{"id":4844,"date":"2026-04-01T08:34:51","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T08:34:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4844"},"modified":"2026-04-01T08:34:53","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T08:34:53","slug":"pcb-shielding-design-and-rf-shielding-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/pcb-shielding-design-and-rf-shielding-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB-afsk\u00e6rmningsdesign og RF-afsk\u00e6rmningsguide"},"content":{"rendered":"

Printkortdesign er en vigtig faktor, der p\u00e5virker mange elektroniske produkters ydeevne. At lave et p\u00e5lideligt produkt og derefter f\u00e5 succes p\u00e5 markedet er den st\u00f8rste bel\u00f8nning for omhyggelig overvejelse af alle designsp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l. At v\u00e6lge den rigtige afsk\u00e6rmningskavitet p\u00e5 printkortniveau er kun en del af et vellykket design. Andre vigtige sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l skal ogs\u00e5 overvejes n\u00f8je, f.eks. arbejdsmilj\u00f8et, det samlede antal produkter, der skal fremstilles, den monteringsmetode, der skal bruges, de planlagte test- og inspektionsmetoder og layoutet af printkortet og komponenterne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ligesom ved valg af str\u00f8mforsyning tr\u00e6ffes valget om at bruge et RF-afsk\u00e6rmningshulrum ofte i slutningen af designprocessen. Det efterlader ofte for lidt plads til afsk\u00e6rmningskaviteten. Som f\u00f8lge heraf kan hulrummet p\u00e5virke andre dele af designet med hensyn til fysisk struktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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3DS - Design, udvikling, tegning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Design og udvikling af afsk\u00e6rmningskaviteter og -systemer p\u00e5 printkortniveau kan opdeles i tre vigtige trin: design, udvikling og udarbejdelse. Aktiv kommunikation og konsultation mellem brugeren af hulrummet og hulrumsdesignteamet er meget vigtig. Det er bedst at finde en producent af hulrum, der kan give indledende designvejledning, r\u00e5d om brug, bes\u00f8g p\u00e5 stedet, prototypedesign, pr\u00f8veproduktion, valg af bel\u00e6gning og tykkelse, forarbejdning, montering og gennemgang af omkostningsbesparelser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For at f\u00e5 markedsoverskud ud af et produkt skal omkostningerne kontrolleres. Strukturelt design kan sammen med en detaljeret designplan og kundeinput hj\u00e6lpe med at n\u00e5 det ideelle m\u00e5l: at f\u00e5 det n\u00f8dvendige resultat med begr\u00e6nsede omkostninger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Valg af formular<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e5r man v\u00e6lger kavitetens form, er der mange faktorer, der skal tages i betragtning. Hvad er det helt pr\u00e6cist, der skal afsk\u00e6rmes? Hvad er den n\u00f8jagtige karakter af interferenskilden? N\u00e5r kaviteten er monteret p\u00e5 printkortet, skal kunden s\u00e5 stadig \u00e5bne den for at foretage \u00e6ndringer, test, inspektion eller justering? Monteres kaviteten ved hj\u00e6lp af gennemg\u00e5ende eller overflademonterede metoder? Hvad er den forventede produktionsm\u00e6ngde? Svarer denne m\u00e6ngde til omkostningerne ved maskinplacering? Hvilke kredsl\u00f8bsomr\u00e5der har brug for afsk\u00e6rmning eller skal adskilles fra andre omr\u00e5der? Skal denne applikation bruge en eller flere kaviteter? Skal det endelige produkt gennemg\u00e5 st\u00f8dtest, vibrationstest eller faldtest i emballagen?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Afsk\u00e6rmende former<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Til en bestemt anvendelse hj\u00e6lper en omhyggelig gennemgang af ovenst\u00e5ende sp\u00f8rgsm\u00e5l med at v\u00e6lge den mest hensigtsm\u00e6ssige og mest \u00f8konomiske afsk\u00e6rmningsform. Der kan v\u00e6lges forskellige firesidede afsk\u00e6rmningskaviteter til forskellige anvendelser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et firesidet afsk\u00e6rmningshulrum med fingerfjederd\u00e6ksel har et hegn p\u00e5 alle fire sider. Hegnet og r\u00e6kken af stifter ved PCB-kanten kan loddes til PCB'et ved h\u00e5ndlodning, b\u00f8lgelodning eller reflow-lodning gennem hullet. Fingerfjederd\u00e6ksler bruges ofte til denne type hulrum. Hvis hegnsh\u00f8jden er tilstr\u00e6kkelig til at holde fingerfjederen, er fingerfjederd\u00e6kslet det bedste valg blandt de aftagelige d\u00e6ksler. Fingerfjederst\u00f8rrelser, f.eks. standardh\u00f8jde eller lavprofil, kan fremstilles efter behov. Hvis der ikke er plads nok uden for hegnet til udvendige fingerfjedre, b\u00f8r man v\u00e6lge indvendige fingerfjedre. Hvis de udvendige fingerfjedre og de indvendige fingerfjedre har samme form p\u00e5 modsatte sider, kan de ogs\u00e5 bruges sammen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et overflademonteret firesidet hulrum med fingerfjedre er en anden mulighed for afsk\u00e6rmende hulrum. Denne type hulrum er det samme som et normalt firesidet hulrum, bortset fra at det ikke har faste stifter. Den loddes ofte til printkortet langs en kontinuerlig linje ved hj\u00e6lp af s\u00f8mlodning. N\u00e5r man vurderer forholdet mellem hegnets h\u00f8jde og fingerl\u00e6ngden, skal designeren medregne tykkelsen af loddefileten i bunden af hegnet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En anden m\u00e5de at erstatte et loddehegn med kontinuerlig s\u00f8m er at lave hegnet langs PCB-kanten med huller. Denne metode reducerer m\u00e6ngden af loddemetal, der bruges til at fastg\u00f8re hegnet til printkortet. Den giver ogs\u00e5 plads til, at sporene kan passere gennem hegnets afgr\u00e6nsning, uden at der er brug for s\u00e6rlige sporafstandsvias eller et flerlags printkort. Hvis der bruges maskinplacering til at montere hegnet p\u00e5 printkortet, skal der bruges overflademonteringsteknologi. Det kan kr\u00e6ve brug af stemplede fence-strukturer, som vist i figur 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Et firesidet PCB-kavitet kan ogs\u00e5 bruge et fladt fold-over-l\u00e5g, som vist i figur 2. Denne type l\u00e5g har lavere produktionsomkostninger, is\u00e6r i udviklingsfasen. Den eneste svaghed ved dette design er, at det ikke fuldt ud kan garantere en god forbindelse mellem l\u00e5get og hegnet, undtagen hvor der anvendes l\u00e5gholderstrimler. Ethvert hul i forbindelsen vil p\u00e5virke hulrummets EMC-pr\u00e6station. Disse l\u00e5gholderstrimler kan enten v\u00e6re foldede eller indpakkede, som vist i figur 2 og figur 3. Begge typer strips kan underst\u00f8tte l\u00e5get, n\u00e5r det skal flyttes og udskiftes mere end fem gange.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Fladt l\u00e5g, der kan klappes op<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e5r den virkelige anvendelse kr\u00e6ver en lav profil p\u00e5 hegn og l\u00e5g, kan man bruge et snap-on-l\u00e5g. Sm\u00e5 tapper p\u00e5 l\u00e5gets sidev\u00e6g passer ind i sm\u00e5 \u00e5bninger p\u00e5 hegnets sidev\u00e6g. Dette design kan reducere hegnets h\u00f8jde til 1,5 mm. Ligesom l\u00e5glisten og spaltel\u00e5get kan dette design heller ikke helt garantere en god forbindelse mellem hegnet og l\u00e5get, medmindre fligene sidder godt fast. Og jo flere flige, der er p\u00e5 v\u00e6ggen, jo sv\u00e6rere bliver det at fjerne l\u00e5get, n\u00e5r der er behov for reparation eller justering efter installationen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Flat<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nogle designere foretr\u00e6kker at bruge placeringsudstyr fra en overflademonteringslinje til at lave l\u00e5get og afsk\u00e6rmningen til en enhed. I dette tilf\u00e6lde \u00e5bnes l\u00e5get kun, n\u00e5r komponenterne inde i kaviteten skal bearbejdes. N\u00e5r man v\u00e6lger dette design, betyder det, at der skal v\u00e6re sm\u00e5 huller p\u00e5 l\u00e5get, s\u00e5 varmen kan komme ind i kaviteten og lodde de interne elektroniske dele p\u00e5 printkortet, som vist i figur 4. Desv\u00e6rre vil disse huller reducere hulrummets afsk\u00e6rmningsevne med ca. 20 dB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u00e5r hulrummet installeres efter testning, eller n\u00e5r PCB-outputvolumen er meget h\u00f8j, er det mere omkostningseffektivt at v\u00e6lge et femsidet hulrum. Dette valg kan tr\u00e6ffes med loddestifter, punktsvejsehj\u00f8rner, stumpsvejsehj\u00f8rner eller termiske reflow-huller. Indtil videre er den billigste m\u00e5de at udvikle femsidede hulrum og producere sm\u00e5 m\u00e6ngder p\u00e5 at bruge formede femsidede hulrum. Som vist i figur 5 laves disse ved at markere p\u00e5 et fladt ark. N\u00e5r de er installeret p\u00e5 printkortet, beh\u00f8ver brugeren kun at folde dem til den \u00f8nskede form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Afsk\u00e6rmende materialer<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Til de fleste RF-afsk\u00e6rmninger kan n\u00e6sten ethvert basismateriale, som f.eks. kobber, messing, rustfrit st\u00e5l, aluminium eller nys\u00f8lv, bruges til at lave afsk\u00e6rmningskabinettet. I monteringsprocessen til lodning af komponenter p\u00e5 printkortet bruges plettering oftere end nys\u00f8lv. Tidligere brugte man blank fortinning. Men med brugen af RoHS-reglerne om skadelige stoffer skiftede PCB-produktionslinjerne til blyfri lodning. Reflow-temperaturen for blyfri loddemetal er lig med eller endda h\u00f8jere end smeltepunktet for blank tin. P\u00e5 grund af dette \u00e6ndrede brugen af nys\u00f8lv sig ogs\u00e5. Selvf\u00f8lgelig kan fors\u00f8lvning eller forgyldning ogs\u00e5 bruges, men omkostningerne er helt klart for h\u00f8je.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ved lave frekvenser for\u00e5rsages interferens normalt af magnetfelter. Selvom tykkere st\u00e5lplader eller fosforbronze nogle gange bruges til at lave afsk\u00e6rmende hulrum, bruges der oftere specielle materialer som Mu-metal eller RF-materialer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frekvensgr\u00e6nsen for at lave afsk\u00e6rmende hulrum med metalfolie er normalt omkring 3 til 5 GHz. Hvis frekvensen g\u00e5r ud over dette omr\u00e5de, vil to effekter begr\u00e6nse afsk\u00e6rmningens effektivitet eller reducere dens funktion. P\u00e5 grund af den fordelte kapacitans mellem hulrummet og de elektroniske komponenter p\u00e5 printkortet kan enhver lille bev\u00e6gelse i hulrumsmetallet skabe en mikrofonisk effekt. I dette frekvensomr\u00e5de v\u00e6lges normalt solidt forarbejdede strukturer til afsk\u00e6rmning, s\u00e5 disse effekter kan undg\u00e5s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En anden h\u00f8jfrekvent effekt kan opst\u00e5 ved den harmoniske frekvens for kredsl\u00f8bets driftsfrekvens, hvor hulrummet bliver en del af en b\u00f8lgeleder. I dette tilf\u00e6lde kan hulrummet opf\u00f8re sig mere som et resonanshulrum end som et skjold. Denne effekt kan undg\u00e5s ved at tilf\u00f8je absorberende materiale inde i hulrummet eller ved omhyggeligt at v\u00e6lge hulrummets st\u00f8rrelse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Produktions- og monteringsdesign<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En n\u00f8glefaktor i kavitetsdesignet er at kende produktionsm\u00e6ngden af den endelige komponent eller det endelige produkt. Denne beslutning vil bestemme den endelige produktionsmetode og til en vis grad valget af afsk\u00e6rmningsform. Som diskuteret ovenfor for fence-lid-designs og femsidede hulrum er det klart, at det er meget billigere at lave en komplet enhed end at s\u00e6tte to dele sammen for at danne skjoldet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Den valgte produktionsmetode p\u00e5virker ogs\u00e5 komponentomkostningerne. Sammenlign f.eks. omkostningerne ved fotokemisk bearbejdning (PCM) med stansning eller med en blandet metode, hvor man bruger begge dele. Skal komponenterne placeres manuelt eller maskinelt? Hvis der anvendes maskinel placering, samler de fleste maskiner delene op med en vakuumdyse, s\u00e5 der er brug for placeringsm\u00e5l. Nogle maskiner bruger et klemmesystem til at gribe fat i delene, men denne type maskine er ikke s\u00e6rlig almindelig.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ved maskinplacering skal kravet om koplanaritet for PCB-kanthegnet v\u00e6re inden for 0,1 mm for at sikre, at hulrummet er p\u00e5 loddepastaen under placering, eller n\u00e5r det kommer ind i reflow-ovnen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Almindelige skjoldmaterialer til maskinbearbejdning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Til de fleste RF-afsk\u00e6rmninger kan n\u00e6sten ethvert basismateriale, som f.eks. kobber, messing, rustfrit st\u00e5l, aluminium eller nys\u00f8lv, bruges til at lave afsk\u00e6rmningen. I monteringsprocessen til lodning af komponenter p\u00e5 printkortet bruges plettering oftere end nys\u00f8lv. Tidligere brugte man blank fortinning. Men med anvendelsen af RoHS-reglerne om skadelige stoffer gik PCB-produktionslinjerne over til blyfri lodning. Reflow-temperaturen for blyfri loddemetal er lig med eller endda h\u00f8jere end smeltepunktet for blank tin. P\u00e5 grund af dette \u00e6ndrede brugen af nys\u00f8lv sig ogs\u00e5. Selvf\u00f8lgelig kan fors\u00f8lvning eller forgyldning ogs\u00e5 bruges, men omkostningerne er helt klart for h\u00f8je. Ved lav frekvens skyldes interferens normalt magnetfelter. Selvom tykkere st\u00e5lplader eller fosforbronze nogle gange bruges til at lave afsk\u00e6rmende hulrum, bruges der oftere specielle materialer som Mu-metal eller RF-materialer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frekvensgr\u00e6nsen for at lave afsk\u00e6rmende hulrum med metalfolie er normalt omkring 3 til 5 GHz. Hvis frekvensen g\u00e5r ud over dette omr\u00e5de, vil to effekter begr\u00e6nse afsk\u00e6rmningens effektivitet eller reducere dens funktion. P\u00e5 grund af den fordelte kapacitans mellem hulrummet og de elektroniske komponenter p\u00e5 printkortet kan enhver lille bev\u00e6gelse i hulrumsmetallet skabe en mikrofonisk effekt. I dette frekvensomr\u00e5de v\u00e6lges normalt solidt forarbejdede strukturer til afsk\u00e6rmning, s\u00e5 disse effekter kan undg\u00e5s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En anden h\u00f8jfrekvent effekt kan opst\u00e5 ved den harmoniske frekvens for kredsl\u00f8bets driftsfrekvens, hvor hulrummet bliver en del af en b\u00f8lgeleder. I dette tilf\u00e6lde kan hulrummet opf\u00f8re sig mere som et resonanshulrum end som et skjold. Denne effekt kan undg\u00e5s ved at tilf\u00f8je absorberende materiale inde i hulrummet eller ved omhyggeligt at v\u00e6lge hulrummets st\u00f8rrelse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Afsluttende noter<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

For de fleste anvendelser af RF-afsk\u00e6rmning er n\u00f8glen ikke kun at v\u00e6lge den rigtige sk\u00e6rmform, men ogs\u00e5 at matche det rigtige materiale, den rigtige proces og den rigtige samlingsmetode. Et godt design skal afbalancere afsk\u00e6rmningseffekt, omkostninger, produktionsm\u00e6ngde og senere behov for omarbejdning. I virkelige printkortprojekter er den bedste l\u00f8sning ofte ikke den mest komplekse. Det er den, der kan fremstilles, samles, testes og repareres p\u00e5 en stabil og billig m\u00e5de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Hvad er PCB-afsk\u00e6rmning, og hvorfor er det vigtigt?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

PCB-afsk\u00e6rmning bruges til at blokere elektromagnetisk interferens (EMI). Det hj\u00e6lper med at forbedre signalstabiliteten og sikrer p\u00e5lidelig produktydelse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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2. Hvilke typer PCB-afsk\u00e6rmningshulrum findes der?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Almindelige typer omfatter firesidede afsk\u00e6rmningsd\u00e5ser, overflademonterede afsk\u00e6rmninger, snap-on-l\u00e5g og femsidede hulrum. Hver type passer til forskellige design- og omkostningsbehov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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3. Hvordan v\u00e6lger jeg det rigtige afsk\u00e6rmningshulrum til mit printkort?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Du skal overveje interferenskilde, plads, produktionsm\u00e6ngde, monteringsmetode, og om sk\u00e6rmen skal kunne tages af til test.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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4. Hvilke materialer bruges til RF-afsk\u00e6rmning i printkort?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Almindelige materialer er kobber, messing, rustfrit st\u00e5l, aluminium og nys\u00f8lv. S\u00e6rlige materialer som Mu-metal bruges til lavfrekvent magnetisk afsk\u00e6rmning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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5. P\u00e5virker afsk\u00e6rmningsdesignet PCB-omkostningerne?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ja. Afsk\u00e6rmningsstrukturen, materialet og monteringsmetoden p\u00e5virker alle omkostningerne. Et enkelt integreret design er normalt mere omkostningseffektivt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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6. Hvad er forskellen mellem overflademontering og afsk\u00e6rmning gennem huller?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Overflademonteret afsk\u00e6rmning er lettere at montere automatisk. Afsk\u00e6rmning gennem huller giver st\u00e6rkere mekanisk st\u00f8tte, men kan \u00f8ge omkostningerne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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7. Hvordan kan jeg forbedre EMI-pr\u00e6stationen i PCB-design?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Du kan forbedre EMI-pr\u00e6stationen ved at bruge korrekt afsk\u00e6rmning, optimere layout, reducere st\u00f8jkilder og v\u00e6lge de rigtige materialer og jordingsmetoder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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8. Kan afsk\u00e6rmningskaviteter genbruges eller fjernes?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ja. Nogle designs, som f.eks. fingerfjederd\u00e6ksler, g\u00f8r det nemt at fjerne dem for at teste, reparere eller justere dem.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Printed circuit board design is an important factor that affects the performance of many electronic products. 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