is equal to or larger than 0.05, then we use the distributed model. In this note, an RF link means a circuit where the transmission line needs the distributed model. In practice, PCB trace length is rarely longer than 50 cm. So we can start from analog signals at 30 MHz. Signals above 3 GHz are often called microwave. For production limits where element spacing can be 0.5 mm, people sometimes set the top frequency to 30 GHz. But that is not always useful.<\\\/p>

          From these points, we can say an RF PCB is a PCB for analog signals with frequency about 30 MHz to 6 GHz. The choice between lumped or distributed model should follow the formula above and the working frequency.<\\\/p>

          Because the substrate dielectric constant is usually high, waves move slower in the board than in air. That makes wavelength shorter on the board. For microstrip and other lines, the substrate must have low dielectric loss. The dielectric constant should not change much over the needed frequency and temperature range. The substrate should have good thermal conductivity and a smooth surface. It must stick well to the conductor.<\\\/p>

          For the metal on the trace we need high conductivity. The metal should have a small temperature coefficient of resistance. It should stick to the substrate well. It should be easy to solder.<\\\/p>

          Principles for choosing RF board material<\\\/h1>

          Role of substrate in microwave PCBs<\\\/h2>

          A microwave frequency PCB is not only a support for components. It is also a medium for microwave electromagnetic fields. So for RF circuits the best choice is high frequency or microwave grade substrate.<\\\/p>

          Trace impedance control<\\\/h2>

          On an RF PCB the printed traces must follow normal rules like current capacity. In addition, we must control the trace characteristic impedance. The traces must be matched in impedance. So the PCB process must control trace impedance. The characteristic impedance of a trace depends on the PCB material and its physical parameters. So PCB designers must know the material performance.<\\\/p>

          Material requirements for RF boards<\\\/h2>

          RF boards usually need high frequency and high performance. People pick substrate with accurate dielectric constant. The substrate should be stable and have low loss. Also the material must work with production. For example, it must handle high temperature reflow soldering. Our company often uses fr4, TACONIC, and materials from ROGERS for RF base material.<\\\/p>

          FR-4 characteristics<\\\/h2>

          fr4 (flame retardant copper clad epoxy glass fabric) has dielectric constant Er tested at 1 GHz as Er = 4.3 \\u00b1 0.2. The glass transition temperature Tg is 135 \\u00b0C. For common boards we use two kinds of plate. One is standard board material. This is low cost and has mature process. The other is UV board, often called yellow board. It has UV-BLOCKING to block ultraviolet. We use it for outer layers. Its performance is a little better than the standard plate.<\\\/p>[caption id=\\\"attachment_2743\\\" align=\\\"alignnone\\\" width=\\\"688\\\"]\\\"fr-4\\\" fr-4[\\\/caption]

          TACONIC material<\\\/h2>

          TACONIC<\\\/a> is a well known brand. It has many specs. Its price is higher than fr4.<\\\/p>

          ROGERS material<\\\/h2>

          ROGERS material has high dielectric constant accuracy. It is stable with temperature and has low loss. We use it for high power circuits. The PCB make and process is similar to fr4 so cost of making is low. But the copper foil adhesion is low.<\\\/p>

          Substrate table<\\\/h1>
          Material type<\\\/th>Typical material<\\\/th>Dk (10 GHz)<\\\/th>Df (10 GHz)<\\\/th>Features and use<\\\/th><\\\/tr><\\\/thead>
          Fluoropolymer substrate<\\\/td>PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)<\\\/td>2.1\\u20132.3<\\\/td>0.0005\\u20130.001<\\\/td>Very low loss. Good for mmWave. Use for 5G base stations and radar.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
          Ceramic filled substrate<\\\/td>Rogers RO4000 series<\\\/td>3.38\\u20134.5<\\\/td>0.0027\\u20130.004<\\\/td>Mid cost. Good for microwave. Use for WiFi and Bluetooth modules.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
          Glass fiber substrate<\\\/td>High frequency fr4 (like Isola FR408)<\\\/td>3.9\\u20134.2<\\\/td>0.008\\u20130.01<\\\/td>Low cost. Good for mid and low RF. Use for walkie talkies and similar.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><\\\/tbody><\\\/table><\\\/div><\\\/div>

          RF issues in PCB design and solutions<\\\/h1>

          In general, for circuits with frequency below microwave (this includes low frequency and low speed digital), careful layout is the first key to success. If you know the rules, you can make a good design. For microstrip and high speed digital circuits at PCB level, two or three PCB versions may be needed to ensure circuit quality. For RF circuits with frequency above microwave, you will need more versions to improve performance. So you will face many challenges during RF circuit design.<\\\/p>

          Below we list common problems and solutions.<\\\/p>

          Common problems in RF circuit design<\\\/h2>

          1. Interference between digital and analog modules<\\\/b>
            When analog RF parts and digital parts work alone, each can work well. But when they mix on the same board and share power, the whole system may become unstable. Digital signals swing between ground and Vcc by more than 3 V. The period can be short, in the nanosecond range. Because the amplitude is large and the switching is fast, digital signals include high frequency components that do not depend on the switching clock. In the analog part, from a tuned radio loop to a receiver, the voltage can be less than 1 \\u03bcV. The difference between the small RF signal and digital noise can be more than 120 dB. If digital signals are not kept away from RF, the weak RF signal can get damaged. The radio may stop working or work badly.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          2. Power supply noise interference<\\\/b>
            RF circuits are sensitive to noise. They are sensitive to spikes and other high frequency harmonics. A microcontroller will suddenly draw lots of current at each internal clock cycle. Most modern microcontrollers use CMOS. If a microcontroller runs with 1 MHz internal clock, it will draw current at that rate. If we do not have good power decoupling, we will get voltage noise on the power lines. If voltage spikes get to the RF power pins, the RF block may fail.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          3. Bad ground design<\\\/b>
            If the ground is not well designed for RF, strange results can happen. In digital design, most circuits still work even if ground is not perfect. But in RF, even short ground wires act like inductors. For example, 1 nH of inductance is close to 1 mm in length. From that we can guess that a 10 mm long PCB trace has reactance about 27 ohms. If we have no good ground, many ground traces will be long and the circuit will not keep its designed characteristics.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          4. Antenna radiation interfering with other analog circuits<\\\/b>
            In PCB layout, there are other analog parts. Many boards have ADCs or DACs. A strong RF signal from a transmitter can reach the ADC input. Any trace can act like an antenna. If the ADC input does not have good handling, the RF can go into its ESD diode and cause ADC offset or errors.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

            RF circuit design principles and solutions<\\\/h2>

            1. Definition of RF layout<\\\/h3>

            When you design RF layout, follow these rules.<\\\/p>

            1. Keep high power amplifiers (HPAs) and low noise amplifiers (LNAs) as far apart as you can. Put high power transmit parts far from low power receive parts.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            2. In high frequency areas on the PCB, have at least one full ground plane below and avoid vias in it. The larger the copper area the better.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            3. Circuit and power decoupling are equally important.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            4. Place RF outputs away from RF inputs.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            5. Put sensitive analog signals far from high speed digital and RF signals.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

              \\\"Definition<\\\/p>

              2. Physical partition and electrical partition design rules<\\\/h3>

              Partition means splitting the board by function. You can do physical partition and electrical partition. Physical partition deals with part layout, direction, and shields. Electrical partition deals with power distribution, RF routing, sensitive parts, signals, and ground zones.<\\\/p>

              \\\"RF<\\\/p>

              a. Physical partition principles<\\\/h4>

              Parts layout is key for good RF design. A good method is to place parts along the RF path first. Then set their direction. Place inputs away from outputs. Keep high power and low power parts apart. This helps to shorten RF paths.<\\\/p>

              b. PCB stackup design principle<\\\/h4>

              A good stackup puts the main ground plane on the layer below the trace layer. Put RF traces on the plane layer. Make vias on RF paths small. This reduces path inductance and reduces cold solder joints on the main ground. Also less RF energy will leak into other layers.<\\\/p>

              \\\"\\\"<\\\/p>

              c. RF parts and RF trace principles<\\\/h4>

              In the board space, linear circuits like multistage amplifiers can separate RF zones. But duplexers, mixers, and IF amplifiers often make many RF and IF signals appear near each other. You should take care to lower this coupling. Route RF and IF traces carefully and leave ground space between them. The right RF path is vital for PCB performance. That is why part layout takes most of the time in phone PCB design.<\\\/p>

              d. Electrical partition principle<\\\/h4>

              Most power in phone circuits is low DC so you do not need special wide traces. But for power to high power amplifiers you must make wide traces for high current. This keeps voltage drop small. Use many vias to move current from one plane to another to avoid current loss.<\\\/p>

              Power decoupling for power parts is important. If you fail to decouple the power at a high power amplifier pin, many problems can happen. High power noise can radiate across the board. Ground for high power amplifiers is very important. Designers often need a metal shield can.<\\\/p>

              e. RF input\\\/output isolation principle<\\\/h4>

              It is very important to keep RF output away from RF input. This applies to amplifiers, buffers, and filters. In worst case, if amplifier or buffer output comes back to its input with the right phase and amplitude, the part can go into self-oscillation. In good case, the circuit will be stable at all temperatures and voltages. In bad case, it will add noise and intermodulation to the RF signal.<\\\/p>

              Summary<\\\/h1>

              In short, RF circuits work with distributed parameter lines. They show skin effect and coupling. This makes them different from low frequency and DC circuits. So in RF PCB design you must focus on the points above. If you do, the design will be effective and accurate.<\\\/p>

              1. Keep traces short when possible. Short traces reduce loss and unwanted reactance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              2. Use the right substrate for the needed frequency. fr4 is okay for many cases. Use Rogers or PTFE for low loss in high frequency.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              3. Control impedance of traces. Use the right width and spacing and stackup. Measure or calculate with tools.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              4. Keep digital and RF parts separate. Give each section its own ground return. Use decoupling at power pins close to the part.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              5. Use ground planes and small vias for RF return. This lowers inductance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              6. Place filters and shielding near sensitive parts. This lowers unwanted pick up.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              7. Test with prototypes. RF usually needs multiple rounds of layout and tune. Small changes can make big effects at high frequency.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              8. For antennas, give a clear area and keep metal and other traces away. Antenna matching and tuning often need board space and test.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              9. When you make high power traces, make them wide and use many vias to carry current between layers.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                Basic formulas and rules to check<\\\/h1>

                1. Use l\\\/\\u03bb \\u2265 0.05 to see if a trace needs a distributed model. l is geometric length. \\u03bb is working wavelength in the medium.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                2. For quick inductance sense, 1 nH is about 1 mm of trace. Use this to check if long grounds add inductance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                3. For impedance control, know the stackup, trace width, dielectric constant, and distance to plane. Use a field solver or impedance calculator to get accurate values.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"351cd37\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":false},{\"id\":\"vdmvn40\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"settings\":{\"gap\":\"no\",\"content_position\":\"top\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"background_color\":\"#FFFFFF00\",\"background_position\":\"bottom center\",\"background_attachment\":\"scroll\",\"background_repeat\":\"no-repeat\",\"background_size\":\"cover\",\"background_size_mobile\":\"cover\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"classic\",\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0)\",\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"80\",\"right\":\"40\",\"bottom\":\"80\",\"left\":\"40\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"d7a4f88\"}],\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7882748\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"settings\":{\"_column_size\":100,\"_inline_size\":null,\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"space_between_widgets\":40,\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"051b026\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9fc6712\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Frequently Asked Questions\",\"align\":\"center\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"a4e53df\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"631b990\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"tab_title\":\"What is an RF PCB?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                  An RF (radio-frequency) PCB is designed to carry RF and microwave signals (hundreds of MHz up to many GHz). It uses controlled materials, stackups and layout rules to minimize loss and preserve signal integrity.<\\\/p>\",\"_id\":\"1f7b19c\"},{\"_id\":\"ef631eb\",\"tab_title\":\"Which substrate materials are typically used for RF PCBs?\",\"tab_content\":\"

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
                  \\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"1e7d27b","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\">RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals are high frequency. They usually have frequency equal to or above 300 kHz and up to 300 GHz.<\/p><p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2746\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-PCB.webp\" alt=\"RF PCB\" width=\"633\" height=\"500\" \/><\/p><p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\">\u00a0<\/p><p data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"870\">Radio frequency, or RF, is a name for a group of electromagnetic waves. People use this name when the waves can work for radio communication. The range of frequency for RF is not always the same in different books. Some books say RF is from 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Some say it is from 300 MHz to 40 GHz. These ranges can overlap with the range called microwave. Some other books use a different way to split the spectrum. They say waves with wavelength from 1 megameter to 1 meter are in a group. That gives frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 MHz. The line between RF and microwave is not very clear. The line can change as parts and design methods get better.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"872\" data-end=\"902\">RF PCB and its main features<\/h1><p data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"1662\">When we design a PCB for RF use, we must think about how transmission lines behave. For a wire or trace on a PCB, we can model it in two ways. One is the lumped element model. The other is the distributed parameter model. A common rule is this. If the geometric length l divided by the wavelength \u03bb is equal to or larger than 0.05, then we use the distributed model. In this note, an RF link means a circuit where the transmission line needs the distributed model. In practice, PCB trace length is rarely longer than 50 cm. So we can start from analog signals at 30 MHz. Signals above 3 GHz are often called microwave. For production limits where element spacing can be 0.5 mm, people sometimes set the top frequency to 30 GHz. But that is not always useful.<\/p><p data-start=\"1664\" data-end=\"1875\">From these points, we can say an RF PCB is a PCB for analog signals with frequency about 30 MHz to 6 GHz. The choice between lumped or distributed model should follow the formula above and the working frequency.<\/p><p data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"2307\">Because the substrate dielectric constant is usually high, waves move slower in the board than in air. That makes wavelength shorter on the board. For microstrip and other lines, the substrate must have low dielectric loss. The dielectric constant should not change much over the needed frequency and temperature range. The substrate should have good thermal conductivity and a smooth surface. It must stick well to the conductor.<\/p><p data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2499\">For the metal on the trace we need high conductivity. The metal should have a small temperature coefficient of resistance. It should stick to the substrate well. It should be easy to solder.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"43\">Principles for choosing RF board material<\/h1><h2 data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"85\">Role of substrate in microwave PCBs<\/h2><p data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"290\">A microwave frequency PCB is not only a support for components. It is also a medium for microwave electromagnetic fields. So for RF circuits the best choice is high frequency or microwave grade substrate.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"320\">Trace impedance control<\/h2><p data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"705\">On an RF PCB the printed traces must follow normal rules like current capacity. In addition, we must control the trace characteristic impedance. The traces must be matched in impedance. So the PCB process must control trace impedance. The characteristic impedance of a trace depends on the PCB material and its physical parameters. So PCB designers must know the material performance.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"747\">Material requirements for RF boards<\/h2><p data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"1107\">RF boards usually need high frequency and high performance. People pick substrate with accurate dielectric constant. The substrate should be stable and have low loss. Also the material must work with production. For example, it must handle high temperature reflow soldering. Our company often uses fr4, TACONIC, and materials from ROGERS for RF base material.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1134\">FR-4 characteristics<\/h2><p data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1593\">fr4 (flame retardant copper clad epoxy glass fabric) has dielectric constant Er tested at 1 GHz as Er = 4.3 \u00b1 0.2. The glass transition temperature Tg is 135 \u00b0C. For common boards we use two kinds of plate. One is standard board material. This is low cost and has mature process. The other is UV board, often called yellow board. It has UV-BLOCKING to block ultraviolet. We use it for outer layers. Its performance is a little better than the standard plate.<\/p>[caption id=\"attachment_2743\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"688\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2743 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/fr-4.webp\" alt=\"fr-4\" width=\"688\" height=\"459\" \/> fr-4[\/caption]<h2 data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1616\">TACONIC material<\/h2><p data-start=\"1617\" data-end=\"1696\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taconic.com\/\">TACONIC<\/a> is a well known brand. It has many specs. Its price is higher than fr4.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"1718\">ROGERS material<\/h2><p data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1962\">ROGERS material has high dielectric constant accuracy. It is stable with temperature and has low loss. We use it for high power circuits. The PCB make and process is similar to fr4 so cost of making is low. But the copper foil adhesion is low.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"4343\" data-end=\"4360\">Substrate table<\/h1><div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_1rjym_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4924\"><thead data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4443\"><tr data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4443\"><th data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4376\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Material type<\/th><th data-start=\"4376\" data-end=\"4395\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Typical material<\/th><th data-start=\"4395\" data-end=\"4409\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Dk (10 GHz)<\/th><th data-start=\"4409\" data-end=\"4423\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Df (10 GHz)<\/th><th data-start=\"4423\" data-end=\"4443\" data-col-size=\"md\">Features and use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4924\"><tr data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4622\"><td data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4493\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Fluoropolymer substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4493\" data-end=\"4526\" data-col-size=\"sm\">PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)<\/td><td data-start=\"4526\" data-end=\"4536\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2.1\u20132.3<\/td><td data-start=\"4536\" data-end=\"4551\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.0005\u20130.001<\/td><td data-start=\"4551\" data-end=\"4622\" data-col-size=\"md\">Very low loss. Good for mmWave. Use for 5G base stations and radar.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"4623\" data-end=\"4766\"><td data-start=\"4623\" data-end=\"4648\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Ceramic filled substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4648\" data-end=\"4671\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Rogers RO4000 series<\/td><td data-start=\"4671\" data-end=\"4682\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3.38\u20134.5<\/td><td data-start=\"4682\" data-end=\"4697\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.0027\u20130.004<\/td><td data-start=\"4697\" data-end=\"4766\" data-col-size=\"md\">Mid cost. Good for microwave. Use for WiFi and Bluetooth modules.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4924\"><td data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4789\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Glass fiber substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4789\" data-end=\"4829\" data-col-size=\"sm\">High frequency fr4 (like Isola FR408)<\/td><td data-start=\"4829\" data-end=\"4839\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3.9\u20134.2<\/td><td data-start=\"4839\" data-end=\"4852\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.008\u20130.01<\/td><td data-start=\"4852\" data-end=\"4924\" data-col-size=\"md\">Low cost. Good for mid and low RF. Use for walkie talkies and similar.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><h1 data-start=\"4926\" data-end=\"4965\">RF issues in PCB design and solutions<\/h1><p data-start=\"4967\" data-end=\"5457\">In general, for circuits with frequency below microwave (this includes low frequency and low speed digital), careful layout is the first key to success. If you know the rules, you can make a good design. For microstrip and high speed digital circuits at PCB level, two or three PCB versions may be needed to ensure circuit quality. For RF circuits with frequency above microwave, you will need more versions to improve performance. So you will face many challenges during RF circuit design.<\/p><p data-start=\"5459\" data-end=\"5503\">Below we list common problems and solutions.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"5505\" data-end=\"5544\">Common problems in RF circuit design<\/h2><ol data-start=\"5546\" data-end=\"7663\"><li data-start=\"5546\" data-end=\"6328\"><p data-start=\"5549\" data-end=\"6328\"><b>Interference between digital and analog modules<\/b><br data-start=\"5596\" data-end=\"5599\" \/>When analog RF parts and digital parts work alone, each can work well. But when they mix on the same board and share power, the whole system may become unstable. Digital signals swing between ground and Vcc by more than 3 V. The period can be short, in the nanosecond range. Because the amplitude is large and the switching is fast, digital signals include high frequency components that do not depend on the switching clock. In the analog part, from a tuned radio loop to a receiver, the voltage can be less than 1 \u03bcV. The difference between the small RF signal and digital noise can be more than 120 dB. If digital signals are not kept away from RF, the weak RF signal can get damaged. The radio may stop working or work badly.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6330\" data-end=\"6831\"><p data-start=\"6333\" data-end=\"6831\"><b>Power supply noise interference<\/b><br data-start=\"6364\" data-end=\"6367\" \/>RF circuits are sensitive to noise. They are sensitive to spikes and other high frequency harmonics. A microcontroller will suddenly draw lots of current at each internal clock cycle. Most modern microcontrollers use CMOS. If a microcontroller runs with 1 MHz internal clock, it will draw current at that rate. If we do not have good power decoupling, we will get voltage noise on the power lines. If voltage spikes get to the RF power pins, the RF block may fail.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6833\" data-end=\"7315\"><p data-start=\"6836\" data-end=\"7315\"><b>Bad ground design<\/b><br data-start=\"6853\" data-end=\"6856\" \/>If the ground is not well designed for RF, strange results can happen. In digital design, most circuits still work even if ground is not perfect. But in RF, even short ground wires act like inductors. For example, 1 nH of inductance is close to 1 mm in length. From that we can guess that a 10 mm long PCB trace has reactance about 27 ohms. If we have no good ground, many ground traces will be long and the circuit will not keep its designed characteristics.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7317\" data-end=\"7663\"><p data-start=\"7320\" data-end=\"7663\"><b>Antenna radiation interfering with other analog circuits<\/b><br data-start=\"7376\" data-end=\"7379\" \/>In PCB layout, there are other analog parts. Many boards have ADCs or DACs. A strong RF signal from a transmitter can reach the ADC input. Any trace can act like an antenna. If the ADC input does not have good handling, the RF can go into its ESD diode and cause ADC offset or errors.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h2 data-start=\"7665\" data-end=\"7710\">RF circuit design principles and solutions<\/h2><h3 data-start=\"7712\" data-end=\"7744\">1. Definition of RF layout<\/h3><p data-start=\"7745\" data-end=\"7791\">When you design RF layout, follow these rules.<\/p><ol data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"8272\"><li data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"7952\"><p data-start=\"7796\" data-end=\"7952\">Keep high power amplifiers (HPAs) and low noise amplifiers (LNAs) as far apart as you can. Put high power transmit parts far from low power receive parts.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7953\" data-end=\"8096\"><p data-start=\"7956\" data-end=\"8096\">In high frequency areas on the PCB, have at least one full ground plane below and avoid vias in it. The larger the copper area the better.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8097\" data-end=\"8153\"><p data-start=\"8100\" data-end=\"8153\">Circuit and power decoupling are equally important.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8154\" data-end=\"8196\"><p data-start=\"8157\" data-end=\"8196\">Place RF outputs away from RF inputs.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8197\" data-end=\"8272\"><p data-start=\"8200\" data-end=\"8272\">Put sensitive analog signals far from high speed digital and RF signals.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2742\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Definition-of-RF-layout.webp\" alt=\"Definition of RF layout\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" \/><\/p><h3 data-start=\"8274\" data-end=\"8339\">2. Physical partition and electrical partition design rules<\/h3><p data-start=\"8340\" data-end=\"8619\">Partition means splitting the board by function. You can do physical partition and electrical partition. Physical partition deals with part layout, direction, and shields. Electrical partition deals with power distribution, RF routing, sensitive parts, signals, and ground zones.<\/p><p data-start=\"8340\" data-end=\"8619\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2745\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-partition.webp\" alt=\"RF partition\" width=\"640\" height=\"511\" \/><\/p><h4 data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"8660\">a. Physical partition principles<\/h4><p data-start=\"8661\" data-end=\"8890\">Parts layout is key for good RF design. A good method is to place parts along the RF path first. Then set their direction. Place inputs away from outputs. Keep high power and low power parts apart. This helps to shorten RF paths.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"8892\" data-end=\"8930\">b. PCB stackup design principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"8931\" data-end=\"9200\">A good stackup puts the main ground plane on the layer below the trace layer. Put RF traces on the plane layer. Make vias on RF paths small. This reduces path inductance and reduces cold solder joints on the main ground. Also less RF energy will leak into other layers.<\/p><p data-start=\"8931\" data-end=\"9200\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2744\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-circuit-design.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"462\" \/><\/p><h4 data-start=\"9202\" data-end=\"9244\">c. RF parts and RF trace principles<\/h4><p data-start=\"9245\" data-end=\"9660\">In the board space, linear circuits like multistage amplifiers can separate RF zones. But duplexers, mixers, and IF amplifiers often make many RF and IF signals appear near each other. You should take care to lower this coupling. Route RF and IF traces carefully and leave ground space between them. The right RF path is vital for PCB performance. That is why part layout takes most of the time in phone PCB design.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"9662\" data-end=\"9702\">d. Electrical partition principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"9703\" data-end=\"9974\">Most power in phone circuits is low DC so you do not need special wide traces. But for power to high power amplifiers you must make wide traces for high current. This keeps voltage drop small. Use many vias to move current from one plane to another to avoid current loss.<\/p><p data-start=\"9976\" data-end=\"10253\">Power decoupling for power parts is important. If you fail to decouple the power at a high power amplifier pin, many problems can happen. High power noise can radiate across the board. Ground for high power amplifiers is very important. Designers often need a metal shield can.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"10255\" data-end=\"10300\">e. RF input\/output isolation principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"10301\" data-end=\"10697\">It is very important to keep RF output away from RF input. This applies to amplifiers, buffers, and filters. In worst case, if amplifier or buffer output comes back to its input with the right phase and amplitude, the part can go into self-oscillation. In good case, the circuit will be stable at all temperatures and voltages. In bad case, it will add noise and intermodulation to the RF signal.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"10699\" data-end=\"10708\">Summary<\/h1><p data-start=\"10710\" data-end=\"10978\">In short, RF circuits work with distributed parameter lines. They show skin effect and coupling. This makes them different from low frequency and DC circuits. So in RF PCB design you must focus on the points above. If you do, the design will be effective and accurate.<\/p><ol data-start=\"11035\" data-end=\"12161\"><li data-start=\"11164\" data-end=\"11250\"><p data-start=\"11167\" data-end=\"11250\">Keep traces short when possible. Short traces reduce loss and unwanted reactance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11251\" data-end=\"11384\"><p data-start=\"11254\" data-end=\"11384\">Use the right substrate for the needed frequency. fr4 is okay for many cases. Use Rogers or PTFE for low loss in high frequency.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11385\" data-end=\"11496\"><p data-start=\"11388\" data-end=\"11496\">Control impedance of traces. Use the right width and spacing and stackup. Measure or calculate with tools.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11497\" data-end=\"11626\"><p data-start=\"11500\" data-end=\"11626\">Keep digital and RF parts separate. Give each section its own ground return. Use decoupling at power pins close to the part.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11627\" data-end=\"11703\"><p data-start=\"11630\" data-end=\"11703\">Use ground planes and small vias for RF return. This lowers inductance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11704\" data-end=\"11788\"><p data-start=\"11707\" data-end=\"11788\">Place filters and shielding near sensitive parts. This lowers unwanted pick up.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11789\" data-end=\"11922\"><p data-start=\"11792\" data-end=\"11922\">Test with prototypes. RF usually needs multiple rounds of layout and tune. Small changes can make big effects at high frequency.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11923\" data-end=\"12058\"><p data-start=\"11926\" data-end=\"12058\">For antennas, give a clear area and keep metal and other traces away. Antenna matching and tuning often need board space and test.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12059\" data-end=\"12161\"><p data-start=\"12063\" data-end=\"12161\">When you make high power traces, make them wide and use many vias to carry current between layers.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h1 data-start=\"12163\" data-end=\"12198\">Basic formulas and rules to check<\/h1><ol data-start=\"12200\" data-end=\"12606\"><li data-start=\"12200\" data-end=\"12326\"><p data-start=\"12203\" data-end=\"12326\">Use l\/\u03bb \u2265 0.05 to see if a trace needs a distributed model. l is geometric length. \u03bb is working wavelength in the medium.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12327\" data-end=\"12438\"><p data-start=\"12330\" data-end=\"12438\">For quick inductance sense, 1 nH is about 1 mm of trace. Use this to check if long grounds add inductance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12439\" data-end=\"12606\"><p data-start=\"12442\" data-end=\"12606\">For impedance control, know the stackup, trace width, dielectric constant, and distance to plane. Use a field solver or impedance calculator to get accurate values.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>","display_condition_list":[{"display_condition_login_status":"subscriber","_id":"351cd37"}]},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                  Frequently Asked Questions<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat is an RF PCB?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  An RF (radio-frequency) PCB is designed to carry RF and microwave signals (hundreds of MHz up to many GHz). It uses controlled materials, stackups and layout rules to minimize loss and preserve signal integrity.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhich substrate materials are typically used for RF PCBs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Common choices are PTFE-based laminates and engineered materials (Rogers, Taconic, etc.) for low loss and stable dielectric properties; in some lower-frequency or cost-sensitive designs, high-grade FR-4 variants may be used.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhy not always use FR-4 for RF designs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Standard FR-4 has higher dielectric loss and less stable Dk at GHz frequencies, which increases attenuation and impedance variability\\u2014so for precision RF work PTFE\\\/Rogers-class laminates are usually preferred.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  Yes\\u2014via stubs act like short unterminated transmission lines and cause reflections. Common mitigations include back-drilling, buried\\\/stacked vias, and careful via placement.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  Common tests: VNA S-parameter (insertion\\\/return loss), TDR\\\/impedance checks, and thermal\\\/aging tests to verify Dk stability and dimensional behavior.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat should I provide to a manufacturer for an accurate RF quote?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Supply Gerbers\\\/ODB++, target impedance values, exact layer stackup, dielectric choices (or Dk\\\/Df targets), BGA\\\/pitch info, via requirements (backdrill\\\/via-in-pad), and any special routing or assembly notes. Early DFM review speeds up production and reduces risk.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-2145.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-2145.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2145"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3362,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145\/revisions\/3362"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}