{"id":4654,"date":"2026-01-20T09:42:07","date_gmt":"2026-01-20T09:42:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4654"},"modified":"2026-01-20T09:47:45","modified_gmt":"2026-01-20T09:47:45","slug":"pcb-emi-analysis-maxwell-current-loops-flux-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-emi-analysis-maxwell-current-loops-flux-control\/","title":{"rendered":"EMI-analyse af printkort: Maxwell, str\u00f8msl\u00f8jfer og fluxkontrol"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I printkort kan mange ting for\u00e5rsage EMI. For eksempel: <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-manufacturer\/rf-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2145\">radiofrekvens<\/a> str\u00f8mme, common-mode-sp\u00e6ndinger, jordsl\u00f8jfer, impedans-misforhold og magnetisk flux. For at kontrollere EMI er vi n\u00f8dt til at l\u00e6re disse \u00e5rsager at kende trin for trin og se, hvordan de p\u00e5virker kortet. Vi kan studere matematikken fra elektromagnetisk teori. Men den vej er lang og sv\u00e6r. For de fleste ingeni\u00f8rer er klare og enkle ord mere nyttige. Denne artikel handler om: \u201cKilderne til elektriske felter\u201d p\u00e5 et printkort, hvordan man bruger Maxwells ligninger og ideen om at minimere den magnetiske flux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Kilder til elektriske felter<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.1 Elektrisk dipolmodel (tidsvarierende)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kilden til elektriske felter modelleres ofte som en tidsvarierende elektrisk dipol. Dette er den modsatte id\u00e9 af en magnetisk kilde. En elektrisk dipol betyder to t\u00e6tte, modsatte punktladninger, der \u00e6ndrer sig med tiden. De to ender af dipolen viser en \u00e6ndring i ladning. Det sker, fordi der l\u00f8ber str\u00f8m i hele dipolens l\u00e6ngde. Du kan modellere en elektrisk kilde ved at drive en uafsluttet antenne med et oscillatorsignal. Dette kredsl\u00f8b viser, hvordan en elektrisk kilde fungerer. Men du kan ikke forklare det ved kun at bruge lavfrekvente kredsl\u00f8bsid\u00e9er.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Glem ikke, at signalets udbredelseshastighed ikke er uendelig. Hastigheden afh\u00e6nger af de ikke-magnetiske materialers dielektriske konstant. Fordi hastigheden er begr\u00e6nset, vil der forekomme RF-str\u00f8m i kredsl\u00f8bet. Folk antager nogle gange, at ledningen har samme sp\u00e6nding i alle punkter, og at kredsl\u00f8bet altid er i balance i hvert \u00f8jeblik. Dette er ikke sandt ved RF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.2 N\u00f8glefaktorer, der p\u00e5virker elektromagnetiske felter<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Det elektromagnetiske felt fra en elektrisk dipol afh\u00e6nger af fire ting:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Str\u00f8mmens amplitude i sl\u00f8jfen: Feltet er proportionalt med den str\u00f8m, der flyder i dipolen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dipolens polaritet og m\u00e5leantennen: Dipolens polaritet skal matche m\u00e5leinstrumentets antennepolaritet. Dette er som en magnetisk kilde.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dipolens st\u00f8rrelse: Feltet er proportionalt med l\u00e6ngden af det aktuelle element. Men linjel\u00e6ngden m\u00e5 kun v\u00e6re en del af en b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde. Jo st\u00f8rre dipolen er, jo lavere er den frekvens, der m\u00e5les ved antennen. For en given st\u00f8rrelse vil antennen resonere ved en bestemt frekvens.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Afstand: Elektriske og magnetiske felter h\u00e6nger sammen. Deres styrke afh\u00e6nger af afstanden. I det fjerne felt er opf\u00f8rslen som en sl\u00f8jfe (magnetisk) kilde, og du ser en elektromagnetisk plan b\u00f8lge. T\u00e6t p\u00e5 punktkilden er feltets afh\u00e6ngighed af afstanden st\u00e6rkere.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.3 Forholdet mellem n\u00e6rfelt og fjernfelt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e6rfelt og fjernfelt indeholder b\u00e5de magnetiske og elektriske dele. Alle b\u00f8lger kombinerer elektriske og magnetiske dele. Denne blanding er Poynting-vektoren. Faktisk findes der ingen ren \u201celektrisk b\u00f8lge\u201d eller \u201cmagnetisk b\u00f8lge\u201d alene. Vi kan m\u00e5le en plan b\u00f8lge, fordi b\u00f8lgefronten for en lille antenne flere b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngder v\u00e6k ser ud som et plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En lille tegning kan hj\u00e6lpe. Den skal vise b\u00f8lgeimpedans og afstand. Etiketterne skulle lyde: b\u00f8lgeimpedans; elektrisk-felt-dominerende omr\u00e5de med E = 1\/r og H = 1\/r\u00b2; plan b\u00f8lge med Z = 377 \u03a9; asymptotlinje; reel form; magnetfelt-dominerende omr\u00e5de; overgangsomr\u00e5de; n\u00e6rfelt H = 1\/r\u00b3, E = 1\/r\u00b2; fjernfelt; vandret akse 0,1, 0,5, 1,0, 5,0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Relationship-Between-Wave-Impedance-and-Distance.webp\" alt=\"Relationship Between Wave Impedance and Distance\" class=\"wp-image-4660\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Relationship-Between-Wave-Impedance-and-Distance.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Relationship-Between-Wave-Impedance-and-Distance-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Relationship-Between-Wave-Impedance-and-Distance-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Relationship-Between-Wave-Impedance-and-Distance-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p>Denne visning er den fysiske \u201cprofil\u201d, som antennen ser. T\u00e6nk p\u00e5 det som at kaste en sten i en flod og se krusninger. Feltet udstr\u00e5ler fra en punktkilde med lysets hastighed. Hastigheden afh\u00e6nger af den dielektriske konstant. Enheden for det elektriske felt er V\/m. Enheden for det magnetiske felt er A\/m. Forholdet mellem E og H er impedansen i det frie rum. For en plan b\u00f8lge i det frie rum er b\u00f8lgeimpedansen Z\u2080 konstant. Den afh\u00e6nger ikke af afstanden eller af punktkilden. En plan b\u00f8lge i det frie rum b\u00e6rer energi i watt pr. kvadratmeter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.4 St\u00f8jkobling og klumpede komponentmodeller<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Til de fleste anvendelser af Maxwells ligninger modellerer vi st\u00f8jkoblingen med \u00e6kvivalente klumpede komponenter. For eksempel: Et tidsvarierende elektrisk felt mellem to ledere er som en kondensator. Et tidsvarierende magnetfelt mellem de samme to ledere er som gensidig induktans. En figur kan vise disse to st\u00f8jkoblingsstier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Mechanisms.webp\" alt=\"Noise Coupling Mechanisms\" class=\"wp-image-4657\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Mechanisms.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Mechanisms-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Mechanisms-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Mechanisms-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>For at s\u00e5danne st\u00f8jmodeller skal v\u00e6re korrekte, skal kredsl\u00f8bet v\u00e6re lille i forhold til signalets b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde. Hvis det ikke er tilf\u00e6ldet, kan vi stadig bruge modeller med klumpede komponenter til at beskrive EMC. Hvorfor er det s\u00e5dan? Fordi Maxwells ligninger er sv\u00e6re at anvende i mange virkelige tilf\u00e6lde p\u00e5 grund af komplekse gr\u00e6nser. Hvis klumpmodellen virker nogenlunde korrekt, er den nyttig. De fleste diskrete komponenter opf\u00f8rer sig normalt p\u00e5lideligt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En numerisk model vil ikke altid vise, hvordan st\u00f8j opst\u00e5r fra systemparametre. En model kan v\u00e6re et svar, men det er ikke sikkert, at systemparametrene er kendt, fundet eller synlige. Blandt de tilg\u00e6ngelige modeller er modeller med faste komponenter ofte det bedste praktiske valg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1.5 Betydning for PCB-layout<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hvorfor studerer vi denne teori for <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-design\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"3488\">PCB-layout<\/a>? Det enkle svar er, at vi skal vide, hvordan elektromagnetiske felter opst\u00e5r. S\u00e5 kan vi reducere RF-felter p\u00e5 printkortet. Det betyder, at vi skal reducere RF-str\u00f8mmene i kredsl\u00f8bet. RF-str\u00f8m forbindes med signalfordelingsnetv\u00e6rket, omg\u00e5s og kobles. RF-str\u00f8mmen danner til sidst overtoner og andet digitalt signalindhold. Signaldistributionsnetv\u00e6rk skal v\u00e6re s\u00e5 sm\u00e5 som muligt. Det reducerer arealet af RF-returstr\u00f8mssl\u00f8jfer. Bypass og kobling vedr\u00f8rer store str\u00f8mme og skal ske gennem str\u00f8mfordelingsnetv\u00e6rket. Str\u00f8mfordelingsnetv\u00e6rket har pr. definition store omr\u00e5der med RF-retursl\u00f8jfer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"666\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Method.webp\" alt=\"Noise Coupling Method\" class=\"wp-image-4658\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Method.webp 666w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Method-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Noise-Coupling-Method-16x12.webp 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Anvendelse af Maxwells ligninger<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Sammenk\u00e6dning af Maxwells ligninger med Ohms lov<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi introducerede Maxwells grundl\u00e6ggende ideer ovenfor. Men hvordan anvender vi denne viden om fysik og matematik p\u00e5 EMC p\u00e5 et printkort? Vi skal forenkle Maxwells ligninger for at kunne bruge dem til printbaner. Vi kan forbinde Maxwells ligninger med Ohms lov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ohms lov i tidsdom\u00e6ne:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V = I \u00d7 R.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ohms lov i frekvensdom\u00e6ne:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V_rf = I_rf \u00d7 Z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Her er V sp\u00e6nding, I str\u00f8m, R modstand og Z impedans (Z = R + jX). rf betyder radiofrekvensenergi. Hvis der er RF-str\u00f8m i et PCB-spor, der har en fast impedans, vil der blive skabt en RF-sp\u00e6nding. RF-sp\u00e6ndingen er proportional med RF-str\u00f8mmen. Bem\u00e6rk: I b\u00f8lgemodellen er R erstattet af Z. Z er kompleks. Den har modstand (reel) og reaktans (imagin\u00e6r).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 Impedansformler for ledninger\/PCB-baner<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Der er mange m\u00e5der at skrive impedans p\u00e5, afh\u00e6ngigt af om vi ser p\u00e5 planb\u00f8lgeimpedans eller kredsl\u00f8bsimpedans. For ledninger eller PCB-spor bruger vi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vinkelfrekvens:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03c9 = 2\u03c0f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Induktiv reaktans:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>X_L = 2\u03c0fL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kapacitiv reaktans:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>X_C = 1 \/ (2\u03c0fC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Impedans:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Z = R + jX_L + 1\/(jX_C) = R + j\u03c9L + 1\/(j\u03c9C).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e5r en komponent har kendt modstand og induktans, f.eks. en ferritperle p\u00e5 en ledning, en modstand, en kondensator eller enheder med parasitter, skal vi tage h\u00f8jde for, at impedansen \u00e6ndrer sig med frekvensen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3 Nuv\u00e6rende mekanisme til valg af sti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Over nogle kHz bliver reaktansen normalt st\u00f8rre end R. Men ikke altid. Str\u00f8mmen v\u00e6lger den vej, der har mindst impedans. Under nogle kHz kan modstand v\u00e6re den mindste vej. Over nogle kHz kan reaktansen v\u00e6re afg\u00f8rende. Mange kredsl\u00f8b fungerer over kHz, s\u00e5 den simple id\u00e9 \u201cstr\u00f8mmen v\u00e6lger den mindste modstands vej\u201d forklarer ikke l\u00e6ngere fuldt ud, hvordan str\u00f8mmen flyder p\u00e5 en transmissionslinje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For ledere, der f\u00f8rer str\u00f8m over 10 kHz, vil str\u00f8mmen v\u00e6lge den vej, der har mindst impedans. Hvis belastningsimpedansen er forbundet med en ledning, et kabel eller et spor og er st\u00f8rre end den parallelle kapacitans p\u00e5 transmissionsvejen, vil induktansen dominere. Hvis alle tilsluttede ledninger har samme tv\u00e6rsnit, har stien med det mindste loop-areal den mindste induktans. Jo mindre sl\u00f8jfearealet er, jo mindre er induktansen. S\u00e5 str\u00f8mmen flyder den vej.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.4 Indvirkning af sporinduktans p\u00e5 RF-energi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hvert spor har en begr\u00e6nset impedans. Sporinduktans er den eneste grund til, at der kan v\u00e6re RF-energi p\u00e5 et printkort. Lange bond-ledninger mellem en siliciumchip og en monteringspude kan ogs\u00e5 for\u00e5rsage RF-energi. Routing p\u00e5 et printkort kan skabe h\u00f8j induktans, is\u00e6r n\u00e5r sporene er lange. Et langt spor betyder, at tur-retur-l\u00e6ngden er lang. Det giver en tidsforsinkelse i sporet. Et signal kan blive sendt ud, f\u00f8r et andet kommer tilbage. I frekvensdom\u00e6net bliver et spor \u201clangt\u201d, n\u00e5r dets samlede l\u00e6ngde er st\u00f8rre end ca. \u03bb\/10 ved en frekvens, der er til stede i sporet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kort sagt: En RF-sp\u00e6nding p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af en impedans skaber RF-str\u00f8m. Denne RF-str\u00f8m kan udstr\u00e5le energi i det frie rum og bryde EMC-gr\u00e6nserne. Disse eksempler forbinder Maxwells ligninger med PCB-routing med simpel matematik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.5 H\u00f8jreh\u00e5ndsregel for magnetisk fluxretning<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Maxwell siger, at en ladning i bev\u00e6gelse p\u00e5 et spor skaber str\u00f8m. Str\u00f8mmen skaber et magnetfelt. Disse magnetiske fluxlinjer f\u00f8lger sporet. Brug h\u00f8jreh\u00e5ndsreglen til at finde fluxretningen. Peg din tommelfinger i str\u00f8mmens retning. Dine kr\u00f8llede fingre viser magnetfeltet omkring sporet. Et tidsvarierende magnetfelt skaber et vinkelret elektrisk felt. RF-str\u00e5ling er en blanding af dette magnetiske og elektriske felt. Felterne kan forlade printkortet ved str\u00e5ling eller ved ledning langs tilsluttede kabler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bem\u00e6rk, at magnetfeltet l\u00f8ber rundt om en lukket sl\u00f8jfegr\u00e6nse. P\u00e5 et printkort driver kilden RF-str\u00f8m fra kilden til belastningen gennem et spor. RF-str\u00f8mmen skal vende tilbage til kilden (Amperes lov). Dette skaber et RF-str\u00f8mloop. Sl\u00f8jfen beh\u00f8ver ikke at v\u00e6re cirkul\u00e6r, men er ofte spiralformet. Fordi returstien skaber en lukket sl\u00f8jfe, skaber den et magnetfelt. Magnetfeltet skaber et udstr\u00e5let elektrisk felt. I n\u00e6rfeltet kan de magnetiske dele dominere. Men i fjernfeltet er forholdet E\/H (b\u00f8lgeimpedans) ca. 120\u03c0 \u03a9 eller 377 \u03a9. Den v\u00e6rdi afh\u00e6nger ikke af kilden. S\u00e5 i fjernfeltet kan man bruge en sl\u00f8jfeantenne og en f\u00f8lsom modtager til at m\u00e5le den magnetiske del. Den modtagne str\u00f8m er E\/(120\u03c0) i A\/m, hvis E er i V\/m. Man kan ogs\u00e5 m\u00e5le den elektriske del med de rette v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer i n\u00e6rfeltet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Right-Hand-Rule.webp\" alt=\"Right-Hand Rule\" class=\"wp-image-4661\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Right-Hand-Rule.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Right-Hand-Rule-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Right-Hand-Rule-768x431.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Right-Hand-Rule-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.6 Betydningen af lukkede kredsl\u00f8b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Et andet simpelt syn p\u00e5 RF p\u00e5 printkort kommer fra typiske kredsl\u00f8b, der er vist i figurer. Brug tidsdom\u00e6ne- og frekvensdom\u00e6neanalyse. Kirchhoffs og Amperes love siger, at der skal v\u00e6re et lukket kredsl\u00f8b, for at et kredsl\u00f8b kan fungere. Kirchhoffs sp\u00e6ndingslov siger, at summen af sp\u00e6ndinger omkring enhver lukket bane er nul. Amperes lov siger, at en str\u00f8m skaber magnetisk induktion i et punkt, baseret p\u00e5 str\u00f8mmen og geometrien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hvis der ikke fandtes et lukket kredsl\u00f8b, kunne et signal ikke bev\u00e6ge sig fra kilden til belastningen p\u00e5 en transmissionslinje. N\u00e5r en kontakt lukkes, dannes kredsl\u00f8bet, og der flyder AC- eller DC-str\u00f8m. I frekvensdom\u00e6net er denne str\u00f8m RF-energi. Der er ikke en separat form for str\u00f8m i tids- eller frekvensdom\u00e6net. Der findes \u00e9n str\u00f8m, og vi kan se den i begge dom\u00e6ner. RF-returvejen skal eksistere fra belastning til kilde, ellers kan kredsl\u00f8bet ikke fungere. Derfor skal PCB-strukturen overholde Maxwell, Kirchhoff og Ampere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alle disse love siger: For at et kredsl\u00f8b kan k\u00f8re som forventet, skal der v\u00e6re et lukket netv\u00e6rk. En figur viser et s\u00e5dant typisk kredsl\u00f8b. N\u00e5r et spor g\u00e5r fra kilde til belastning, skal der v\u00e6re en returstr\u00f8msvej. Det er Kirchhoff og Ampere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Closed-Loop-Circuit.webp\" alt=\"Closed-Loop Circuit\" class=\"wp-image-4655\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Closed-Loop-Circuit.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Closed-Loop-Circuit-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Closed-Loop-Circuit-768x431.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Closed-Loop-Circuit-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>En anden figur ville vise en kontakt og en driver E i serie. N\u00e5r kontakten er lukket, fungerer kredsl\u00f8bet. Hvis den er \u00e5ben, g\u00f8r den det ikke. I tidsdom\u00e6net g\u00e5r det \u00f8nskede signal fra kilde til belastning. Signalet skal have en returvej, normalt gennem en 0V jordreference. RF-str\u00f8mme flyder fra kilde til belastning og vender tilbage gennem stien med den mindste impedans. Det er ofte gennem et jordspor eller -plan, et spejlplan. Brug Amperes lov til at forklare RF-str\u00f8m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Description-of-a-Closed-Loop-Circuit.webp\" alt=\"Description of a Closed-Loop Circuit\" class=\"wp-image-4656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Description-of-a-Closed-Loop-Circuit.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Description-of-a-Closed-Loop-Circuit-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Description-of-a-Closed-Loop-Circuit-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Description-of-a-Closed-Loop-Circuit-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Fluxminimering (minimering af magnetisk flux)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 Mekanisme for generering af magnetisk flux<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>F\u00f8r vi unders\u00f8ger, \u201chvordan EMI optr\u00e6der p\u00e5 et printkort\u201d, skal vi l\u00e6re, hvordan magnetiske linjer dannes p\u00e5 transmissionslinjer. Magnetisk flux er en kerneid\u00e9. Flux dannes, n\u00e5r str\u00f8m flyder gennem en fast eller varierende impedans. Impedans findes i spor, komponentledninger, vias og s\u00e5 videre. Hvis der findes flux p\u00e5 printkortet, siger Maxwell, at der ogs\u00e5 findes RF-energistier. Disse veje kan str\u00e5le ud i det frie rum eller ledes v\u00e6k gennem kabler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 Princippet om fluxannullering<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>For at fjerne RF-str\u00f8m p\u00e5 printet bruger vi \u201cflux cancellation\u201d eller \u201cflux minimization\u201d. Magnetiske linjer l\u00f8ber i \u00e9n retning rundt om sporet. Hvis vi laver RF-returstien parallelt med og t\u00e6t p\u00e5 kildesporet, l\u00f8ber returstiens felt modsat kildefeltet. N\u00e5r felter l\u00f8ber i modsatte retninger, oph\u00e6ver de hinanden. Hvis u\u00f8nsket flux mellem kilde og returvej annulleres eller holdes lille, vil der ikke v\u00e6re str\u00e5ling eller ledet RF-str\u00f8m, undtagen ved meget sm\u00e5 sporekanter. Konceptet med at annullere flux er enkelt. Men i designet skal man holde \u00f8je med f\u00e6lder og sm\u00e5 fejl. En lille fejl kan give mange ekstra problemer, som g\u00f8r det sv\u00e6rt at debugge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Den nemmeste metode til fluxannullering er at bruge et billedplan (spejlplan). Uanset hvor god en rute man laver, vil der altid v\u00e6re elektriske og magnetiske felter. Men hvis du annullerer magnetiske linjer, er EMI v\u00e6k. S\u00e5 enkelt er det.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.3 Tips til fluxminimering i PCB-layout<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Hvordan annullerer man flux i PCB-layout? Der er mange tips. Ikke alle oph\u00e6ver flux direkte. Nogle almindelige:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Brug flerlagskort med korrekt stackup-tildeling og impedansstyring.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>F\u00f8r urspor n\u00e6r returjordplanet (p\u00e5 flerlags printkort). P\u00e5 enkelt- eller dobbeltsidede printkort skal du bruge jordspor eller beskyttelsesspor i n\u00e6rheden af ursporene.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Indfang magnetisk flux fra indersiden af plastikpakker i 0V-referencen for at s\u00e6nke komponentstr\u00e5lingen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u00e6lg logiske dele omhyggeligt for at reducere det RF-spektrum, delene udsender. Brug s\u00e5 vidt muligt enheder med langsommere edge rates.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reducer RF-drivsp\u00e6ndingen fra clock-drivere (TTL\/CMOS) for at s\u00e6nke RF-str\u00f8mmen p\u00e5 sporene.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lavere jordst\u00f8jssp\u00e6nding, der findes mellem str\u00f8m- og jordplan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>N\u00e5r mange enhedsstifter skifter p\u00e5 \u00e9n gang for at drive en stor kapacitiv belastning, skal du s\u00f8rge for tilstr\u00e6kkelig afkobling til delen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Afslut clock- og signalspor korrekt for at undg\u00e5 ringning, overshoot og undershoot.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brug datalinjefiltre og common-mode-drossler p\u00e5 netv\u00e6rk, der har brug for dem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Til eksterne I\/O-kabler skal du bruge bypass-kondensatorer korrekt (ikke som afkobling).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For komponenter, der udsender en masse common-mode RF-energi, skal du give dem en jordet k\u00f8leplade.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.4 Andre \u00e5rsager til EMI i PCB'er<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Et kig p\u00e5 listen viser, at magnetisk flux kun er en del af EMI p\u00e5 printkort. Andre \u00e5rsager omfatter:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Common-mode- og differential-mode-str\u00f8mme mellem kredsl\u00f8b og I\/O-kabler.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jordsl\u00f8jfer, der genererer magnetiske feltstrukturer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Udstr\u00e5lende komponenter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Uoverensstemmelse i impedans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bem\u00e6rk: Det meste EMI-str\u00e5ling kommer fra common-mode-sp\u00e6ndinger. P\u00e5 en printplade eller et kredsl\u00f8b kan disse common-mode-niveauer omdannes til sm\u00e5 felter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Konklusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For at fjerne EMI p\u00e5 printkort skal man starte med at reducere den magnetiske flux. Det er nemt at sige det, men det er sv\u00e6rere at g\u00f8re det. RF-energi er usynlig og sv\u00e6r at finde. Ved at lokalisere, hvor RF-str\u00f8mmen flyder, og hvilken vej den flyder, og ved at bruge tipsene ovenfor og reglerne fra Maxwell, Kirchhoff og Ampere, kan du indsn\u00e6vre det mist\u00e6nkte omr\u00e5de. Find derefter den egentlige EMI-kilde, og fjern den.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In PCBs, many things can cause EMI. For example: radio frequency currents, common-mode voltages, ground loops, impedance mismatch, and magnetic 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