{"id":4048,"date":"2025-10-18T07:50:55","date_gmt":"2025-10-18T07:50:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4048"},"modified":"2025-10-18T07:51:00","modified_gmt":"2025-10-18T07:51:00","slug":"pcb-warpage-and-bow","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-warpage-and-bow\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB-forvridning og b\u00f8jning"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduktion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e5r et printkort (PCB) gennemg\u00e5r reflow-lodning, bliver det ofte b\u00f8jet eller sk\u00e6vt. Hvis problemet er alvorligt, kan dele l\u00f8fte sig, loddeforbindelser kan svigte, eller komponenter kan st\u00e5 p\u00e5 h\u00f8jkant. Denne artikel forklarer f\u00f8rst risikoen ved PCB-warpage. Dern\u00e6st ser den p\u00e5 de vigtigste \u00e5rsager til warpage. Til sidst viser den praktiske m\u00e5der at reducere eller forhindre warpage p\u00e5. L\u00e6s videre for at f\u00e5 klare, enkle trin og grunde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risikoen ved PCB-forvr\u00e6ngning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Hvis et printkort ikke er fladt p\u00e5 en automatiseret overflademonteringslinje, placerer maskinen m\u00e5ske ikke delene det rigtige sted. Delene g\u00e5r m\u00e5ske ikke ind i hullerne eller lander p\u00e5 SMD-pads. I nogle tilf\u00e6lde kan den automatiske inds\u00e6ttelsesmaskine blive beskadiget. N\u00e5r delene er monteret og loddet, g\u00f8r et sk\u00e6vt board det sv\u00e6rt at trimme ledningerne rent. Kortet passer m\u00e5ske ikke ind i kabinettet eller i stikkene. S\u00e5 samlev\u00e6rksteder synes, at warpage er et stort problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Overflademonteringsteknologi (SMT) bev\u00e6ger sig mod h\u00f8jere n\u00f8jagtighed, h\u00f8jere hastighed og mere automatisering. Det \u00f8ger behovet for fladhed p\u00e5 printkort. Planhed er vigtig, fordi moderne maskiner forventer, at printet er stabilt og pr\u00e6cist under placering og lodning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I praksis siger IPC-standarderne, at den maksimalt tilladte forvridning for kort med overflademonterede enheder er 0,75%. For kort uden overflademonterede enheder er gr\u00e6nsen 1,5%. Nogle virksomheder s\u00e6tter strengere gr\u00e6nser for at im\u00f8dekomme h\u00f8jhastigheds- og h\u00f8jn\u00f8jagtighedssamling. For eksempel beder nogle kunder om en maksimal forvridning p\u00e5 0,5% eller endda 0,3%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvad for\u00e5rsager PCB-forvridning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Et printkort er lavet af forskellige materialer, f.eks. kobberfolie, harpiks og glasfiber. Disse materialer opf\u00f8rer sig forskelligt under varme og stress. N\u00e5r de presses og h\u00e6rdes sammen, kan rester af termisk stress for\u00e5rsage sk\u00e6vheder. Derudover har printkortfremstilling mange trin, der tilf\u00f8rer varme og mekanisk belastning. Disse trin omfatter laminering, boring, sk\u00e6ring, bagning og lodning. Alle disse trin kan \u00e6ndre printkortets form. Fordi mange faktorer kan for\u00e5rsage warpage, er det ofte sv\u00e6rt at finde hoved\u00e5rsagen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uj\u00e6vnt kobberomr\u00e5de<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Store kobberomr\u00e5der bruges ofte til jord- eller str\u00f8mplan. Hvis disse store kobberomr\u00e5der ikke er j\u00e6vnt fordelt p\u00e5 printet, vil varmeoptagelsen og varmeafgivelsen v\u00e6re uj\u00e6vn. N\u00e5r printet opvarmes og afk\u00f8les, vil dele af printet udvide sig og krympe med forskellig hastighed. Denne ulige udvidelse skaber stress og kan f\u00e5 printet til at vride sig. Hvis pladen n\u00e5r sin glasovergangstemperatur (Tg), bliver materialet bl\u00f8dere og kan \u00e6ndre form permanent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vias og lagdelte b\u00e5nd<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

De fleste moderne printkort har flere lag. Lagene er forbundet med Vias<\/a>. Vias findes i tre typer: gennemg\u00e5ende huller, blinde vias og nedgravede vias. Hvor vias binder lag sammen, begr\u00e6nser de, hvordan kortet kan udvide sig og tr\u00e6kke sig sammen. Denne begr\u00e6nsning kan for\u00e5rsage lokal stress og kan f\u00e5 hele kortet til at b\u00f8je eller vride sig.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"pcb<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kortets v\u00e6gt og komponenternes v\u00e6gt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Reflow-ovne flytter ofte printkort p\u00e5 k\u00e6der, der st\u00f8tter kortet i kanterne. Hvis printet har meget tunge dele eller er meget stort, kan dets egen v\u00e6gt f\u00e5 midten til at synke. Denne nedb\u00f8jning f\u00f8rer til b\u00f8jning under opvarmning og kan forblive efter afk\u00f8ling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Reflow<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V-udsk\u00e6ringsdybde og fanedesign i paneler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V-Cut er en metode til at adskille pladerne i et panel. V-Cut reducerer den strukturelle styrke i panelet. De sk\u00e5rne omr\u00e5der er svage og kan lettere vride sig. Dybe V-snit eller mange V-snit p\u00e5 et panel \u00f8ger risikoen for sk\u00e6vvridning under bearbejdningen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"pcb<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Forskelle i materiale og opbygning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Et printkort er lavet af kerner, prepregs og ydre kobberfolier. Under lamineringen opvarmes kernerne og folierne og kan deformeres. Hvor stor \u00e6ndringen er, afh\u00e6nger af hvert materiales varmeudvidelseskoefficient (CTE).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kobberfolie og FR-4-basismateriale har forskellige CTE-v\u00e6rdier. For FR-4 er Z-aksens CTE under Tg anderledes end CTE over Tg. Over Tg bliver harpiksen bl\u00f8dere, og udvidelsen kan v\u00e6re meget st\u00f8rre. Materialer med h\u00f8j Tg \u00e6ndrer sig mindre ved h\u00f8je temperaturer og holder formen bedre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e5r forskellige kerner har forskellige kobberm\u00f8nstre, tykkelser eller materialer, udvider de sig forskelligt under lamineringen. Hvis to kerner med meget forskellige CTE'er bindes sammen med prepreg og h\u00e6rdes, kan kortet blive fastl\u00e5st i ulige stress. N\u00e5r printet afk\u00f8les, f\u00e5r disse forskelle printet til at b\u00f8je mod den side, der krympede mindre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Termisk cykling under laminering<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Under lamineringen stiger temperaturen, og prepreg'en flyder, udfylder kobberm\u00f8nstre og h\u00e6rder derefter. Mens prepreg'en stadig er bl\u00f8d, kan kernerne udvide sig frit. Men efter h\u00e6rdningen sidder lagene fast. Hvis kernerne havde udvidet sig forskelligt, ville den h\u00e6rdede samling indeholde denne uoverensstemmelse. N\u00e5r pladen afk\u00f8les, forbliver de uoverensstemmende krympningshastigheder og for\u00e5rsager permanent sk\u00e6vvridning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Produktionstrin, der giver stress<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

PCB-processens trin tilf\u00f8jer b\u00e5de termisk og mekanisk stress. Termisk stress kommer prim\u00e6rt fra laminering. Mekanisk stress kommer fra stabling, h\u00e5ndtering og bagning. Vigtige procespunkter omfatter:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Indg\u00e5ende kobberbelagt laminat: De har en symmetrisk struktur og bliver normalt ikke sk\u00e6ve under lamineringen, men i pressen er der temperaturforskelle p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af pladen. Disse lokale forskelle kan skabe sm\u00e5 lokale sp\u00e6ndinger, som viser sig senere.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Laminering: Dette er den vigtigste kilde til termisk stress. I en PCB-stackup varierer lagm\u00f8nstrene, og det samme g\u00f8r m\u00e6ngden af prepreg. Disse forskelle g\u00f8r den termiske stress h\u00f8jere og sv\u00e6rere at fjerne. Under boring, routing og bagning kan lagret stress frigives og f\u00e5 printet til at vride sig.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Bagning af loddemaske og legende: Loddemaskebl\u00e6k h\u00e6rder ved ca. 150 \u00b0C. Denne temperatur kan ligge over Tg for materialer med lav til middel Tg og g\u00f8re printet mere fleksibelt. Mens printpladerne ligger p\u00e5 stativer i ovnen eller under luftstr\u00f8m, kan de b\u00f8je sig under deres egen v\u00e6gt eller ovnens luft. Dette \u00f8ger sk\u00e6vheden.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Nivellering med varmluftslodning (HASL): HASL er en hurtig varmeproces. Typisk er temperaturen i loddekolben h\u00f8j, og printet g\u00e5r fra stuetemperatur til h\u00f8j varme og bliver derefter vasket og afk\u00f8let. Den hurtige varme- og afk\u00f8lingscyklus tilf\u00f8jer termisk stress og kan for\u00e5rsage mikrostress og st\u00f8rre vridninger.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Opbevaring og h\u00e5ndtering: Br\u00e6dder opbevares ofte lodret p\u00e5 reoler. Hvis reolerne er for stramme, eller pladerne er stablet, kan de blive b\u00f8jet af mekanisk kraft. Tynde plader under 2,0 mm er mere udsatte.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    S\u00e5dan reducerer du PCB-forvridning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Nedenfor er der praktiske metoder til at reducere sk\u00e6vvridning under PCB-produktion og -samling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. S\u00e6nk temperaturen, og afk\u00f8l langsomt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Da temperaturen er en vigtig kilde til stress, hj\u00e6lper det at s\u00e6nke ovntemperaturen eller s\u00e6nke opvarmnings- og afk\u00f8lingshastigheden i reflowprocessen. Hvis printet opvarmes og afk\u00f8les langsommere, er belastningen fra termisk udvidelse lavere, og der er mindre sandsynlighed for sk\u00e6vvridning. Bem\u00e6rk, at \u00e6ndring af temperaturprofilen kan p\u00e5virke loddekvaliteten eller cyklustiden, s\u00e5 tjek for bivirkninger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2. Brug materialer med h\u00f8j Tg<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Tg er glasovergangstemperaturen. Over Tg bliver materialet bl\u00f8dt og gummiagtigt. Materialer med lav Tg bl\u00f8dg\u00f8res hurtigere og i l\u00e6ngere tid ved reflow. Brug af basismateriale med h\u00f8jere Tg \u00f8ger printets modstandsdygtighed over for deformation under varme. Materialer med h\u00f8j Tg koster mere, men de hj\u00e6lper med at undg\u00e5 warpage og andre varmerelaterede problemer. H\u00f8j-Tg bruges ofte i blyfri processer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"high<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    3. \u00d8g pladens tykkelse<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Mange forbrugerprodukter sigter mod tynde, lette printkort. Plader s\u00e5 tynde som 1,0 mm, 0,8 mm eller 0,6 mm er almindelige nu. Tynde print er sv\u00e6rere at holde flade gennem reflow. Hvis produktet tillader det, skal du bruge en standardpladetykkelse p\u00e5 1,6 mm. Tykkere plader modst\u00e5r b\u00f8jning og fald og mindsker risikoen for warpage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    4. Reducer kortst\u00f8rrelse og antal paneler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Da reflow-ovne ofte st\u00f8tter pladerne ved kanterne, kan st\u00f8rre plader synke sammen under deres egen v\u00e6gt. Ved store paneler skal man fors\u00f8ge at orientere den lange kant langs st\u00f8ttek\u00e6den, s\u00e5 nedb\u00f8jningen reduceres. Brug ogs\u00e5 f\u00e6rre plader pr. panel, n\u00e5r det er muligt. Lad pladen passere gennem ovnen med den smalle kant fremad for at reducere nedb\u00f8jningen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    5. Brug reflow-b\u00e6rere eller -bakker<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Hvis de andre metoder ikke er nok, skal du bruge reflow-dragere eller skabeloner. En carrier holder printet fladt under opvarmning og afk\u00f8ling. Den forhindrer printet i at bev\u00e6ge sig, indtil det er k\u00f8let ned til under Tg og genvinder sin stivhed. Hvis det ikke er nok med en carrier p\u00e5 den ene side, skal du bruge en carrier i to dele, som klemmer printet fast mellem top- og bundplade. Carriers koster penge og kr\u00e6ver ekstra h\u00e5ndteringstid, men de reducerer warpage godt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6. Erstat V-Cut med r\u00f8de faner eller \u201cmusebid\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Da V-Cut kan sv\u00e6kke et panel, skal du reducere dybden af V-Cuts eller bruge solide faner eller fr\u00e6sede skinner. Massive faner eller stemplede huller holder panelstyrken h\u00f8j og mindsker risikoen for sk\u00e6vvridning. N\u00e5r V-Cut skal bruges, skal snittene v\u00e6re overfladiske, og der skal v\u00e6re nok panelramme til at st\u00f8tte pladen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    7. V\u00e6lg materialer med omhu, og skab symmetri i designet<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00e6lg basismaterialer, der har lignende CTE, og som matcher procesbehovene. Design kobberm\u00f8nstrene, s\u00e5 de er s\u00e5 symmetriske som muligt mellem top og bund og p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af lagene. Undg\u00e5 store ubalancerede kobberm\u00e6ngder p\u00e5 den ene side, mens den anden side er sparsom. Brug interne planopdelinger eller termiske aflastninger til at afbalancere kobberfordelingen, n\u00e5r det er muligt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    8. Brug symmetriske eller gennemt\u00e6nkte opstillinger<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    En symmetrisk opbygning (spejllignende lagdeling) reducerer ubalance og mindsker forvridning. Hvis det er n\u00f8dvendigt med asymmetriske stakke af elektriske \u00e5rsager, skal man fors\u00f8ge at planl\u00e6gge lagr\u00e6kkef\u00f8lgen, s\u00e5 den overordnede struktur forbliver afbalanceret. N\u00e5r kernematerialerne er forskellige, kan lagdeling og placering af v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jskort i lamineringsstakken tilpasses for at reducere stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    9. Optimering af lamineringsparametre<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Lamineringsindstillinger er vigtige: Pressens temperaturprofil, holdetid og k\u00f8lekontrol p\u00e5virker alle stress. Brug presser, der kan styre k\u00f8lingen i slutningen af den varme cyklus. En varmpresse med integreret k\u00f8ling er bedre end en varmpresse, der hurtigt overf\u00f8rer stakken til en koldpresse. Brug ogs\u00e5 symmetrisk stabling af v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jsplader og buffermaterialer omkring printkortstakken under laminering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Til plader, der skal bruge ikke-standardmaterialer eller asymmetriske strukturer, kan du pr\u00f8ve asymmetrisk stabling i pressen. Ideen er at placere buffermaterialer eller v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jsplader p\u00e5 en m\u00e5de, der afbalancerer varmestr\u00f8mmen, s\u00e5 begge sider opvarmes og afk\u00f8les ved samme hastighed. Det kan reducere effekten af CTE-mismatch. H\u00e6rdning efter laminering eller trin efter bagning hj\u00e6lper ogs\u00e5 med at stabilisere pladen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    10. Undg\u00e5 fejl p\u00e5 ovnstativet og styr bagestr\u00f8mmen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    N\u00e5r du bager loddemaske eller legend inks, m\u00e5 du ikke stable pladerne p\u00e5 en m\u00e5de, s\u00e5 de nederste plader b\u00f8jer under v\u00e6gten. S\u00f8rg for, at pladernes retning i ovnen matcher luftstr\u00f8mmen, s\u00e5 vinden ikke b\u00f8jer pladerne. Ved varmluftsudj\u00e6vning skal du s\u00f8rge for, at printet ligger fladt og f\u00e5r lov til at k\u00f8le af i mindst 30 sekunder f\u00f8r vandvask for at undg\u00e5 pludselig afk\u00f8ling, der for\u00e5rsager termisk chok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    11. Administrer opbevaring og h\u00e5ndtering<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Opbevar pladerne p\u00e5 stativer, der ikke b\u00f8jer dem. Undg\u00e5 at stable mange reoler i sm\u00e5 rum, hvor pladerne trykker p\u00e5 hinanden. Brug den rette afstand mellem paller og reoler, s\u00e5 pladerne ikke bliver klemt og deformeret af plasticitet. Nogle af deformationerne fra opbevaringen fjernes m\u00e5ske ikke helt ved senere udglatning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    12. Udfladning f\u00f8r afsendelse (endelig planarisering)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    De fleste printkortproducenter foretager en sidste udfladning f\u00f8r forsendelse. Dette trin kan v\u00e6re mekanisk udfladning eller varmeudfladning under v\u00e6gt. Da loddemaske og overfladebel\u00e6gninger p\u00e5virker, hvordan varmeudglatning fungerer, skal bagetemperatur og -tid kontrolleres omhyggeligt. For de fleste plader kan opvarmning til lige under eller n\u00e6r Tg og brug af v\u00e6gt under afk\u00f8ling hj\u00e6lpe med at g\u00f8re pladerne flade. For materialer med h\u00f8j Tg kan det v\u00e6re n\u00f8dvendigt med h\u00f8jere temperaturer, men hold \u00f8je med gr\u00e6nserne for bl\u00e6k og bel\u00e6gning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    At \u00f8ge trykket under bagningen og s\u00e6nke afk\u00f8lingstiden efter bagningen hj\u00e6lper begge p\u00e5 udfladningseffekten. Disse indstillinger skal passe til pladematerialet og bel\u00e6gningen. Endelig udfladning kan reducere warpage betydeligt, men er ikke en fuldst\u00e6ndig l\u00f8sning, hvis tidligere procestrin har for\u00e5rsaget stor indbygget stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Noter om produktion og design<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    N\u00e5r printpladen bruger lav-Tg-materiale, er der en tendens til, at fejlraten for sk\u00e6vvridning er h\u00f8jere end for h\u00f8j-Tg-materiale. H\u00f8j-Tg-materialer indeholder normalt fyldstoffer og har lavere CTE end lav-Tg-typer. Under downstream-behandlingen p\u00e5virker den s\u00e6dvanlige bagetemperatur p\u00e5 n\u00e6sten 150 \u00b0C lav-Tg-plader mere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    I designet skal man undg\u00e5 strukturel asymmetri, materialeasymmetri og uj\u00e6vn kobberm\u00f8nstring. Disse designproblemer \u00f8ger risikoen for warpage. Desuden f\u00f8rer kerne-til-kerne-laminering (direkte sammenf\u00f8jning af flere kerner) ofte til mere kompleks stress end enkeltkerner med kobberfolielaminering. Kernestakke med tre eller flere kerner viser en h\u00f8jere fejlrate i warpage-tests end enklere strukturer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Panelrammens design p\u00e5virker ogs\u00e5 forvridningen. En gennemg\u00e5ende stor kobberramme ved panelkanten kan g\u00f8re hele panelet stift under laminering og holde sp\u00e6ndinger p\u00e5 plads. Denne stress kan frigives efter routing og f\u00e5 enkelte plader til at vride sig mere. En ikke-kontinuerlig ramme med kobberprikker eller -blokke har en tendens til at frigive stress gradvist og kan f\u00f8re til mindre warp p\u00e5 enkeltkort efter routing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Strategi for laminering<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Laminering er n\u00f8glen til kontrol af forvridning. V\u00e6lg den rigtige presse, indstil de rigtige parametre, og planl\u00e6g stabelarrangementet for at reducere belastningen. Til symmetriske strukturer skal du bruge en symmetrisk stak og symmetriske v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jsplader. En varm presse, der afk\u00f8ler stakken inde i pressen, er bedre end at flytte til en separat kold presse. Afk\u00f8ling, mens materialet stadig er underst\u00f8ttet, reducerer frigivelse af sp\u00e6ndinger, der f\u00f8rer til sk\u00e6vvridning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hvis der skal laves asymmetriske plader, kan man eksperimentere med asymmetrisk v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jsstabling og efterh\u00e6rdningstrin. Metoden bruger buffermateriale, der placeres p\u00e5 en m\u00e5de, som f\u00e5r begge plader til at varme eller k\u00f8le forskelligt, s\u00e5 den endelige krympning udlignes. Efter laminering kan man f\u00e5 emnet inden for kundens specifikationer ved at tilf\u00f8je en sekund\u00e6r h\u00e6rdning eller et udfladningstrin og kontrollere tykkelsestolerancen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Andre proceskontroller<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Ud over laminering skal man huske andre h\u00f8jvarmetrin som f.eks. loddemaskeh\u00e6rdning, legeringsh\u00e6rdning, HASL og reflow. Disse trin skal kontrolleres for at undg\u00e5 hurtige varme- og afk\u00f8lingscyklusser, der skaber stress. Brug passende ovnprofiler, giv mere tid til opvarmning og afk\u00f8ling, og lad pladerne hvile eller afk\u00f8le p\u00e5 flade overflader. Under opbevaring skal man undg\u00e5 stabling, der b\u00f8jer pladerne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Endelig udfladning og forsendelse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    F\u00f8r forsendelse g\u00f8r de fleste fabrikker pladerne flade for at fjerne procesfremkaldt sk\u00e6vhed. Mekanisk udfladning eller varmeudfladning under v\u00e6gt forbedrer fladheden. For typiske materialer fungerer en udglatning ved 140-150 \u00b0C godt, fordi det ligger over Tg for mange standardplader. For plader med h\u00f8j Tg er denne udbagning mindre effektiv og skal m\u00e5ske \u00f8ges forsigtigt. Brug tryk og l\u00e6ngere afk\u00f8lingstid for at forbedre resultaterne. Udfladningstrinnet kan g\u00f8re en stor forskel i den endelige fladhed, som slutkunden ser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Resum\u00e9 og praktisk tjekliste<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Forvridning er et almindeligt PCB-problem. Det skyldes uoverensstemmelse mellem materialer, termiske cyklusser, h\u00e5ndtering, tunge dele og paneldesign. For at reducere warpage:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • Brug materiale med h\u00f8j Tg, n\u00e5r det er muligt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Hold br\u00e6topstillingerne symmetriske, n\u00e5r du kan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Balancer kobberomr\u00e5det \u00f8verst og nederst.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Brug tykkere plader, hvis produktet tillader det.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Reducer panelst\u00f8rrelsen eller begr\u00e6ns antallet af tavler pr. panel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Ret panelerne ind, s\u00e5 den lange kant st\u00f8ttes i ovnen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Langsom opvarmning og afk\u00f8ling i reflow- og andre ovne.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Brug reflow carriers eller todelte bakker til skr\u00f8belige eller store plader.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Erstat eller reducer dybe V-udsk\u00e6ringer med fr\u00e6sede flige eller stemplede huller.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Optimer lamineringsindstillingerne, og brug integrerede hot-to-cold-presser, n\u00e5r det er muligt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Undg\u00e5 at stable pladerne eller trykke dem sammen under bagningen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Tilf\u00f8j et sidste udfladningstrin under kontrolleret varme og tryk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Hvis du f\u00f8lger disse trin i design og produktion, vil du reducere warpage-frekvensen og mindske omarbejde og montagefejl. Hvert board er forskelligt, s\u00e5 k\u00f8r sm\u00e5 tests med nye stackups, materialer eller panelordninger f\u00f8r fuld produktion. Det flytter risikoen ud af masseproduktionen og holder kvaliteten h\u00f8j.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Afsluttende noter<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      H\u00e5ndter sk\u00e6vheder i designfasen og under procesplanl\u00e6gningen. Sm\u00e5 \u00e6ndringer i kobberlayout, panelstrategi eller lamineringsr\u00e6kkef\u00f8lge kan have stor effekt. Hvis en plade stadig krummer, skal du bruge b\u00e6rere, \u00f8ge tykkelsen eller \u00e6ndre materialekvalitet. Samarbejd med printkortleverand\u00f8rer om at v\u00e6lge en kombineret tilgang til designregler og proceskontrol. Det vil g\u00f8re samlingerne mere p\u00e5lidelige og s\u00e6nke omkostningerne til fejlbeh\u00e6ftede dele og omarbejde.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Introduction When a printed circuit board (PCB) goes through reflow soldering, it often bends or warps. If the problem is 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