{"id":4729,"date":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","date_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4729"},"modified":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","slug":"how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Hvordan CTE p\u00e5virker PCB-p\u00e5lidelighed og -design"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Materialets varmeudvidelseskoefficient (CTE) er en fysisk egenskab ved et materiale. N\u00e5r temperaturen \u00e6ndrer sig, vil delen \u00e6ndre form og f\u00e5 stress. Det kan vi ikke forhindre. Kernen i fremstillingen af ethvert elektronisk produkt er at s\u00e6tte dele, der opfylder kravene, p\u00e5 et printkort (PCB). Vi s\u00e6tter delene sammen med printet ved at lodde. For <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-assembly\/tht-pcb-assembly\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/pcb-assembly\/tht-pcb-assembly\/\">Gennemg\u00e5ende hul-teknologi (THT)<\/a>, dele har ledninger. N\u00e5r pladen b\u00f8jes eller udvides, b\u00f8jes ledningen og optager noget stress. Delens krop uds\u00e6ttes s\u00e5 for mindre stress. S\u00e5 l\u00e6ngere ledninger betyder, at der g\u00e5r mindre stress ind i delens krop. Loddestress fra temperatur\u00e6ndringer p\u00e5virker s\u00e5 hovedsageligt loddefugen og puden. Det p\u00e5virker loddets p\u00e5lidelighed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e5r vi bruger <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-assembly\/smt-assembly\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1923\">teknologi til overflademontering (SMT)<\/a>, kan vi s\u00e6tte flere dele p\u00e5 printet. Men delene har ingen lange ledninger til at opsuge stress. Stress g\u00e5r direkte ind i delens krop. Det kan \u00f8del\u00e6gge delen eller loddeforbindelsen, hvis printet og delen udvider sig forskelligt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CTE-karakteristika for FR4-basismateriale<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/fr-4-pcb-guide-properties-limits-material-choices\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4641\">Almindeligt glasfiberforst\u00e6rket basismateriale (fr4)<\/a> har forskellig CTE i z-aksen (gennem pladetykkelsen) og i x-y-planet (langs pladen). Pladen vil udvide sig mere i z, n\u00e5r temperaturen stiger. N\u00e5r materialet er under sin glasovergangstemperatur Tg, er materialet i glastilstand, og dets CTE er lille. Vi kalder denne CTE-v\u00e6rdi for a1. N\u00e5r materialet er over Tg, er det i en gummilignende tilstand, og dets CTE er st\u00f8rre. Vi kalder den CTE-v\u00e6rdi for a2. Normalt er a2 omkring tre gange a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e5r temperaturen for eksempel er under Tg, er glasfiber-epoxy-CTE i x- og y-retningen heller ikke den samme. Den afviger med ca. 1 til 5 ppm\/\u00b0C. I z-retningen er det ca. 20 ppm\/\u00b0C. N\u00e5r en stor overflademonteret enhed har en CTE, der matcher printet, betyder denne forskel meget. Den er med til at \u00f8ge loddesamlingens levetid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CTE's indvirkning p\u00e5 PTH og mikrovias<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE er en vigtig faktor for PWA-monterede gennemg\u00e5ende huller og mikrovias. Aspect ratio (dvs. pladetykkelse divideret med huldiameter) for disse vias er normalt st\u00f8rre end aspect ratio for et lige f\u00e6rdigboret hul i en blank plade. I processer som SMT-reflow, fjernelse af dele, reflow til reparation, fremstilling af printkort, fastg\u00f8relse af kugler, varmluftudj\u00e6vning og b\u00f8lgelodning vil en stor CTE i z-retningen for\u00e5rsage for meget PTH-str\u00e6ksp\u00e6nding. Det kan f\u00f8re til fejl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00e5 n\u00e5r du v\u00e6lger et basismateriale, skal du f\u00f8rst overveje, om dets CTE matcher CTE for de dele, der skal monteres. Hvis de ikke stemmer overens, skal du tr\u00e6ffe kompenserende foranstaltninger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Grundl\u00e6ggende definition og betydning af CTE for PCB'er<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Mange mennesker bruger ordet CTE, n\u00e5r de taler om printkort. Men hvor mange ved egentlig, hvad CTE betyder, og hvordan CTE begynder at p\u00e5virke et printkort?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE st\u00e5r for termisk udvidelseskoefficient. Den viser den procentvise \u00e6ndring i st\u00f8rrelse, n\u00e5r et printkort opvarmes eller afk\u00f8les. Alle materialer i verden udvider sig eller krymper en smule med temperaturen. For eksempel er et hus lidt st\u00f8rre om sommeren end om vinteren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nogle materialer krymper, n\u00e5r de opvarmes, men de fleste udvider sig lidt, n\u00e5r de opvarmes. Udvidelsen vises i dele pr. million pr. grad Celsius (ppm\/\u00b0C). Hvis et printkort udvider sig 14 ppm\/\u00b0C sidev\u00e6rts, betyder det, at hvis et printkort var en million tommer langt, ville det vokse 14 tommer for hver 1\u00b0C stigning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CTE-misforhold mellem PCB og siliciumchips<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Et typisk fr4-laminat har en CTE p\u00e5 14 til 17 ppm\/\u00b0C. Det ser ok ud, indtil vi sammenligner med en stor siliciumchip. Mange siliciumchips har en CTE p\u00e5 n\u00e6sten 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. Forskellen i ekspansion er stor nok - is\u00e6r for store BGA-pakker - til, at n\u00e5r printet og chippen opvarmes, vil printet udvide sig mere end chippen. Den ekstra bev\u00e6gelse kan tr\u00e6kke loddefuger af chippen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00e5 set fra printkortets synspunkt bruger producenterne ofte materialer med lav CTE. Men hvordan p\u00e5virker CTE printet, og hvordan vi designer og fremstiller det?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Typiske CTE-v\u00e6rdier for PCB-materialer og -komponenter<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Materiale\/komponent<\/th><th>CTE (X-Y-retning) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th><th>CTE (Z-retning) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th><th>Noter<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Standard FR-4-laminat<\/td><td>14 - 17<\/td><td>60 - 70 (over Tg kan v\u00e6re &gt;200)<\/td><td>Mest almindelige PCB-materiale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>H\u00f8j Tg FR-4<\/td><td>12 - 16<\/td><td>50 - 60<\/td><td>Bedre termisk stabilitet<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>PCB-materiale af polyimid<\/td><td>12 - 14<\/td><td>40 - 50<\/td><td>Bruges til applikationer med h\u00f8j temperatur<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kobber<\/td><td>16.5 - 17<\/td><td>16.5 - 17<\/td><td>Referenceledermateriale<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Silicium-chip<\/td><td>2,6 - 3 (bulk-silicium)<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>Pakke effektiv ~6 ppm\/\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BGA-pakke (typisk)<\/td><td>6 - 10<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>Afh\u00e6nger af substrattype<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Keramisk pakke<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>God CTE-matchning med silicium<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aluminium<\/td><td>22 - 24<\/td><td>22 - 24<\/td><td>Bruges i printkort med metalkerne<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kobber-Invar-Kobber (CIC) kerne<\/td><td>8 - 10<\/td><td>8 - 10<\/td><td>Metalkerne med lav CTE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kobber-molybd\u00e6n-kobber-kerne (CMC)<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>Metalkerne med meget lav CTE<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aramid\/kevlar-kerne<\/td><td>7 - 8<\/td><td>7 - 8<\/td><td>Kompositmateriale med lav CTE<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PCB-kernel\u00f8sninger med lav CTE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e5r vi v\u00e6lger et laminat, ser vi blandt andet p\u00e5 specifikationer som Tg, dielektrisk konstant Dk og spredningsfaktor Df. De er alle vigtige, og de p\u00e5virker hinanden. Hvis vi v\u00e6lger et laminat med lavere CTE, vil vi opdage, at alle fr4-typer har lignende CTE-v\u00e6rdier. De fleste er stadig h\u00f8je (ca. 14 ppm\/\u00b0C). Det betyder, at vi til meget store siliciumpakker har brug for en anden tilgang til at kontrollere CTE. En m\u00e5de er at tilf\u00f8je en kerne af metal, kevlar eller aramid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Disse lav-CTE-kerner bruges ofte under ydre lag af fr4 til at lave lav-CTE-plader. Metalkerner kan v\u00e6re kobber-invar-kobber (CIC) eller kobber-molybd\u00e6n-kobber (CMC). De er normalt ca. 6 mil tykke. Kobberet p\u00e5 metalkernens ydre overflade giver os mulighed for at laminere normale fr4-prepregs og -kerner over metallet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To udbredte metalkerner er CIC og CMC. Deres kerne-CTE-v\u00e6rdier er henholdsvis ca. 8 ppm\/\u00b0C og 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. N\u00e5r du forankrer de fire yderste lag til en metalkerne, bliver den samlede CTE for printkortet ca. 12 ppm\/\u00b0C for CIC og ca. 9 ppm\/\u00b0C for CMC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vi kan ogs\u00e5 bruge en Kevlar Thermount eller et aramidlaminat som kerne. Deres lave kerne-CTE er ca. 7 til 8 ppm\/\u00b0C. Med standard fr4 ydre lag bliver hele kortets CTE ca. 12 ppm\/\u00b0C. I flerlagsproduktion erstatter en lav-CTE-kerne en typisk fr4-kerne. Det er interessant, at kevlarfibre faktisk har en negativ varmeudvidelse i sig selv. N\u00e5r vi binder fibrene med epoxy, bliver resultatet en lille positiv CTE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Omkostninger, proces og yderligere fordele ved lav-CTE-kerner<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hvis man bruger et lav-CTE-laminat, er metalkernen normalt den dyreste l\u00f8sning. Kevlar- og aramidlaminater koster mindre. Tidligere var det sv\u00e6rt at f\u00e5 fat i Arlon Kevlar Thermount, men ny produktion \u00f8ger udbuddet nu. Alle kerner med lav CTE er sv\u00e6rere at bore og bearbejde. Men de er den eneste m\u00e5de, hvorp\u00e5 man kan opfylde kravene p\u00e5 6-9 ppm\/\u00b0C i meget store siliciumpakker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ud over at kontrollere CTE kan PCB'er med metalkerne ogs\u00e5 forbedre varmeoverf\u00f8rslen ved h\u00f8j effekt. Husk, at metal udvider sig mere end fr4, n\u00e5r det opvarmes. En metalkerne giver mere kontrol over kortets udvidelse end kevlar. En metalkerne kan \u00e6ndre udvidelsen af hele printet mere end kevlar kan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Praktiske foranstaltninger til at reducere risikoen for CTE-mismatch<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>I praksis kan du g\u00f8re disse grundl\u00e6ggende ting for at reducere risikoen for CTE-mismatch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u00f8v at matche kortets CTE med den store pakkes CTE, n\u00e5r du kan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brug kerner med lav CTE som CIC, CMC, Kevlar eller aramid til store pakker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hold \u00f8je med Tg, og brug materialer med en Tg over din h\u00f8jeste procestemperatur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Til SMT-dele skal du designe puder og landingsm\u00f8nstre for at reducere belastningen p\u00e5 loddesamlingerne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ved fremstilling skal man kontrollere den h\u00f8jeste reflow-temperatur og k\u00f8lehastighed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Til dele med gennemg\u00e5ende huller skal du bruge ledninger, der kan b\u00f8jes for at optage stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Du skal vide, at kerner med lav CTE koster mere og kr\u00e6ver andre borev\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer og -processer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Oversigt over CTE's betydning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE er et simpelt tal, men det p\u00e5virker mange dele af et printkortprojekt. Hvis du ikke t\u00e6nker p\u00e5 det tidligt, kan du se fejl i loddefugerne, revnede dele og lav p\u00e5lidelighed. Hvis du planl\u00e6gger CTE fra starten, f\u00e5r du en bedre levetid for dit printkort og dine dele.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Material coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is one physical property of a material. When temperature changes, the part will change 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