{"id":4722,"date":"2026-02-25T06:02:44","date_gmt":"2026-02-25T06:02:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4722"},"modified":"2026-02-25T06:02:48","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T06:02:48","slug":"why-via-impedance-is-hard-to-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/why-via-impedance-is-hard-to-control\/","title":{"rendered":"Hvorfor Via Impedance er sv\u00e6r at kontrollere"},"content":{"rendered":"

Vi tog hen til en PCB-butik og spurgte dem: \u201cKan du kontrollere sporimpedansen inden for 10%?\u201d De ville svare dig med fuld tillid: \u201cIntet problem!\u201d Hvis du presser lidt p\u00e5 og beder om 8%, t\u00e6nker de m\u00e5ske et \u00f8jeblik og siger s\u00e5: \u201cOkay (for de indre lag)!\u201d Hvis du s\u00e5 sp\u00f8rger: \u201cKan en via styres til 10%?\u201d vil den lille venskabsb\u00e5d m\u00e5ske... v\u00e6lte!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Det centrale sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l: Spor vs. Vias Impedans-tolerance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

B\u00e5de spor og vias forbinder transceiverchips. S\u00e5 hvorfor kan spor holdes til 10%, mens vias ikke kan? Vi ved, at spor heller ikke er nemme at kontrollere. Faktorer, der p\u00e5virker sporimpedansen, omfatter \u00e6tsningsfaktor, lagforskydning og overfladeruhed. For mikrostrip-linjer betyder loddemaske og kobbertykkelse ogs\u00e5 noget. Alligevel kan mange almindelige printbutikker garantere 10% eller endda 8% impedanstolerance for spor. For vias er der, s\u00e5 vidt jeg ved, ingen board shops, der lover at kontrollere via-impedansen inden for 10%. Det betyder, at der er mange faktorer for vias, som boardshops ikke kan kontrollere, s\u00e5 de kan ikke garantere det.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvad denne artikel d\u00e6kker<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

I denne artikel introducerer jeg f\u00f8rst to via-processer: boring og via-fyldning. Mange ved, at boring betyder noget, men hvor meget p\u00e5virker boretolerancen viaens ydeevne? Hvad ang\u00e5r fyldning, tror mange, at fyldning af en via med resin eller loddemaske vil \u00e6ndre viaens ydeevne. Vi tester disse effekter med simulering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Boreprocessen og dens indvirkning p\u00e5 Via Performance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f8rst boringen. Vi h\u00f8rer ofte to navne: borest\u00f8rrelse og f\u00e6rdig hulst\u00f8rrelse. Hvis vi designer et hul p\u00e5 8 mil i vores PCB-fil, tror du s\u00e5, at fabrikken vil bruge et bor p\u00e5 8 mil? Nej, selvf\u00f8lgelig ikke. En via skal forbinde spor p\u00e5 forskellige lag. Hullet skal v\u00e6re pletteret, s\u00e5 kobberet l\u00f8ber lodret gennem hullet. Det er gennempletteret kobber. If\u00f8lge IPC-standarden er der faste krav til tykkelsen af det gennemg\u00e5ende kobber, ca. 18 \u00b5m til 20 \u00b5m. S\u00e5 fabrikkerne garanterer, at hullet er 8 mil efter plettering. Den endelige st\u00f8rrelse er det f\u00e6rdige hul. Det betyder, at den oprindelige borest\u00f8rrelse skal v\u00e6re st\u00f8rre end 8 mil. Hvor meget st\u00f8rre? 10 mil? 12 mil? Denne st\u00f8rrelsesforskel har en stor effekt p\u00e5 via-ydelsen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I henhold til fabrikkens regler for boretolerancer vil et 0,2 mm (8 mil) f\u00e6rdigt hul bruge mindst et 0,25 mm (10 mil) bor. Hvis du ikke specificerer en strammere kontrol, bruger fabrikken m\u00e5ske et 0,3 mm (12 mil) bor. Alle ved, at et st\u00f8rre bor giver lavere impedans. Men hvor meget lavere? Vores simuleringsresultater kan vise dig det.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Simuleringen viser, at vias fra 0,2 mm til 0,3 mm har en impedansforskel p\u00e5 mere end 5 ohm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvis vi ser p\u00e5 tab for\u00e5rsaget af via, kan vi ogs\u00e5 se klare forskelle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For denne enkelte via-boreproces kan bearbejdningstolerancen alene for\u00e5rsage mere end et 10%-udsving.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Via udfyldning: Simulering og resultater<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nu om via-fyldning. Mange venner spurgte, om udfyldning af en via p\u00e5virker viaens ydeevne. Jeg blev ved med at fort\u00e6lle dem det: \u201cIngen effekt! Ingen effekt!\u201d De troede p\u00e5 mig, men var stadig i tvivl. S\u00e5 jeg k\u00f8rte simuleringer for at tjekke.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Billedet nedenfor viser modellerne for ufyldte og fyldte vias. R\u00f8d betyder harpiks eller loddemaske, der fylder viaen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Return<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Vi sammenlignede returtab og inds\u00e6tningstab for de to tilf\u00e6lde. Hvorfor er der kun \u00e9n linje? Fordi linjerne overlapper hinanden. Hvorfor overlapper de hinanden? Fordi der ikke er nogen effekt. Resultaterne er de samme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Teoretisk begrundelse: Hvorfor opfyldning ikke betyder noget<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Enhver med lidt h\u00f8jhastighedsteori ved, at signalet ved h\u00f8jere hastighed viser skin-effekt. Signalet str\u00f8mmer n\u00e6r viaens yderv\u00e6g. S\u00e5 uanset hvilket dielektrisk materiale, der er inde i via'en, vil det elektromagnetiske felt mellem signal og reference ikke brede sig ind i via'en. Hvis der ikke er noget felt indeni, vil materialet indeni viaen ikke have nogen effekt.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

We went to a PCB shop and asked them: \u201cCan you control trace impedance to within 10%?\u201d They would answer 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