{"id":4765,"date":"2026-03-04T07:26:34","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T07:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4765"},"modified":"2026-03-04T07:26:37","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T07:26:37","slug":"preventing-caf-in-pcbs-causes-fixes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/preventing-caf-in-pcbs-causes-fixes\/","title":{"rendered":"Forebyggelse af CAF i PCB'er: \u00c5rsager og l\u00f8sninger"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. Oversigt over de seneste problemer med PCB-l\u00e6kager<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vi stod for nylig over for et problem med PCB-l\u00e6kage. Produktet er str\u00f8mbesparende. Hele enheden tr\u00e6kker normalt str\u00f8m p\u00e5 mikroampere-niveau (\u00b5A). Efter aldring ved normal temperatur i nogen tid fandt vi ud af, at str\u00f8mforbruget steg. Nogle pr\u00f8ver n\u00e5ede endda op p\u00e5 milliampere-niveau (mA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi udelukkede omhyggeligt komponentfejl. Til sidst fandt vi en 5 V-knude. N\u00e5r produktet var i dvale, skulle denne node v\u00e6re 0 V, men den havde et fald p\u00e5 ca. 1,8 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi skar forsigtigt PCB-spor over. Til vores overraskelse kunne to vias, som ikke havde nogen elektrisk forbindelse p\u00e5 printet, m\u00e5les og viste en modstand p\u00e5 flere hundrede ohm mellem dem. Vi tjekkede designfilerne. Det er et printkort med to lag. Viaafstand og padafstand > 6 mil. Afstand mellem huller og v\u00e6gge > 18 mil. Dette design er normalt for standardboringer i printkortindustrien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vi fjernede loddemasken for at udelukke ledende forurening p\u00e5 masken eller via-overfladen. Den m\u00e5lte modstand mellem viaerne eksisterede stadig. Vi kunne ikke forklare det i et stykke tid. S\u00e5 opdagede vi, at l\u00e6kagen skyldtes \u201cCAF-effekten\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Hvad er CAF?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

CAF betyder Conductive Anodic Filamentation. Det er en l\u00e6kageadf\u00e6rd inde i et printkort, hvor kobberioner bev\u00e6ger sig fra anoden (h\u00f8jere sp\u00e6nding) langs mikrospr\u00e6kkekanaler mellem glasfibre mod katoden (lavere sp\u00e6nding). Under denne proces for\u00e5rsager kobber og kobbersalte l\u00e6kage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e5 billedet ser laminatet m\u00f8rkt ud, n\u00e5r man har slebet to tilst\u00f8dende vias i l\u00e6ngderetningen og kigget p\u00e5 dem under et elektronmikroskop ved 100\u00d7. De lyse guldomr\u00e5der er kobber. Man kan se kobberpletter og kobberfilamenter mellem de to vias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"CAF\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. Hvordan CAF dannes (mekanisme)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Normal fr4 PCB-laminat<\/a> fremstilles ved at v\u00e6ve glasfibre ind i klud og derefter fugte med epoxyharpiks og halvh\u00e6rde. Hvis vedh\u00e6ftningen mellem harpiks og glasfiber er d\u00e5rlig, eller harpiksen ikke fugter glasset helt, kan der opst\u00e5 huller mellem dem. Under mekanisk bearbejdning som f.eks. boring kan tangentielle tr\u00e6k og aksiale st\u00f8d beskadige harpiksbindingen yderligere. Dette kan l\u00f8sne eller adskille fiberbundter og skabe huller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e5r milj\u00f8et er varmt og fugtigt, nedbrydes vedh\u00e6ftningen mellem epoxy og glasfiber mere. Silankoblingsmidler p\u00e5 glasfiberoverfladen kan hydrolyseres. Det skaber stier langs glasfiberarmeringen, som tillader elektronvandring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvis to vias i n\u00e6rheden har en potentialeforskel, kan kobber ved anoden med h\u00f8jere sp\u00e6nding under disse forhold oxideres til kobberioner. Under det elektriske felt bev\u00e6ger kobberionerne sig mod katoden med lavere sp\u00e6nding. Under vandringen kombineres de med urenhedsioner i laminatet eller med OH- for at danne uopl\u00f8selige ledende salte, som aflejres. Som f\u00f8lge heraf falder den elektriske afstand mellem de to isolerende vias kraftigt. I alvorlige tilf\u00e6lde kan de endda danne en direkte ledende sti og kortslutte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reaktioner ved anoden og katoden (som observeret):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anode:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu \u2192 Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 e-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u2082O \u2192 H\u207a + OH-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Katode:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 H\u207a + 2 e- \u2192 H\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 OH- \u2192 Cu(OH)\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu(OH)\u2082 \u2192 CuO + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CuO + H\u2082O \u2192 Cu(OH)\u2082 \u2192 Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 OH-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 e- \u2192 Cu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Noter fra vores erfaringer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

F\u00f8r vi vidste, at \u00e5rsagen var CAF, var vi forvirrede over modstanden mellem to isolerede vias. Efter at have s\u00f8gt i litteraturen fandt vi ud af, at mange andre havde haft det samme problem. CAF er blevet et bem\u00e6rkelsesv\u00e6rdigt p\u00e5lidelighedsproblem i printkortindustrien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Hvordan man forebygger eller reducerer CAF<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Forbedre laminatets modstandsdygtighed over for CAF. For PCB-substratprocessen skal materialets ionrenhed \u00f8ges. Brug harpiks med lav fugtabsorption. S\u00f8rg for, at glasdugen er helt fugtet af harpiks og binder godt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e6r forsigtig med boring eller laser via processer. Boring eller laser kan producere h\u00f8j lokal varme. Hvis temperaturen overskrider kortets Tg, kan harpiks smelte og danne rester. Rester p\u00e5 hulv\u00e6gge kan for\u00e5rsage d\u00e5rlig kontakt under plettering. Fjern derfor rester f\u00f8r plettering. Bem\u00e6rk: Bl\u00f8dg\u00f8ring under fjernelse af rester kan erodere gennemg\u00e5ende huller og kan for\u00e5rsage kobberforurening, hvilket kan g\u00f8re senere kobbermigration lettere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d8g afstanden fra via til via i PCB-design<\/a>. Desuden f\u00f8lger CAF-kanaler normalt det samme glasfiberbundt. Ved at forskyde eller udligne nabokanalerne kan man reducere CAF-risikoen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reng\u00f8r PCBA-overflader. Brug f.eks. en h\u00f8jtryksluftpistol til at fjerne st\u00f8v og undg\u00e5 urenheder, der kan for\u00e5rsage u\u00f8nsket elektrokemi. P\u00e5f\u00f8r en konform bel\u00e6gning p\u00e5 PCBA-overfladen for at forhindre fugtindtr\u00e6ngning, is\u00e6r i varme og fugtige milj\u00f8er.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1. Recent PCB Leakage Issue Overview We recently faced a PCB leakage issue. The product is low-power. The whole device 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