{"id":4685,"date":"2026-01-27T08:21:43","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T08:21:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4685"},"modified":"2026-01-27T08:21:46","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T08:21:46","slug":"pcb-substrate-classification-and-material-properties","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-substrate-classification-and-material-properties\/","title":{"rendered":"Klassificering af PCB-substrater og materialeegenskaber"},"content":{"rendered":"

Abstrakt<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Denne artikel forklarer klassificering, materialevalg, teknologitendenser, designregler og processtandarder for printkort (PCB), der bruges i kommunikationsprodukter. Den er til brug for printkortdesignere og procesingeni\u00f8rer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Form\u00e5l og funktion af printkort<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Elektroniske kommunikationssystemer bruger mange printkort. Disse printplader er de funktionelle dele af hardwaren. De er som organer i en krop. Printplader p\u00e5 et system eller en terminal b\u00e6rer kredsl\u00f8b. De udg\u00f8r skelettet, ledningerne og vejene til str\u00f8m og signaler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Typer af printkort<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Klassificer printkort efter brug og teknologi. Efter struktur og funktion er der enkeltsidede kort, dobbeltsidede kort og Multilayer-plader<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PCB-substratmaterialetyper og -egenskaber<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Substratmaterialer opdeles i stive substrater og fleksible substrater. Stive printkort omfatter kobberbekl\u00e6dte fenolpapirlaminater, kobberbekl\u00e6dte epoxypapirlaminater og kobberbekl\u00e6dte epoxyglasfiberlaminater. Disse bruger phenolharpiks eller epoxyharpiks som bindemiddel. De bruger papir eller alkalifri glasdug som forst\u00e6rkning. N\u00e5r en eller to sider er bekl\u00e6dt med kobberfolie, bliver de til elektrisk isolerende laminater.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Egenskaberne for disse substratmaterialer skal opfylde bredt anerkendte internationale standarder som f.eks. IPC-4101<\/strong> (Specifikation for basismaterialer til stive og flerlagede printkort) og relevante IEC<\/strong> publikationer; flammeh\u00e6mning verificeres almindeligvis af UL 94<\/strong> vertikale br\u00e6ndv\u00e6rdier, og NEMA LI-1 \/ FR-4<\/strong> betegnelsen bruges internationalt til at identificere glas-epoxylaminater. N\u00e5r du specificerer materialer til global fremstilling, skal du henvise til IPC-\u201cskr\u00e5stregsark\u201d (n\u00f8jagtige kombinationer af harpiks\/stof\/kobber) eller IEC-identifikatorer, s\u00e5 leverand\u00f8rer og fabrikanter over hele verden kan finde tilsvarende lagerf\u00f8rte produkter og sikre ensartet ydeevne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 Kobberbelagt epoxy-glasfiberlaminat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dette laminat bruger epoxyharpiks som bindemiddel og glasfiberdug som forst\u00e6rkning. Det har bedre mekanisk styrke, dimensionsstabilitet og slagfasthed end papirlaminater. Den dielektriske konstant \u03b5 for FR4<\/a> og FR5 ligger mellem 4,3 og 4,9. Deres elektriske egenskaber er gode. De kan arbejde ved h\u00f8jere temperaturer. FR4 fungerer til 130 \u00b0C, FR5 til 170 \u00b0C. De p\u00e5virkes mindre af fugtighed. Derfor bruges de i vid udstr\u00e6kning i kommunikationsudstyr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"fr4\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3.2 Epoxy glasfiber limplader til flerlagsplader (Prepreg)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Det er glasdugmaterialer, der er pr\u00e6impr\u00e6gneret med epoxyharpiks i B-stadiet. Brug dem til at lave flerlagsplader. De binder separate enkeltlag<\/a> eller dobbeltlags ledende m\u00f8nsterplader sammen. Efter laminering fungerer de som dielektriske isoleringslag. De fremstilles ved at pr\u00e6impr\u00e6gnere alkalifri glasv\u00e6v med epoxy. Harpiksen h\u00e6rdes til B-stadiet. Efter endelig presning og formning h\u00e6rder epoxyen helt. Resultatet er et stift flerlags printkort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.3 Selvslukkende (flammeh\u00e6mmende) kobberlaminater<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Disse materialer har de samme grundl\u00e6ggende egenskaber som andre kobberbekl\u00e6dte laminater. De modst\u00e5r ogs\u00e5 brand. De reducerer risikoen for ant\u00e6ndelse fra en overophedet komponent. De begr\u00e6nser ogs\u00e5 lille brandspredning. Brug dem, hvor der er behov for brandsikkerhed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.4 Kobberbelagte PTFE (teflon)-glasfiberplader<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kobberbekl\u00e6dte PTFE-plader bruger PTFE (teflon) som bindemiddel og glasfiber som forst\u00e6rkning. Deres dielektriske egenskaber er fremragende. De har et lavt dielektrisk tab og et tangenttab (tg\u03b4) i st\u00f8rrelsesordenen 10-\u00b3. Deres dielektriske konstantomr\u00e5de er bredt. Du kan v\u00e6lge en r\u00e6kke forskellige basismaterialer for at opfylde behovene. De modst\u00e5r h\u00f8je temperaturer og fugt. De har god kemisk stabilitet. De fungerer over et bredt temperaturomr\u00e5de. Disse egenskaber g\u00f8r dem ideelle til printkort til h\u00f8jfrekvens- og mikrob\u00f8lgekommunikation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men PTFE-plader koster mere. De er mindre stive. Kobberfoliens vedh\u00e6ftningsstyrke er lavere. Det g\u00f8r det sv\u00e6rt at bygge flerlagskort med mange lag. Almindelige PTFE PCB-basismaterialer kommer fra Rogers, Taconic, Arlon, Metclad og GIL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.5 Kobberbelagte printkort med metalkerne<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

De kaldes ogs\u00e5 metalkerne-PCB'er og bruger metalplader i forskellige tykkelser, som regel aluminium, i stedet for glasfiberforst\u00e6rkede materialer. Efter en s\u00e6rlig behandling d\u00e6kkes metaloverfladen med et dielektrisk lag. Dielektrikummet har lav termisk modstand, h\u00f8j isolering og st\u00e6rk binding. Derefter limes kobberfolie af den \u00f8nskede tykkelse p\u00e5 den dielektriske overflade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PCB'er med metalkerne bruges til samling med h\u00f8j densitet og h\u00f8j effektt\u00e6thed. Brug dem til str\u00f8mkredse med h\u00f8j spredning. Deres fordele er god varmeafledning og god dimensionsstabilitet. Metalbasen giver ogs\u00e5 afsk\u00e6rmning. Nuv\u00e6rende produkter bruger materialer fra leverand\u00f8rer som Bergquist og forskningsinstitutter som Institut 51 under ministeriet for informationsindustri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.6 Fleksible PCB-substratmaterialer<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Fleksibelt printkort<\/a> substrater fremstilles ved at binde kobberfolie til tynd plastfilm. Almindelige basismaterialer til plastfilm er:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"flexible<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

(1) Polyesterfilm. Arbejdstemperaturen er 80 \u00b0C til 130 \u00b0C. Det har et lavt smeltepunkt. Det bl\u00f8dg\u00f8res og deformeres ved loddetemperaturer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Polyimid-film. Den har god fleksibilitet. Fjern absorberet fugt ved varmebehandling f\u00f8r lodning. Efter t\u00f8rring kan det loddes sikkert. Polyimidfilm af generel kl\u00e6bemiddeltype kan arbejde kontinuerligt ved 150 \u2103. Polyimidmateriale, der bruger FEP som en mellemliggende film og et specielt fusionskl\u00e6bemiddel, kan arbejde ved 250 \u2103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Fluoreret ethylenpropylen-film (FEP). Bruges ofte sammen med polyimid og glasv\u00e6v. Den har god fleksibilitet. Den har h\u00f8jere modstandsdygtighed over for fugt, syre og opl\u00f8sningsmidler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De vigtigste tendenser i udviklingen af PCB-teknologi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Hovedtendensen inden for printkortudvikling er h\u00f8jere t\u00e6thed. M\u00e5der at opn\u00e5 h\u00f8j t\u00e6thed p\u00e5 er fine linjer, sm\u00e5 via-huller, flere lag, blinde vias og nedgravede vias. Den almindelige proces til h\u00f8j densitet (HDI) er BUM-teknologi (buildup multilayer).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

De vigtigste pr\u00e6stationsindekser og valg af kobberfolietykkelse til kobberbelagt epoxy-glasfiberlaminat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Udover tykkelse og kobberfolietykkelse har laminater andre egenskaber. Disse omfatter afskalningsstyrke, forvridning, dielektrisk styrke, isoleringsmodstand, dielektrisk konstant, dielektrisk tabstangent, modstandsdygtighed over for varmechok, fugtabsorption og flammeh\u00e6mning. Tekniske krav til kobberbekl\u00e6dte epoxy-glasfiberlaminater skal opfylde GB\/T4725.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kobberfoliens tykkelse har stor indflydelse p\u00e5 pr\u00e6cisionen af de trykte ledere og den minimale lederbredde i produktionen. Den generelle regel er: Jo tykkere kobberet er, jo st\u00f8rre er \u00e6tsningsundersk\u00e6ringen. Den trykte leder bliver smallere. N\u00e5r lederbredden bliver for lille, kan den ikke produceres. S\u00e5 n\u00e5r du indstiller PCB'ets mindste lederbredde, skal du overveje kobbertykkelse ud over str\u00f8m, rutet\u00e6thed og andre regler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data viser, at for 35 \u03bcm kobberfolie skal lederbredden v\u00e6re st\u00f8rre end 0,15 mm. For 18 \u03bcm kobberfolie skal lederbredden v\u00e6re st\u00f8rre end 0,1 mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Valg af PCB-kontur, tykkelse og enkeltkortst\u00f8rrelse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

6.1 Valg af enkeltkort-oversigt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

PCB'er bruger normalt et rektangel med samme l\u00e6ngde og bredde. Undg\u00e5 ulige formede print. For at lette linjeoverf\u00f8rsel og inds\u00e6ttelse i stativer kan hj\u00f8rner bruge sm\u00e5 runde buer eller affasninger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meget sm\u00e5 plader (f.eks. plader, der er mindre end 100 mm \u00d7 100 mm) b\u00f8r samles i paneler. N\u00e5r flere korttyper til et produkt har samme lagantal, samme tykkelse og dielektriske lag, samme kobbertykkelse og samme m\u00e6ngde, skal de kombineres til et enkelt panel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.2 PCB-tykkelse<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e6lg pladetykkelse efter funktion, komponentmasse, matchende stikspecifikationer, pladest\u00f8rrelse og mekanisk belastning. Til store plader, der let deformeres, skal du tilf\u00f8je ribber eller rammer for at styrke dem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For print under 300 mm \u00d7 250 mm er en generel tykkelse p\u00e5 1,6 mm almindelig. Backplanes og st\u00f8rre enkeltkort b\u00f8r v\u00e6re tykkere end 2 mm. Men pressekapaciteten begr\u00e6nser forarbejdningen. Tykkelsen b\u00f8r generelt v\u00e6re under 4 mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.3 Serie af eksterne PCB-dimensioner<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

For printkort, der ikke er placeret i et rack, henvises til GB9315 for kortdimensionsserier. I kabinetter er plug-in-printkort med kantstik almindelige.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Noter og enkle r\u00e5d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • V\u00e6lg materialer, der opfylder standarderne, og som producenten har p\u00e5 lager. Det reducerer forsinkelsen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Til h\u00f8jfrekvente kort skal du bruge PTFE-baseret materiale, n\u00e5r du har brug for lavt tab og stabil dielektrisk konstant. Tjek omkostninger og byggegr\u00e6nser.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Til varmekritiske str\u00f8mkort b\u00f8r man overveje metalkernekort for bedre varmespredning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Til fleksible kredsl\u00f8b skal du v\u00e6lge polyimid- eller FEP-typer efter behov til lodning og temperatur. T\u00f8r materialerne, hvis de absorberer fugt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Til HDI-design skal du planl\u00e6gge vias og lagopbygning tidligt. Brug opbygningsmetoder, n\u00e5r du har brug for mange blinde eller nedgravede vias.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Ved fremstilling skal du angive kritiske punkter p\u00e5 tegningerne: endelig tykkelse, lagpar-kernetykkelse, kobberv\u00e6gt pr. lag, n\u00e5r det er n\u00f8dvendigt, hvilke lag der er signal- og hvilke der er planlag, og m\u00e5limpedans for kritiske net. Tilf\u00f8j en note om, at placeringen af prepreg vil blive fastsat af producenten for at opfylde impedansen og den samlede tykkelse, medmindre der kr\u00e6ves n\u00f8jagtige prepreg-ark, og designeren kan specificere dem med sikkerhed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Abstract This paper explains the classification, material choice, technology trends, design rules, and processing standards for printed circuit boards (PCBs) 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This paper explains the classification, material choice, technology trends, design rules, and processing standards for printed circuit boards (PCBs) 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