{"id":5022,"date":"2026-06-12T08:39:11","date_gmt":"2026-06-12T08:39:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=5022"},"modified":"2026-06-12T08:39:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-12T08:39:54","slug":"smt-reflow-soldering-process-types-design-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/da\/smt-reflow-soldering-process-types-design-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"SMT-reflow-lodning: Proces, typer og designvejledning"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hvad er reflow-lodning?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Reflow-lodning er en af de lodningsmetoder, der anvendes i PCBA <\/a>proces. Metoden kaldes reflow-lodning, fordi loddematerialet skifter fra fast til flydende tilstand og derefter tilbage til fast tilstand under processen. Ved reflow-lodning anvendes opvarmningssystemet i reflow-ovnen til at smelte loddepastaen, s\u00e5 SMT-komponenterne og printpladens loddepunkter loddes sammen og danner en elektrisk forbindelse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I takt med at SMT-pakketyperne hele tiden \u00e6ndrer sig, har reflow-ovnen ogs\u00e5 gennemg\u00e5et flere generationer. Til PCBA-produkter til computere er den mest almindelige metode reflow-lodning med infrar\u00f8d str\u00e5ling og varmluft. Infrar\u00f8d str\u00e5ling har stor gennemtr\u00e6ngningsevne, h\u00f8j termisk effektivitet og lavt str\u00f8mforbrug. Varmluften sikrer en mere j\u00e6vn temperaturfordeling. Tilsammen giver de et godt lodderesultat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anvendelse af fastsp\u00e6ndingsanordninger ved reflow-lodning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Lad os tage et server-bundkort som eksempel. Efter SMT-montering og f\u00f8r reflow-lodning har det halvf\u00e6rdige PCBA-kort som regel brug for en fastsp\u00e6ndingsanordning til at st\u00f8tte det. PCB-kort kan let deformeres, n\u00e5r de opvarmes i reflow-ovnen. Hvis PCB-kortet deformeres, kan det medf\u00f8re problemer med stik, \u00e5bne loddeforbindelser p\u00e5 BGA\u2019er og andre problemer. Nogle sm\u00e5 PCBA-kort har ikke brug for en fastg\u00f8relsesanordning i reflow-ovnen, f.eks. PDB-kort, riser-kort og HDD-backplanes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En reflow-holder b\u00f8r ikke kun udformes ud fra printkortets st\u00f8rrelse, men ogs\u00e5 ud fra komponenternes placering. I n\u00e6rheden af nogle tunge komponenter b\u00f8r der udformes underst\u00f8tninger under printkortet for at forhindre, at det h\u00e6nger ned eller deformeres i ovnen. Underst\u00f8tningerne n\u00e6r undersiden af printkortet skal ogs\u00e5 placeres s\u00e5ledes, at de undg\u00e5r komponenterne, s\u00e5 disse ikke beskadiges, n\u00e5r det f\u00e6rdigmonterede printkort (PCBA) tages ud. Diameteren p\u00e5 de positioneringsstifter, der anvendes til fastg\u00f8relse, skal ligeledes v\u00e6lges ud fra praktisk erfaring. Hvis positioneringsstifterne er for sm\u00e5, kan de ikke placere printkortet pr\u00e6cist. Hvis de er for store, kan printkortet udvide sig eller deformeres i reflow-ovnen, og det kan v\u00e6re umuligt at fjerne printkortet efter lodningen. Hvis det tvinges ud, kan ledningsbanerne omkring positioneringshullerne blive beskadiget.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konstruktion af deformationsbeskyttende fastsp\u00e6ndingsanordninger til specielle komponenter<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

SMT-stik, is\u00e6r stik med mange og t\u00e6t placerede ben, er tilb\u00f8jelige til at udvikle \u00e5bne loddeforbindelser og kolde loddeforbindelser. Dette skyldes ogs\u00e5, at stikkets plastkrop kan deformeres i et vist omfang, n\u00e5r den opvarmes i ovnen. Derfor fremstiller teknikerne, ud over at anbringe en underst\u00f8tning under printkortet, undertiden specielle presseblok-fiksturer til visse komponenter. Disse presseblokke presses mod komponenterne for at forhindre deformation i reflow-ovnen og undg\u00e5 problemer s\u00e5som \u00e5bne loddeforbindelser og kolde loddeforbindelser. Materialet i disse presseblok-fastg\u00f8relsesanordninger har ogs\u00e5 betydning. De skal kunne modst\u00e5 h\u00f8je temperaturer, men de b\u00f8r ikke v\u00e6re store metaldele. Metalfastg\u00f8relsesanordninger kan absorbere varme og p\u00e5virke loddekvaliteten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zoner og procesparametre i reflow-ovnen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

En reflow-ovn har normalt 4 zoner: forvarmningszone, holdetidszone, reflow-zone og afk\u00f8lingszone. Udstyret har mange parametre, herunder temperaturindstilling, opvarmningshastighed, afk\u00f8lingshastighed, holdetid, tid over 220 \u00b0C, spidstemperatur, nitrogenkoncentration og udgangstemperatur. For at sikre, at udstyret fungerer korrekt, og at de faktiske parametre opfylder produktionskravene for det aktuelle produkt, skal det relevante personale teste temperaturprofilen inden produktionen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvorfor det er vigtigt at teste temperaturprofiler<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Test af temperaturprofiler kr\u00e6ver en temperaturlogger og et profilkort. Et profilkort er et SMT-halvfabrikat med p\u00e5monterede termoelementer. Temperatursondekablerne forbinder profilkortet med temperaturloggeren. Testpunkterne p\u00e5 profilkortet skal d\u00e6kke de fire hj\u00f8rner af printkortet, undersiden og oversiden af kortet samt visse komponenter, hvor der er s\u00e6rlig risiko for loddefejl, s\u00e5som benene p\u00e5 hukommelsesslots, loddekuglepositionerne p\u00e5 typiske BGA'er og selve enhederne p\u00e5 temperaturf\u00f8lsomme komponenter. Hver proces, der anvender reflow-lodning, kr\u00e6ver et profilkort, f.eks. SMT-reflow-lodning p\u00e5 undersiden, SMT-reflow-lodning p\u00e5 oversiden og BGA-reparationsstationer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reflow-lodning med nitrogen og OSP-printkort<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

I takt med at SMT-produktionsprocessen forts\u00e6tter med at udvikle sig, kan selv meget komplekse serverbundkort nu anvende OSP-kort. N\u00e5r OSP-kortene passerer gennem reflow-ovnen, kan tils\u00e6tning af nitrogen mindske oxidationen af loddepunkterne og bidrage til at sikre en god lodning. Dette er is\u00e6r tydeligt, n\u00e5r OSP-kortet skal gennemg\u00e5 reflow-lodning to gange.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hvilke typer SMT-reflow-lodning findes der?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Der findes mange former for reflow-lodning. De klassificeres alle efter opvarmningsmetode. De kan inddeles i laser-reflow-lodning, infrar\u00f8d reflow-lodning, varmluft-reflow-lodning og andre former.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Varmluftsreflow-lodning Varmluftsreflow-lodning er meget udbredt. Princippet g\u00e5r ud p\u00e5 at bruge en varmeelement eller en varmebestandig bl\u00e6ser i ovnen til at opvarme gassen inde i ovnen \u2013 som regel luft eller nitrogen \u2013 og f\u00e5 luftstr\u00f8mmen til at cirkulere for at gennemf\u00f8re lodningen. Selvom reflow-lodning med varm luft p\u00e5virkes af gasstr\u00f8mningshastigheden, har den i sammenligning med andre reflow-metoder en j\u00e6vn opvarmning og en stabil ovntemperatur, og den er velegnet til lodning af de fleste komponenter. Derfor er reflow-lodning med varm luft i dag det prim\u00e6re SMT-loddeudstyr.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Laser-reflow-lodning: Som navnet antyder, anvendes laser som opvarmningsmetode ved laser-reflow-lodning. Princippet g\u00e5r ud p\u00e5 at rette laserstr\u00e5len direkte mod loddeomr\u00e5det og bruge laserens varme til at smelte loddematerialet og fuldf\u00f8re lodningen. N\u00e5r laseren ikke l\u00e6ngere rammer omr\u00e5det, falder temperaturen i loddeomr\u00e5det hurtigt. Efter afk\u00f8ling dannes loddeforbindelsen, og lodningen er dermed afsluttet. Da laser-reflow-lodning kun opvarmer det lokale loddeomr\u00e5de og har ringe indvirkning p\u00e5 andre omr\u00e5der, er den mere velegnet til PCBA-kort med f\u00f8lsomme komponenter. Men p\u00e5 grund af opvarmningsmetoden er loddeeffektiviteten relativt lav, hvorfor laser-reflow-lodning ikke er det prim\u00e6re SMT-loddeudstyr.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Infrar\u00f8d reflow-lodning Ved infrar\u00f8d reflow-lodning anvendes infrar\u00f8dt lys til opvarmning. Der findes b\u00e5de ren infrar\u00f8d opvarmning og en kombination af infrar\u00f8dt lys og varmluft. Ren infrar\u00f8d opvarmning er hovedsageligt baseret p\u00e5 infrar\u00f8d varmestr\u00e5ling til at gennemf\u00f8re lodningen. Metoden med infrar\u00f8d opvarmning kombineret med varmluft anvender ca. 30% infrar\u00f8dt lys og 70% varmluft til opvarmning og gennemf\u00f8relse af lodningen. Den kombinerer fordelene ved infrar\u00f8d reflow-lodning og varmlufts-reflow-lodning og udligner samtidig begge metoders svagheder.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \"Hot<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Andre former for reflow-lodning<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Ud over de ovenn\u00e6vnte typer omfatter reflow-lodning ogs\u00e5 reflow-lodning med varmtr\u00e5d, induktionsreflow-lodning og reflow-lodning i dampfase. Reflow-lodning med varm tr\u00e5d anvender hovedsageligt opvarmede genstande, s\u00e5som keramik eller andre metaller, til at udf\u00f8re lodningen. Normalt anvendes der ikke loddepasta ved denne metode, men i stedet tinbel\u00e6gning eller ledende kl\u00e6bemiddel til lodningen. Induktionsreflow-lodning anvender en transformer og princippet om hvirvelstr\u00f8m fra induktans til at gennemf\u00f8re lodningen. Dampfase-reflow-lodning kaldes ogs\u00e5 dampfase-lodning. Her anvendes hovedsageligt damp til opvarmning. Da disse reflow-metoder hver is\u00e6r har deres egne begr\u00e6nsninger, er de ikke det mest udbredte SMT-loddeudstyr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fordele og ulemper ved reflow-lodning af PCBA\u2019er<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Fordele ved reflow-lodning:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Den er bedre egnet til montering med h\u00f8j sv\u00e6rhedsgrad. Reflow-lodning anvendes hovedsageligt til lodning ved SMT-montering, s\u00e5 den bedre kan im\u00f8dekomme behovene ved kompleks montering. Komponenter som BGA og QFN kan kun monteres ved hj\u00e6lp af reflow-lodning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Den leverer en h\u00f8j loddekvalitet. Reflow-ovnen anvender varmluftsreflow og konvektionsvarmeoverf\u00f8rsel, hvilket sikrer en j\u00e6vn temperatur og en god loddekvalitet. Den giver et meget tilfredsstillende lodderesultat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Den er velegnet til masseproduktion. Reflow-lodning har en h\u00f8j loddeeffektivitet. N\u00e5r temperaturen f\u00f8rst er indstillet, kan loddeparametrene kopieres igen og igen, hvilket g\u00f8r den velegnet til masseproduktion. Anvendes den i forbindelse med en godkendelse af f\u00f8rste artikel, bliver denne fordel ved reflow-ovnen endnu mere udtalt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ulemper ved reflow-lodning:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Omkostningerne er h\u00f8je. Selve reflow-ovnen er dyrere end b\u00f8lgeloddeovnen. Desuden bruger den mere str\u00f8m, n\u00e5r den er i drift, hvilket \u00f8ger produktionsomkostningerne for producenten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Det kan let f\u00f8re til loddefejl. Som n\u00e6vnt ovenfor kan enhver loddemetode for\u00e5rsage fejl, hvis den ikke anvendes korrekt. I en reflow-ovn, som er et relativt komplekst stykke udstyr, kan forkerte parameterindstillinger eller en uhensigtsm\u00e6ssig zoneinddeling for\u00e5rsage kolde loddeforbindelser, \u00e5bne loddeforbindelser, brodannelse og andre loddefejl. For at sikre reflow-lodning af h\u00f8j kvalitet skal operat\u00f8ren derfor v\u00e6re professionel og erfaren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Konklusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Reflow-lodning er en af de vigtigste lodningsprocesser inden for SMT-montering. Kvaliteten heraf har direkte indflydelse p\u00e5 p\u00e5lideligheden af PCBA-produkter. Fra design af fastsp\u00e6ndingsanordninger og test af temperaturprofiler til lodning under nitrogenbeskyttelse \u2013 hvert eneste trin har betydning for det endelige lodningsresultat. I dag er reflow-lodning med varmluft og reflow-lodning med infrar\u00f8d str\u00e5ling og varmluft stadig de prim\u00e6re l\u00f8sninger i branchen, mens laser-reflow-lodning og reflow-lodning i dampfase oftere anvendes i s\u00e6rlige tilf\u00e6lde. I takt med den fortsatte udvikling af server-, kommunikations- og elektroniske produkter med h\u00f8j t\u00e6thed opgraderes reflow-lodningsprocesser og -udstyr ogs\u00e5 for at im\u00f8dekomme behovene for lodning med h\u00f8jere pr\u00e6cision og st\u00f8rre p\u00e5lidelighed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    What Is Reflow Soldering? Reflow soldering is one of the soldering methods used in the PCBA process. It is called […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5024,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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