{"id":4673,"date":"2026-01-23T09:21:56","date_gmt":"2026-01-23T09:21:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4673"},"modified":"2026-01-23T09:21:58","modified_gmt":"2026-01-23T09:21:58","slug":"step-by-step-hdi-pcb-blind-and-buried-via-process","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/step-by-step-hdi-pcb-blind-and-buried-via-process\/","title":{"rendered":"Trin-for-trin HDI PCB Blind og begravet Via-proces"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Nedenfor er den engelske overs\u00e6ttelse. Jeg brugte klare, enkle formuleringer og grundl\u00e6ggende forbindelsesord (and, but, so, then, because). Jeg holdt tekniske termer og tal n\u00f8jagtige. Teksten er lang (over 1800 ord), som du bad om.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Grundl\u00e6ggende proces til fremstilling af HDI-kort med blinde og nedgravede vias<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Oversigt over<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>HDI st\u00e5r for High Density Interconnect. Det er en printkortteknologi, der opstod i slutningen af det 20. \u00e5rhundrede. Den st\u00f8rste fordel er brugen af laserboring. Traditionel mekanisk boring er begr\u00e6nset af bor. N\u00e5r hulst\u00f8rrelsen n\u00e5r 0,15 mm, stiger omkostningerne meget, og det er sv\u00e6rt at optimere. HDI-laserhuller kan kun v\u00e6re 3-5 mil (0,076-0,127 mm). Sporbredden kan v\u00e6re 3-4 mil (0,076-0,10 mm). Pad-st\u00f8rrelser bliver meget mindre. Der er plads til flere spor i det samme omr\u00e5de. Dette muligg\u00f8r sammenkoblinger med h\u00f8j t\u00e6thed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>HDI lader designere bruge t\u00e6tte pakker som <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-assembly\/bga-assmebly\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1921\">BGA<\/a> og QFP. HDI p\u00e5 f\u00f8rste niveau er nu almindeligt for BGA med 0,5 pitch. N\u00e5r BGA-routing bev\u00e6ger sig fra hj\u00f8rneflugt til centerflugt, bliver f\u00f8rste niveau <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-manufacturer\/hdi-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1915\">HDI<\/a> kan ikke l\u00e6ngere opfylde nogle behov. HDI p\u00e5 andet niveau bliver fokus for R&amp;D og produktion. F\u00f8rste niveau HDI laser blind vias forbinder kun overfladen med det tilst\u00f8dende indre lag. HDI p\u00e5 andet niveau kan bore fra overfladen ned til det tredje lag eller fra overfladen gennem det andet lag til det tredje lag. Det er meget sv\u00e6rere end HDI p\u00e5 f\u00f8rste niveau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Materialer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Materialetyper<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kobberfolie: det grundl\u00e6ggende materiale, der skaber ledende m\u00f8nstre.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kerne (CORE): Boardets rygrad. Det er en dobbeltsidet kobberbekl\u00e6dt plade, der bruges til at lave indre lag.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prepreg: Halvh\u00e6rdet harpiksplade, der bruges som lim til flerlagsplader og som isolering.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loddemaskebl\u00e6k: bruges til loddemaske, isolering og korrosionsbeskyttelse.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legend ink (silketryk): bruges til markeringer og etiketter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Materialer til overfladebehandling: omfatter tin-bly-legeringer, nikkel-guld, s\u00f8lv, <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-manufacturer\/osp-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2386\">OSP<\/a>, og andre.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 Isoleringsmaterialer af laminat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2.1 Almindelige laminater<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Almindelige h\u00f8j-Tg-materialer omfatter MICA\/EG-150T, SYST\/S1141, Grace\/MTC-97 og HITACHI\/MCL-HD-67. De bruges, n\u00e5r der er brug for h\u00f8jere varmebestandighed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2.2 HDI-specifikke isoleringsmaterialer<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Almindelige typer og specifikationer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>RCC-materialer: 80T18, 60T12, 65T12, 80T12, 60T18.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fr4 (LDP): 1080, 106.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Bem\u00e6rk: Jeg brugte \u201cfr4\u201d for FR-4, som du foretr\u00e6kker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3 S\u00e6rligt materiale: RCC forklaret<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>RCC betyder Resin Coated Copper (harpiksbelagt kobber). Det er kobberfolie belagt med en s\u00e6rlig harpiksfilm. Filmen d\u00e6kker de indre spor helt og fungerer som isolering. RCC findes hovedsageligt i to typer: B-stadiet (Mitsui) og B+C-stadiet (Polyclad).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vigtige funktioner:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Intet glasfiberlag i harpiksfilmen. Det g\u00f8r det lettere at danne mikrovias med laser eller plasma.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tyndt dielektrisk lag og h\u00f8j afskalningsstyrke.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>God sejhed og glat overflade, god til \u00e6tsning af meget smalle spor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Laserboring til HDI er ofte rettet mod RCC. Laserhuller er formet som omvendte trapezoider, ikke cylindre som mekaniske huller. Typisk hulst\u00f8rrelse er 0,076-0,10 mm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Andre HDI-materialer (kerne, prepreg, kobberfolier) er ikke specielle. Normalt er den indre kobbertykkelse tynd: indre lag 1 oz, ydre lag 0,5 oz basiskobber belagt til 1 oz. Hele printet er tyndere. Fordi RCC ikke har nogen glasfiber, er dets h\u00e5rdhed og styrke lavere end andre printkort med samme tykkelse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Fremstillingsproces (eksempel: 2+4+2 otte-lags plade)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nedenfor viser jeg de vigtigste trin og n\u00f8glepunkter. Jeg bruger enkle ord og en klar r\u00e6kkef\u00f8lge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 Sk\u00e6rende r\u00e5materiale (CUT)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sk\u00e6ring forvandler store kobberbelagte plader til st\u00f8rrelser, der passer til produktionsmaskiner. Tre kernebegreber skal v\u00e6re klare:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>UNIT: en designenhed i kundens layout.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SET: flere UNITs sammen, inklusive proceskant og v\u00e6rkt\u00f8j.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PANEL: flere SETs sat sammen med v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jskanter for at lave et produktionspanel. Almindelige indk\u00f8bte r\u00e5 st\u00f8rrelser er 36,5 tommer \u00d7 48,5 tommer, 40,5 tommer \u00d7 48,5 tommer og 42,5 tommer \u00d7 48,5 tommer. Udbyttet afh\u00e6nger af design og panelets anvendelse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CUT.webp\" alt=\"CUT\" class=\"wp-image-4675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CUT.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CUT-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CUT-768x511.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/CUT-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 T\u00f8rfilmsproces med indre lag (INNER DRY FILM)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Det indre t\u00f8rfilmstrin overf\u00f8rer indre lagm\u00f8nstre. Trinene omfatter laminering af fotoresistfilm, eksponering, fremkaldelse, \u00e6tsning og stripping:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Laminat: Kl\u00e6b lysf\u00f8lsom film p\u00e5 kobber. Lyset h\u00e6rder de eksponerede dele og danner et beskyttende lag.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ekspon\u00e9r og fremkald: Ekspon\u00e9r filmen. Belyste dele h\u00e6rder. M\u00f8rke dele forbliver bl\u00f8de. Fremkaldelse fjerner den bl\u00f8de film.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c6ts og strip: \u00c6ts det blottede kobber. Fjern derefter den h\u00e6rdede beskyttelsesfilm. Der dannes spor i det indre lag.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Designtips: Kontroller minimumsbredde, afstand og ensartethed. Hvis afstanden er for lille, kan der ske kortslutning under lamineringen. Hvis sporene er for tynde, kan filmens vedh\u00e6ftning svigte, og sporene \u00e5bnes. Efterlad sikre marginer til produktionen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.3 Sort eller brun oxidering (BLACK OXIDATION)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e5r de indre spor er lavet, skal du lave sort eller brun oxidering f\u00f8r laminering. De vigtigste m\u00e5l:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fjern olie og forurening fra kobberoverfladen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00d8g kobberoverfladen for at forbedre bindingen til resin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Omdanner upol\u00e6r kobberoverflade til pol\u00e6r CuO og Cu\u2082O for at forbedre den kemiske binding.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forbedrer fugtbestandigheden ved h\u00f8je temperaturer og reducerer risikoen for delaminering mellem kobber og resin.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Hvis Cu\u2082O er hovedproduktet, kaldes det brun oxidation (r\u00f8d farve). Hvis CuO er hovedproduktet, kaldes det sort oxidation (sort farve).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.4 Laminering (presning)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Laminering binder alle lag sammen ved hj\u00e6lp af B-stage prepreg. De vigtigste trin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stackup: arranger kobberfolier, prepreg, indre kerner, rustfri st\u00e5lplader, separatorplader, kraftpapir og ydre presseplader. For plader med seks eller flere lag er det n\u00f8dvendigt med forudg\u00e5ende stabling.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Varmepresse: L\u00e6g stakken ind i en varm vakuumpresse. Varmen smelter harpiksen og binder stakken sammen, s\u00e5 hulrummene fyldes ud.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Tips: Hold lamineringen symmetrisk. Hvis belastningen ikke er afbalanceret p\u00e5 begge sider, vil der opst\u00e5 sk\u00e6vheder. Kontroller kobberfordelingen for at undg\u00e5 forskelle i harpiksflowet, som giver uj\u00e6vn tykkelse. Planl\u00e6g blinde og nedgravede vias i forvejen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/PRESSING.webp\" alt=\"PRESSING\" class=\"wp-image-4677\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/PRESSING.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/PRESSING-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/PRESSING-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/PRESSING-16x12.webp 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.5 Boring af blinde og nedgravede vias (DRILLING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>I printkortproduktion er mekanisk boring den vigtigste metode til gennemg\u00e5ende huller, der er st\u00f8rre end ca. 8 mil. Mekanisk boring bestemmer, hvor blinde og nedgravede vias ikke kan krydse. I et eksempel med otte lag kan man lave begravede vias til lag 3-6, blinde vias til lag 1-2 og blinde vias til lag 7-8 p\u00e5 samme tid. Men man kan ikke designe krydsende buried vias som 3-5 og 4-6, fordi de ikke kan laves. Asymmetriske begravede viam\u00f8nstre (som 3-5 og 4-6) \u00f8ger sv\u00e6rhedsgraden og skrotningsraten betydeligt. Omkostningerne kan v\u00e6re over seks gange s\u00e5 h\u00f8je som for symmetriske viaer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DRILLING.webp\" alt=\"DRILLING\" class=\"wp-image-4676\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DRILLING.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DRILLING-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DRILLING-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DRILLING-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.6 Kobberudf\u00e6ldning og -bel\u00e6gning (via metallisering)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Via metallisering d\u00e6kkes den borede hulv\u00e6g med kobber, der er ensartet og varmebestandigt. Tre trin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Fjern rester af boret.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kemisk kobberaflejring.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Galvanisering af hele panelet for at g\u00f8re kobberet tykkere.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00f8gleparameter: aspektforhold (pladetykkelse i forhold til huldiameter). N\u00e5r pladetykkelsen stiger, og huldiameteren falder, kan kemikalierne ikke nemt n\u00e5 ind til hullets midte. Det kan g\u00f8re pletteringen tynd i midten og for\u00e5rsage mikro\u00e5bne fejl. Designere skal kende boardhusets procesgr\u00e6nser. B\u00e5de blinde\/nedgravede vias og gennemg\u00e5ende huller skal tage h\u00f8jde for gr\u00e6nserne for st\u00f8rrelsesforholdet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.7 Andet indre lag t\u00f8r film<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Efter metallisering af nedgravede vias til lag 3-6 fyldes hullerne med resinbl\u00e6k, og der vendes tilbage til de indre t\u00f8rfilmstrin for at lave lag 3- og 6-spor. N\u00e5r de er f\u00e6rdige, skal du lave sort\/brun oxidering igen og derefter sende til endnu en laminering. Denne anden laminering f\u00f8lger samme proces som den f\u00f8rste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.8 Anden laminering (HDI-presse)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>HDI-plader har tynde isoleringslag, s\u00e5 det er sv\u00e6rere at presse dem. Ved samme tykkelse er LDP-styrken bedre end RCC. LDP flyder langsommere, s\u00e5 det er nemmere at kontrollere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bem\u00e6rkninger om design:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>P\u00e5 indre omr\u00e5der med blinde\/nedgravede vias skal ydre spor undg\u00e5 via-placeringerne for at undg\u00e5 \u00e5bne kredsl\u00f8b for\u00e5rsaget af fordybninger.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For mange nedgravede vias mellem det andet og n\u00e6stsidste lag kan skabe kanaler, der udtynder dielektrikummet. Reducer s\u00e5danne vias, n\u00e5r det er muligt.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Til HDI CO\u2082-laserblind vias er en almindelig metode den konforme masketeknik. Overf\u00f8r m\u00f8nstre til det ydre kobber, \u00e6ts sm\u00e5 vinduer, der matcher laser-via-positioner, og brug derefter laser med h\u00f8jere effekt ved disse koordinater. Dette passer til subtraktiv flerlagsfremstilling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.9 Konform maske (laser via forbehandling)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Conformal mask best\u00e5r af to dele: Conformal mask1 og Conformal mask2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Conformal mask1: \u00c6tsningspuder, der flugter med den blinde via p\u00e5 begge sider af subboardet, og \u00e6tsningsm\u00e5l til den automatiske eksponeringsmaskine. Dette hj\u00e6lper med senere behandling og laserboring.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conformal mask2: \u00c6ts vinduer p\u00e5 kortets \u00f8verste og nederste kobber, der er lidt st\u00f8rre end laserhullet. Dette forbereder til CO\u2082-laserbehandling.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Conformal-mask.webp\" alt=\"Conformal mask\" class=\"wp-image-4674\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Conformal-mask.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Conformal-mask-300x188.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Conformal-mask-768x480.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Conformal-mask-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.10 Laserboring (LASER DRILLING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Laserboring bruger laserenergi til at br\u00e6nde harpiks og danne blinde vias. Laserenergien falder fra top til bund, s\u00e5 hullets diameter bliver mindre med dybden. Typisk hulst\u00f8rrelse er 4-6 mil (0,10-0,15 mm). I henhold til IPC6016 kaldes huller \u22640,15 mm for mikro-vias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Huller st\u00f8rre end 0,15 mm kr\u00e6ver spiralboring. Hastigheden falder, og omkostningerne stiger hurtigt. Almindelige laserv\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer bruger nu tre-skudsboring. Hastigheden er 100-200 huller pr. sekund. Mindre huller kan v\u00e6re hurtigere (0,100 mm hul ~120 huller\/sek; 0,076 mm hul ~170 huller\/sek).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.11 Laser via metallisering<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Laserhuller br\u00e6nder hulv\u00e6ggen og efterlader tr\u00e6kul. Det andet kobberlag kan oxidere. H\u00f8jtryksspuling er n\u00f8dvendig for at fjerne borerester. Mikro-via-kul er sv\u00e6rt at fjerne. Stablet HDI i to niveauer kr\u00e6ver s\u00e6rlig blind-via-bel\u00e6gning og kobberfyldning (COPPER FILLING). Dette er dyrt og bruges til avancerede produkter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.12 Tredje indre t\u00f8rre film<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Efter laser via metallisering skal du lave en anden Conformal mask1. G\u00e5 derefter tilbage til de indre t\u00f8rfilmstrin for at lave lag 2 og 7 spor. N\u00e5r sporene er f\u00e6rdige, skal du lave sort\/brun oxidering og en tredje laminering. Lav derefter det tredje blinde via \u00e6tsningstrin 1 og det andet blinde via \u00e6tsningstrin 2 for at forberede den anden laserboring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>HDI p\u00e5 andet niveau kr\u00e6ver mange tilpasninger. Fejlene kan hobe sig op. Dette g\u00f8r skrotningsraten h\u00f8jere. Fra lettere til sv\u00e6rere i via-kombinationer:<br>1-2 + 2-3 vias &lt; kun 1-3 vias &lt; 1-2 + 1-3 vias &lt; 2-3 + 1-3 vias &lt; 1-2 + 2-3 + 1-3 vias.<br>HDI-vias skal designes symmetrisk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.13 Anden laserboring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Udf\u00f8r det andet laserboringstrin som planlagt for HDI p\u00e5 to niveauer. Dette f\u00f8lger de samme regler som den f\u00f8rste laserboring, men kr\u00e6ver omhyggelig justering og planl\u00e6gning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.14 Mekanisk boring (bor gennem huller)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Efter lasertrin skal du udf\u00f8re mekanisk boring af gennemg\u00e5ende huller. Dette trin borer huller, der g\u00e5r gennem hele panelet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.15 Fjernelse af borerester og via plating (P.T.H.)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Plader de blinde vias og gennemg\u00e5ende huller sammen, s\u00e5 alle vias er metalliserede. P\u00e5 dette tidspunkt slutter det s\u00e6rlige HDI-flow. Fra nu af f\u00f8lger printkortet standardtrin for PCB-efterbehandling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.16 T\u00f8rfilm i yderste lag og m\u00f8nsterbel\u00e6gning (DRY FILM &amp; PATTERN PLATING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Den ydre m\u00f8nsteroverf\u00f8rsel ligner de indre lag. Den st\u00f8rste forskel er pletteringsmetoden:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Subtraktiv metode: Brug negativ film. Den h\u00e6rdede t\u00f8rre film forbliver som kredsl\u00f8b. \u00c6ts og strip filmen for at bevare kredsl\u00f8bet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Additiv\/normal metode: Brug positiv film. Den h\u00e6rdede t\u00f8rre film d\u00e6kker ikke-kredsl\u00f8bsomr\u00e5der. Lav m\u00f8nsterplettering (kobber og derefter tin), strip derefter filmen, lav alkalisk \u00e6tsning, fjern tin, og behold kredsl\u00f8bet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.17 V\u00e5dfilm-loddemaske (WET FILM SOLDER MASK)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Loddemasken d\u00e6kker kortets overflade. Den forhindrer forkert lodning, fugt eller kemikalier i at for\u00e5rsage kortslutninger og beskytter sporene mod fysiske skader. Det holder PCB-funktionen stabil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proces: forrensning \u2192 bel\u00e6gning \u2192 forbagning \u2192 eksponering \u2192 udvikling \u2192 UV-h\u00e6rdning \u2192 termisk h\u00e6rdning. Vigtige kontrolpunkter: Justering af loddemaske, st\u00f8rrelse af maskebro, via-produktion og masketykkelse. Bl\u00e6kkvaliteten p\u00e5virker senere overfladefinish, SMT-montering og kortets levetid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.18 Selektivt neds\u00e6nket guld (IMMERSION GOLD)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Kemisk nikkel\/guldbel\u00e6gning er en overfladefinish efter loddemaske. Den passer til printkort med lille sporafstand og mange overflademonterede dele. Det hj\u00e6lper med at g\u00f8re puderne plane og flade. Guld er stabilt og beskyttende. Pletteringsspecifikationer: nikkel ~5 \u03bcm, guld 0,05-0,1 \u03bcm. For tykt guld kan revne og give svage loddeforbindelser. For tyndt guld giver d\u00e5rlig beskyttelse. ENIG er i nogle tilf\u00e6lde mindre loddevenligt og kan vise m\u00f8rke paddefekter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.19 Udskrivning af tegnforklaring (C\/M PRINTING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Udskriv m\u00e6rkater og markeringer med m\u00e6rkatbl\u00e6k. Det hj\u00e6lper ved senere montering og service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.20 Fr\u00e6sning og profilering (PROFILERING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sk\u00e6r det f\u00e6rdige panel til UNIT- eller SET-st\u00f8rrelse med CNC-fr\u00e6ser. Udf\u00f8r kanttrimning og notfr\u00e6sning. Hvis der er behov for V-CUT, skal der tilf\u00f8jes trin i overensstemmelse hermed. N\u00f8gleparametre: profiltolerance, affasningsst\u00f8rrelse, indre hj\u00f8rneradius. Efterlad en sikker afstand mellem m\u00f8nstre og pladekant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.21 Elektrisk test (E-TEST)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dette er en kontinuitets- og isolationstest. De vigtigste metoder er test med s\u00f8m og test med flyvende sonde:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>N\u00e5lestykke: generiske eller specialfremstillede armaturer. Generiske fiksturer koster mere, men passer til mange printkort. Tilpassede armaturer er billigere pr. del, men kun til specifikke printkort.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flyvende probe: Flytter prober til testnet. Den er fleksibel og god til mange sm\u00e5 k\u00f8rsler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.22 OSP (organisk konserveringsmiddel for loddeevne)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>OSP danner en organisk film p\u00e5 n\u00f8gne kobberpuder og gennemg\u00e5ende huller efter elektrisk test og visuel kontrol. Filmtykkelsen er 0,3-0,5 \u03bcm. Nedbrydningstemperatur ca. 300 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vigtigste fordele: flad plettering, der passer til printkort med lille pitch; enkel proces, lav forurening, lave omkostninger og god loddeevne. Ulemper: Filmen er tynd og let at ridse. Holdbarheden er kort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I dag bruges ENIG + OSP-kombinationer til h\u00f8jpr\u00e6cisionskort. De giver beskyttelse og loddeevne og er en blyfri mulighed for at erstatte HASL i nogle tilf\u00e6lde. Omkostningerne er h\u00f8jere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/WET-FILM-SOLDER-MASK.webp\" alt=\"WET FILM SOLDER MASK\" class=\"wp-image-4679\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/WET-FILM-SOLDER-MASK.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/WET-FILM-SOLDER-MASK-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/WET-FILM-SOLDER-MASK-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/WET-FILM-SOLDER-MASK-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.23 Afsluttende revision (FINAL AUDIT)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Inspic\u00e9r printkortets udseende, st\u00f8rrelse, elektriske ydeevne og bel\u00e6gningskvalitet. S\u00f8rg for, at alt lever op til design- og industristandarder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.24 Pakning (PACKING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pak forbipasserende printkort ind for at undg\u00e5 fugt og ridser. Beskyt printpladerne under forsendelse, og opbevar dem godt til senere brug.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Below is the English translation. I used clear, simple wording and basic linking words (and, but, so, then, because). 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