{"id":5022,"date":"2026-06-12T08:39:11","date_gmt":"2026-06-12T08:39:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=5022"},"modified":"2026-06-12T08:39:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-12T08:39:54","slug":"smt-reflow-soldering-process-types-design-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de\/smt-reflow-soldering-process-types-design-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"SMT-Reflow-L\u00f6ten: Verfahren, Arten und Konstruktionsleitfaden"},"content":{"rendered":"

What Is Reflow Soldering?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Reflow soldering is one of the soldering methods used in the PCBA <\/a>process. It is called reflow soldering because the solder changes from solid to liquid, and then from liquid back to solid during the process. Reflow soldering uses the heating system in the reflow oven to melt the solder paste, so SMT components and the PCB pads are soldered together and form an electrical connection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As SMT package types keep changing, the reflow oven has also gone through several generations. For computer PCBA products, the most common method is infrared + hot air reflow soldering. Infrared radiation has strong penetration, high thermal efficiency, and low power use. Hot air makes the temperature more even. Together, they can achieve a good soldering result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fixture Use in Reflow Soldering<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Take a server motherboard as an example. After SMT placement and before reflow soldering, the semi-finished PCBA usually needs a fixture to support it. PCB boards can deform easily when heated in the reflow oven. If the PCB deforms, it can cause connector problems, BGA open solder joints, and other issues. Some small PCBA boards do not need a fixture in the reflow oven, such as PDB boards, riser cards, and HDD backplanes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A reflow carrier fixture should be designed not only based on the PCB size, but also based on the component layout. Near some heavy components, supports should be designed under the board to prevent the PCB from sagging or deforming in the oven. The supports near the bottom side of the board also need to avoid components, so the components are not damaged when the PCBA is taken out. The diameter of the locating pins used for fixing also needs to follow practical experience. If the locating pins are too small, they cannot position the board accurately. If they are too large, the PCB may expand or deform in the reflow oven, and the board may not be able to be removed after soldering. If it is forced out, the traces around the locating holes may be damaged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anti-Deformation Fixture Design for Special Components<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

SMT connectors, especially connectors with many and dense pins, are prone to open solder joints and cold solder joints. This is also because the plastic body of the connector can deform to a certain degree when heated in the oven. So, in addition to board support under the PCB, technicians will sometimes make special press-block fixtures for some components. These press blocks are pressed on the components to prevent deformation in the reflow oven and avoid problems such as open solder joints and cold solder joints. The material of these press-block fixtures also matters. They need to resist high temperature, but they should not be large metal parts. Metal fixtures can absorb heat and affect soldering quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reflow Oven Zones and Process Parameters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A reflow oven usually has 4 zones: preheat zone, soak zone, reflow zone, and cooling zone. The equipment has many parameters, including temperature setting, heating rate, cooling rate, soak time, time above 220\u00b0C, peak temperature, nitrogen concentration, and outlet temperature. To make sure the equipment works well and the actual parameters meet the production needs of the current product, the related staff need to test the temperature profile before production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why Temperature Profile Testing Matters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Temperature profile testing needs a temperature logger and a profile board. A profile board is an SMT semi-finished board with thermocouples attached. The temperature probe wires connect the profile board and the temperature logger. The test points on the profile board should cover the four corners of the PCB, the bottom side and top side of the board, and some components with high soldering concern, such as the pins of memory slots, the solder ball positions of representative BGAs, and the bodies of temperature-sensitive devices. Each process that uses reflow soldering needs one profile board, such as SMT bottom-side reflow soldering, SMT top-side reflow soldering, and BGA repair stations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nitrogen Reflow Soldering and OSP Boards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As SMT production process keeps developing, even very complex server motherboards can now use OSP boards. When OSP boards go through the reflow oven, adding nitrogen can reduce pad oxidation and help ensure good soldering. This is especially clear when the OSP board needs to go through reflow soldering twice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What Types of SMT Reflow Soldering Are There?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

There are many types of reflow soldering. They are all classified by heating method. They can be divided into laser reflow soldering, infrared reflow soldering, hot air reflow soldering, and more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Hot Air Reflow Soldering Hot air reflow soldering is widely used. Its principle is to use the heater or heat-resistant fan in the oven to heat the gas inside the oven, usually air or nitrogen, and make the airflow circulate to complete soldering. Although hot air reflow soldering is affected by gas flow speed, compared with other reflow methods, it has even heating, stable oven temperature, and it is suitable for soldering most components. So, hot air reflow soldering is now the main SMT soldering equipment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Laser Reflow Soldering Laser reflow soldering, as the name suggests, uses laser as the heating method. Its principle is to shine the laser beam directly on the soldering area and use the laser heat to melt the solder and complete soldering. After the laser stops shining, the temperature of the soldering area drops quickly. Then, after cooling, the solder joint forms and soldering is complete. Since laser reflow soldering heats only the local soldering area and has little effect on other areas, it is more suitable for PCBA boards with sensitive components. But because of its heating method, its soldering efficiency is relatively low, so laser reflow soldering is not the main SMT soldering equipment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Infrared Reflow Soldering Infrared reflow soldering uses infrared light for heating. There is pure infrared heating, and there is also infrared + hot air heating. Pure infrared heating mainly depends on infrared thermal radiation to complete soldering. The infrared + hot air heating method uses about 30% infrared and 70% hot air to heat and complete soldering. It combines the advantages of infrared reflow soldering and hot air reflow soldering, and it also makes up for the weak points of both.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    \"Hot<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Other Types of Reflow Soldering<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Besides the types above, reflow soldering also includes hot wire reflow soldering, induction reflow soldering, and vapor phase reflow soldering. Hot wire reflow soldering mainly uses heated objects, such as ceramics or other metals, to complete soldering. Usually, this method does not use solder paste, but uses tin plating or conductive adhesive for soldering. Induction reflow soldering uses a transformer and the principle of eddy current from inductance to complete soldering. Vapor phase reflow soldering is also called vapor phase soldering. It mainly uses steam for heating. Because these reflow methods each have their own limits, they are not mainstream SMT soldering equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pros and Cons of PCBA Reflow Soldering<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Advantages of Reflow Soldering:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    It is more suitable for high-difficulty assembly. Reflow soldering is mainly used for SMT assembly soldering, so it can better meet the needs of complex assembly. Components like BGA and QFN can only be completed by reflow soldering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    It has high soldering quality. The reflow oven uses hot air reflow and convection transfer, so the temperature is even and the soldering quality is good. It can achieve a very satisfying soldering result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    It is suitable for mass production. Reflow soldering has high soldering efficiency. Once the temperature is set, the soldering parameters can be copied again and again, so it is suitable for mass production. If it is used with first article confirmation service, this advantage of the reflow oven becomes even stronger.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Disadvantages of Reflow Soldering:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    The cost is high. The reflow oven itself is more expensive than the wave soldering oven. Also, it uses more electricity when running, so it increases the production cost for the manufacturer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    It can easily cause soldering defects. As mentioned above, any soldering method can cause defects if it is not used correctly. For a reflow oven, which is a relatively complex machine, wrong parameter settings or an unreasonable zone setup can cause cold solder joints, open solder joints, bridging, and other soldering defects. So, to ensure high-quality reflow soldering, the operator must be professional and experienced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Schlussfolgerung<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Reflow soldering is one of the most important soldering processes in SMT assembly. Its quality directly affects the reliability of PCBA products. From fixture design, temperature profile testing, to nitrogen-protected soldering, every step affects the final soldering result. At present, hot air reflow soldering and infrared + hot air reflow soldering are still the main solutions in the industry, while laser reflow soldering and vapor phase reflow soldering are more often used in special cases. As server, communication, and high-density electronic products keep developing, reflow soldering processes and equipment are also being upgraded to meet higher-precision and higher-reliability soldering needs.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    What Is Reflow Soldering? Reflow soldering is one of the soldering methods used in the PCBA process. It is called 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