{"id":4741,"date":"2026-03-02T09:17:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-02T09:17:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4741"},"modified":"2026-03-02T09:17:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T09:17:46","slug":"why-do-pcbs-have-open-circuits-how-to-improve-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/why-do-pcbs-have-open-circuits-how-to-improve-them\/","title":{"rendered":"Hvorfor har printkort \u00e5bne kredsl\u00f8b? Hvordan kan man forbedre dem?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c5bne og korte kredsl\u00f8b i PCB-spor er problemer, som n\u00e6sten alle PCB-producenter m\u00f8der n\u00e6sten hver dag. Disse problemer holder produktions- og kvalitetspersonalet besk\u00e6ftiget. De for\u00e5rsager manglende forsendelsesm\u00e6ngder, ekstra omarbejde, leveringsforsinkelser og kundeklager. Det er h\u00e5rde problemer i industrien. Jeg har over 20 \u00e5rs erhvervserfaring inden for PCB-fremstilling<\/a> industri. Jeg har hovedsageligt arbejdet med produktionsstyring, kvalitetsstyring, processtyring og omkostningskontrol. Jeg har samlet en del erfaring med at reparere \u00e5bne og kortsluttede printkort. Nu skriver jeg dette ned som et resum\u00e9, som mine kolleger kan diskutere. Jeg h\u00e5ber, at produktions- og kvalitetspersonale kan bruge det som reference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Klassificering af hoved\u00e5rsager til \u00e5bne PCB-kredsl\u00f8b<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vi grupperer f\u00f8rst hoved\u00e5rsagerne til PCB-\u00e5bne kredsl\u00f8b i f\u00f8lgende omr\u00e5der:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nu lister vi \u00e5rsagerne og m\u00e5derne at forbedre dem p\u00e5, opdelt efter kategori:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u00c5bne kredsl\u00f8b for\u00e5rsaget af blottet basismateriale (ridser i folien)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Det kobberbelagte laminat (CCL) har allerede ridser, f\u00f8r det kommer p\u00e5 lager.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CCL'en bliver ridset under sk\u00e6reprocessen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CCL'en bliver ridset af boret under boringen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CCL'en bliver ridset under transport.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efter elektrol\u00f8s kobber f\u00e5r pladerne buler i overfladefolien, n\u00e5r de stables, p\u00e5 grund af forkert h\u00e5ndtering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Under produktionen, n\u00e5r pladerne passerer en vandret maskine, bliver overfladefolien ridset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Open<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2.1 Forbedringsmetoder:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f8r de kommer p\u00e5 lager, skal de indg\u00e5ende CCL'er stikpr\u00f8vekontrolleres af IQC (indg\u00e5ende kvalitetskontrol). Tjek pladens overflade for ridser og blottet basismateriale. Hvis du finder skader, skal du kontakte leverand\u00f8ren i tide og tr\u00e6ffe de korrekte foranstaltninger baseret p\u00e5 situationen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvis CCL'en bliver ridset under sk\u00e6ring, er hoved\u00e5rsagen h\u00e5rde, skarpe genstande p\u00e5 sk\u00e6rebordet. N\u00e5r CCL'en gnider mod den h\u00e5rde genstand, bliver kobberfolien ridset, og basismaterialet bliver blottet. Reng\u00f8r derfor sk\u00e6rebordet godt, f\u00f8r du sk\u00e6rer. S\u00f8rg for, at bordet er glat, og at der ikke ligger h\u00e5rde, skarpe genstande p\u00e5 det.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvis CCL bliver ridset af bor under boring, er hoved\u00e5rsagen slidte sp\u00e6ndet\u00e6nger eller snavs inde i sp\u00e6ndetangen. En snavset eller slidt sp\u00e6ndetang kan ikke holde boret fast. Boret kan sidde lavere end den indstillede l\u00e6ngde, og v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jet h\u00e6ver sig m\u00e5ske ikke nok under bev\u00e6gelser. N\u00e5r maskinen bev\u00e6ger sig, kan spidsen skrabe kobberfolien og blotl\u00e6gge grundmaterialet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Udskift sp\u00e6ndetang i henhold til antallet af v\u00e6rkt\u00f8jsskift, eller n\u00e5r sp\u00e6ndetangen er slidt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Reng\u00f8r sp\u00e6ndetangene regelm\u00e6ssigt i henhold til arbejdsinstruktionerne for at sikre, at der ikke er snavs indeni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pladerne er blevet ridset under transporten:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) N\u00e5r medarbejderne flytter br\u00e6dder, kan de komme til at l\u00f8fte for mange br\u00e6dder p\u00e5 \u00e9n gang, eller lasten kan v\u00e6re for tung. S\u00e5 sl\u00e6ber de br\u00e6dderne i stedet for at l\u00f8fte dem. Br\u00e6ddernes hj\u00f8rner og overflade gnider og bliver ridset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Hvis br\u00e6dderne ikke er stablet p\u00e6nt, kan folk komme til at skubbe h\u00e5rdt til dem, n\u00e5r de l\u00e6gger dem fra sig. Det giver gnidninger mellem br\u00e6dderne og ridser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efter elektrol\u00f8s kobber- eller fuldpanel-elektroplettering kan pladerne blive ridset, mens de stables, p\u00e5 grund af forkert h\u00e5ndtering:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e5r plader stables efter elektrol\u00f8s kobber eller efter galvanisering af hele panelet, skaber mange plader sammen v\u00e6gt. N\u00e5r en stak s\u00e6ttes ned, kan pladernes hj\u00f8rner ramme ned, og med tyngdekraften og hastigheden skaber de en st\u00e6rk p\u00e5virkning af pladernes overflade. Det kan ridse overfladen og blotte grundmaterialet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Produktionsplader bliver ridset, n\u00e5r de passerer en vandret maskine:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Stopskiven p\u00e5 slibe- eller sk\u00e6remaskinen kan ber\u00f8re pladens overflade. Pladens kant kan v\u00e6re uj\u00e6vn og kan have skarpe genstande. N\u00e5r pladen passerer, bliver overfladen ridset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) En drivaksel i rustfrit st\u00e5l kan blive beskadiget og danne en skarp spids. N\u00e5r br\u00e6ttet passerer, ridser denne spids kobberet og blotter basen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sammenfattende kan man sige, at ridser, der blotl\u00e6gger grundmaterialet efter kemisk kobber, er lettere at finde p\u00e5 spor, hvis de viser sig som \u00e5bne linjer eller huller. Men hvis ridsen opst\u00e5r f\u00f8r det str\u00f8ml\u00f8se kobber, kan det str\u00f8ml\u00f8se kobber aflejre kobber over ridsen. Kobberfolien p\u00e5 sporet vil v\u00e6re meget tyndere p\u00e5 det sted. Senere i \u00e5bne\/korte tests er dette sv\u00e6rt at finde. N\u00e5r kunden bruger kortet, kan en h\u00f8j str\u00f8m br\u00e6nde sporet og for\u00e5rsage en \u00e5bning. Den skjulte kvalitetsrisiko og det \u00f8konomiske tab kan v\u00e6re stort.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u00c5bne kredsl\u00f8b for\u00e5rsaget af manglende hulbel\u00e6gning (ingen hulbel\u00e6gning)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ingen hulplettering under elektrol\u00f8s kobber.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Olie i hullerne medf\u00f8rer ingen hulbel\u00e6gning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Overdreven mikro\u00e6tsning medf\u00f8rer ingen hulplettering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e5rlig plettering medf\u00f8rer ingen hulplettering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boret br\u00e6nder huller eller st\u00f8v blokerer huller og for\u00e5rsager ingen hulbel\u00e6gning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1 Forbedringstiltag:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ingen hulplettering under elektrol\u00f8s kobber:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Problem med hulbalsam: Hvis den kemiske balance i hulbalsam er forkert, eller opl\u00f8sningen er d\u00e5rlig, \u00e6ndres hulv\u00e6ggens elektriske egenskaber ikke efter behov. Hulbalsam er at justere den elektriske egenskab af den isolerende base p\u00e5 hulv\u00e6ggen, s\u00e5 palladiumioner adsorberer godt, og det elektrol\u00f8se kobber kan d\u00e6kke fuldt ud. Hvis koncentrationen af hulbalsam er ubalanceret, eller den er udl\u00f8bet, kan der ikke ske nogen hulbel\u00e6gning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Aktivator: Aktivatorens hovedkomponenter omfatter palladium (Pd), organiske syrer, tiniumioner og klorider. For at palladium kan aflejres j\u00e6vnt p\u00e5 hulv\u00e6ggen, skal mange parametre kontrolleres. For vores aktivator-eksempel:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

i) Hold temperaturen p\u00e5 35-44 \u00b0C. Hvis temperaturen er for lav, er palladiumt\u00e6theden p\u00e5 hulv\u00e6ggen lav, og det elektrol\u00f8se kobber d\u00e6kker ikke helt. Hvis temperaturen er for h\u00f8j, g\u00e5r reaktionerne for hurtigt, og materialeomkostningerne stiger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ii) Hold koncentrationen (m\u00e5lt p\u00e5 farve eller styrke) p\u00e5 80%-100%. Hvis koncentrationen er lav, er palladiumt\u00e6theden lav, og det elektrol\u00f8se kobber d\u00e6kker ikke helt. Hvis koncentrationen er h\u00f8j, er reaktionen for hurtig, og materialeomkostningerne stiger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iii) Under produktionen skal aktivatoropl\u00f8sningen vedligeholdes. Hvis den er st\u00e6rkt forurenet, vil palladiumet p\u00e5 hulv\u00e6ggen ikke v\u00e6re t\u00e6t, og det senere elektrol\u00f8se kobber vil ikke d\u00e6kke fuldt ud.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) Accelerator: Acceleratoren indeholder hovedsageligt organiske syrer. Dens opgave er at fjerne adsorberede tin- og kloridforbindelser fra hulv\u00e6ggen, s\u00e5 det katalytiske metal palladium bliver eksponeret for senere reaktioner. For vores accelerator skal du holde den kemiske koncentration p\u00e5 0,35-0,50 N. Hvis koncentrationen er for h\u00f8j, kan alt palladium blive fjernet, og senere vil det elektrol\u00f8se kobber ikke d\u00e6kke fuldt ud. Hvis koncentrationen er for lav, er fjernelsen af tin og klorid d\u00e5rlig, og senere vil det elektrol\u00f8se kobber ikke d\u00e6kke helt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

d) Kontrol af parametrene for kemisk kobber er n\u00f8glen til god d\u00e6kning af huller. Ved hj\u00e6lp af de badparametre, vi bruger:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

i) Hold temperaturen p\u00e5 25-32\u00b0C. Hvis temperaturen er lav, er badeaktiviteten d\u00e5rlig, og der sker ingen hulplettering. Hvis temperaturen overstiger 38 \u00b0C, er reaktionen for hurtig, kobberioner frigives for hurtigt, og der kommer kobberpartikler p\u00e5 panelets overflade. Dette medf\u00f8rer omarbejde eller skrot. I s\u00e5 fald skal det str\u00f8ml\u00f8se kobberbad straks filtreres, ellers kan badet g\u00e5 til spilde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ii) Kontroll\u00e9r Cu2+ ved 1,5-3,0 g\/L. Hvis Cu2+ er lavt, er badeaktiviteten d\u00e5rlig, og hulpletteringen er d\u00e5rlig. Hvis det overstiger 3,5 g\/L, er reaktionen for hurtig, og der dannes kobberpartikler p\u00e5 paneloverfladerne, som for\u00e5rsager omarbejde eller skrotning. Filtrer derefter badet med det samme. Cu2+-kontrol udf\u00f8res hovedsageligt ved at tils\u00e6tte kemisk kobber A-opl\u00f8sning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iii) Kontroll\u00e9r NaOH ved 10,5-13,0 g\/L. Hvis NaOH er lav, er badaktiviteten d\u00e5rlig, og hulplettering er d\u00e5rlig. NaOH-kontrol udf\u00f8res hovedsageligt ved at tilf\u00f8je B-opl\u00f8sning til kemisk kobber. B-opl\u00f8sningen indeholder stabilisator til badet. Normalt tils\u00e6ttes A og B i forholdet 1:1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

iv) Kontroll\u00e9r formaldehyd (HCHO) ved 4,0-8,0 g\/L. Hvis HCHO er lav, er badeaktiviteten d\u00e5rlig, og hulpletteringen er d\u00e5rlig. Hvis HCHO overstiger 8,0 g\/L, er reaktionen for hurtig, og der dannes kobberpartikler p\u00e5 panelets overflade, hvilket medf\u00f8rer omarbejde eller skrotning. Filtrer derefter badet med det samme. HCHO-kontrol udf\u00f8res hovedsageligt ved at tils\u00e6tte kemisk kobber C-opl\u00f8sning. Bem\u00e6rk, at A-opl\u00f8sning ogs\u00e5 indeholder HCHO-komponenter. S\u00e5 n\u00e5r du tils\u00e6tter A, skal du f\u00f8rst beregne HCHO-stigningen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

v) Hold badets belastning p\u00e5 0,15-0,25 ft\u00b2\/L. Hvis belastningen er for lav, er badeaktiviteten d\u00e5rlig, og hulpletteringen er d\u00e5rlig. Hvis belastningen overstiger 0,25 ft\u00b2\/L, er reaktionen for hurtig, og der dannes kobberpartikler, som for\u00e5rsager omarbejde eller skrot. Filtrer derefter badet med det samme. I produktionen b\u00f8r den f\u00f8rste tank bruge en kobberplade<\/a> for at aktivere badet. Dette hj\u00e6lper senere plader med at reagere godt. Det sikrer t\u00e6t str\u00f8ml\u00f8s kobber i huller og h\u00f8jere d\u00e6kning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forslag: For at holde disse parametre afbalancerede og stabile kan man bruge en automatisk doseringsmaskine til at tils\u00e6tte A- og B-opl\u00f8sninger til den elektriske kobbertank. Det hj\u00e6lper med at kontrollere de kemiske komponenter bedre. Brug ogs\u00e5 automatisk temperaturkontrol til at holde temperaturen i den elektriske kobberlinje stabil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e5d film eller bl\u00e6k i hullerne medf\u00f8rer ingen hulbel\u00e6gning:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) N\u00e5r du serigraferer v\u00e5d film, skal du printe et bord og derefter skrabe masken. Dette sikrer, at nettet ikke har samlet bl\u00e6k. Normalt forhindrer det, at der bliver v\u00e5d film tilbage i hullerne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Ved serigrafi af v\u00e5d film skal du bruge maskeantal p\u00e5 68-77T. Hvis du bruger en forkert maskevidde, f.eks. \u226451T, kan den v\u00e5de film l\u00e6kke ind i hullerne. Under fremkaldelsen er hullet m\u00e5ske ikke rent. Under plettering vil hullet ikke plettere metal, og du f\u00e5r ingen hulplettering. Hvis mesh er for h\u00f8j, kan den v\u00e5de film v\u00e6re for tynd, og under pletteringen kan resisten blive brudt af str\u00f8mmen. Det f\u00f8rer til mange metalprikker eller endda kortslutninger mellem sporene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Overdreven mikro\u00e6tsning (overopruening) medf\u00f8rer ingen hulplettering:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Hvis kortet bruger kemisk mikro\u00e6tsning f\u00f8r linjem\u00f8nstring, skal du kontrollere opl\u00f8sningens temperatur, koncentration og tid. Hvis kobberet i de pletterede huller er tyndt, kan mikro\u00e6tsningen opl\u00f8se kobberet og for\u00e5rsage manglende hulplettering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) For at forbedre lagbindingen anvendes kemisk mikro\u00e6tsning ved pr\u00e6-pletteringsbehandlinger. S\u00e5 styr mikro\u00e6tsningens temperatur, koncentration og tid godt. Ellers kan det ogs\u00e5 medf\u00f8re manglende hulplettering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ingen hulplettering p\u00e5 grund af problemer med galvanisering:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) N\u00e5r st\u00f8rrelsesforholdet (tykkelse til diameter) er stort (\u22655:1), kan der dannes bobler i huller. Det skyldes, at vibrationer ikke er nok til at f\u00e5 luften til at slippe ud. Ionudveksling kan ikke ske ordentligt. Hullet pletterer derfor ikke kobber eller tin godt, og man f\u00e5r ingen hulplettering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) N\u00e5r st\u00f8rrelsesforholdet er stort (\u22655:1), og hvis reng\u00f8ring f\u00f8r plettering ikke fjernede oxidation p\u00e5 hulv\u00e6ggen, f\u00e5r du modstand mod plettering under elektroplettering. Hullet vil ikke plettere kobber eller tin godt, eller det pletterede kobber\/tin vil v\u00e6re meget tyndt. Under \u00e6tsning kan det tynde kobber i hullerne fjernes og for\u00e5rsage manglende hulplettering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boret br\u00e6nder huller eller st\u00f8v blokerer huller og for\u00e5rsager ingen hulbel\u00e6gning:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Hvis borev\u00e6rkt\u00f8jets levetid ikke er indstillet korrekt, eller boret er meget slidt (med afskalning eller ikke skarpt), skaber friktion under boring varme. Hulv\u00e6ggen br\u00e6nder og kan ikke d\u00e6kkes af str\u00f8ml\u00f8st kobber, s\u00e5 der sker ingen hulbel\u00e6gning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Hvis st\u00f8vudsugningen er svag, eller teknikken til st\u00f8vfjernelse ikke er optimeret, kan st\u00f8v blokere huller under boring. Under kemisk kobberbehandling f\u00e5r de blokerede huller ikke kobber, og man f\u00e5r ingen hulbel\u00e6gning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Open and short circuits in PCB traces are problems that almost every PCB manufacturer meets almost every day. These problems 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and short circuits in PCB traces are problems that almost every PCB manufacturer meets almost every day. 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