{"id":2392,"date":"2025-09-04T01:44:37","date_gmt":"2025-09-04T01:44:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=2392"},"modified":"2025-09-26T07:07:14","modified_gmt":"2025-09-26T07:07:14","slug":"hasl-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/pcb-manufacturer\/hasl-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"HASL-LEITERPLATTE"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Was ist HASL?<\/strong><\/h2>
HASL steht f\u00fcr Hot Air Solder Leveling. Man nennt es auch Hot Air Solder Leveling oder Hot Air Leveling. Bei diesem Verfahren wird geschmolzenes Lot (das Blei enthalten kann) auf die Leiterplattenoberfl\u00e4che aufgetragen. Dann wird hei\u00dfe, komprimierte Luft eingeblasen, um das Lot zu nivellieren. Das Ergebnis ist eine Beschichtung, die das Kupfer vor Oxidation sch\u00fctzt und eine gute L\u00f6tbarkeit gew\u00e4hrleistet.<\/div>
Beim Hei\u00dfluftspachteln bilden Lot und Kupfer an der Verbindungsstelle eine intermetallische Kupfer-Zinn-Verbindung. F\u00fcr das Verfahren wird die Leiterplatte in geschmolzenes Lot getaucht. Die Luftmesser blasen das fl\u00fcssige Lot flach, bevor es abk\u00fchlt. Die Luftmesser schneiden die Meniskusform des Lots auf dem Kupfer ab und verhindern die Bildung von L\u00f6tbr\u00fccken.<\/div>
Die Grundidee besteht darin, mit Hei\u00dfluft \u00fcbersch\u00fcssiges Lot von der Leiterplattenoberfl\u00e4che und aus den L\u00f6chern zu entfernen. Zur\u00fcck bleibt eine gleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Lotschicht auf Pads, freiliegenden Leiterbahnen und oberfl\u00e4chenmontierten L\u00f6taugen. HASL ist eine der g\u00e4ngigen Methoden zur Oberfl\u00e4chenbehandlung von Leiterplatten.<\/div>

Vorteile<\/strong><\/h3>
  1. Nach dem HASL-Verfahren bleibt die Zusammensetzung der L\u00f6tschicht gleich. Die Beschichtung ist also gleichbleibend und die L\u00f6tbarkeit ist gut. Im Gegensatz dazu kann sich bei galvanisch abgeschiedenen Blei-Zinn-Legierungsschichten die Zusammensetzung \u00e4ndern, wenn sich das Beschichtungsbad \u00e4ndert. Das bedeutet, dass das Verh\u00e4ltnis von Blei zu Zinn in den galvanischen Schichten variieren kann.<\/div><\/li>
  2. Bei Infrarot- oder Hei\u00df\u00f6l-Reflow-Verfahren sind die Seitenkanten der Leiterbahnen nicht vollst\u00e4ndig gesch\u00fctzt. HASL beschichtet und bedeckt die Seitenkanten der Leiterbahnen vollst\u00e4ndig. Dadurch werden Korrosion und Leiterbahnbr\u00fcche auf der Leiterplatte verhindert. Das bedeutet, dass die Leiterplatten bei der Lagerung und im Gebrauch l\u00e4nger halten und die fertigen elektronischen Produkte zuverl\u00e4ssiger sind. HASL ist heute bei SMT-Verfahren weit verbreitet.<\/div><\/li>
  3. Durch \u00c4ndern des Luftmesserwinkels, der Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit der Leiterplatte und anderer Prozesseinstellungen k\u00f6nnen Sie die Schichtdicke steuern. Das macht es einfach, die gew\u00fcnschte L\u00f6tschichtdicke zu erreichen. Das Verfahren ist flexibler als einige Hotmelt-Methoden.<\/div><\/li>
  4. Wenn Leiterplatten durch Musterplattieren und \u00c4tzen hergestellt werden, kann das Wellenl\u00f6ten zu Br\u00fcckenbildung f\u00fchren, weil sich die Blei-Zinn-Legierung auf die Leiterbahnen setzt. Der Legierungsfluss kann auch die L\u00f6tmaske falten oder anheben. Bei Leiterplatten, die mit HASL hergestellt werden, befindet sich kein Lot auf den Leiterbahnen, so dass Br\u00fcckenbildung und Faltenbildung oder Abl\u00f6sen der Maske ausgeschlossen sind.<\/div><\/li><\/ol>

    Benachteiligungen<\/strong><\/h3>
    1. Kupferverunreinigung des L\u00f6ttopfes. Bei HASL wird die Platine mehrere Sekunden lang in den L\u00f6ttopf getaucht. Dadurch l\u00f6st sich das Kupfer im Lot. Wenn das Kupfer im Lot etwa 0,29% oder mehr erreicht, verliert das Lot an Flie\u00dff\u00e4higkeit. Die L\u00f6tschicht wird halb nass und die L\u00f6tbarkeit der Leiterplatte nimmt ab.<\/div><\/li>
    2. Blei ist ein Schwermetall, das f\u00fcr Mensch und Umwelt sch\u00e4dlich ist. Viele L\u00f6tbeschichtungen mit Blei waren \u00fcblich. Jetzt wurden bleifreie Lote entwickelt und werden verkauft, um Blei-Zinn-Legierungen in der Produktion zu ersetzen.<\/div><\/li>
    3. Hohe Produktionskosten. Eine gute importierte HASL-Maschine kann mehr als dreihunderttausend US Dollar kosten. Damit sind die HASL-Produktionskosten h\u00f6her als bei anderen Hot-Melt-Verfahren.<\/div><\/li>
    4. Gro\u00dfer Temperaturschock bei HASL. Die gro\u00dfe W\u00e4rme\u00e4nderung kann das Leiterplattensubstrat verziehen oder verbiegen und die Leiterplatte kann sich abheben. Das bedeutet, dass HASL gr\u00f6\u00dfere thermische Spannungen verursacht.<\/div><\/li><\/ol>

      Kontrolle und Auswahl der HASL-Prozessparameter<\/strong><\/h2>
      Zu den wichtigsten Parametern des HASL-Prozesses geh\u00f6ren die L\u00f6ttemperatur, die Tauchzeit, der Druck des Luftmessers, die Temperatur des Luftmessers, der Winkel des Luftmessers, der Abstand zwischen den Luftmessern und die Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit der Leiterplatte. Im Folgenden wird erl\u00e4utert, wie sich diese Parameter auf die Qualit\u00e4t der Leiterplatte auswirken.<\/div>
      1. Eintauchzeit (Immersionszeit):<\/strong>
        Die Tauchzeit hat einen gro\u00dfen Einfluss auf die Qualit\u00e4t der Lotbeschichtung. Beim Eintauchen bilden das Basiskupfer und das Zinn im Lot eine intermetallische Verbindung (IMC). Gleichzeitig bildet sich eine Lotschicht auf den Leiterbahnen. Dieser ganze Prozess dauert in der Regel 2-4 Sekunden, um eine gute IMC zu bilden. Je l\u00e4nger die Zeit, desto dicker ist das Lot. Wenn Sie jedoch zu lange eintauchen, kann sich das Kernmaterial der Leiterplatte abl\u00f6sen und die L\u00f6tmaske kann Blasen werfen. Wenn die Zeit zu kurz ist, kommt es zu einer partiellen Benetzung. Dies f\u00fchrt zu einer lokalen Aufhellung der L\u00f6toberfl\u00e4che und kann die L\u00f6toberfl\u00e4che rau werden lassen.<\/div><\/li>
      2. Temperatur des L\u00f6ttopfes:<\/strong>
        Das \u00fcbliche Lot zum L\u00f6ten von Leiterplatten und Bauteilen ist die Legierung Blei 37 \/ Zinn 63, deren Schmelzpunkt bei 183\u00b0C liegt. Wenn die Temperatur des Lots zwischen 183\u00b0C und 221\u00b0C liegt, ist seine F\u00e4higkeit, intermetallische Verbindungen mit Kupfer zu bilden, gering. Bei 221 \u00b0C tritt das Lot in den Benetzungsbereich ein. Der Benetzungsbereich liegt zwischen 221\u00b0C und 293\u00b0C. Da hohe Temperaturen die Leiterplatte besch\u00e4digen k\u00f6nnen, sollten Sie eine niedrigere L\u00f6ttemperatur im Benetzungsbereich w\u00e4hlen. Theoretische Arbeiten finden 232\u00b0C als beste L\u00f6ttemperatur. In der Praxis wird h\u00e4ufig eine Temperatur von etwa 250\u00b0C als die beste Temperatur verwendet.<\/div><\/li>
      3. Druck des Luftmessers:<\/strong>
        Nach dem Eintauchen verbleibt viel Lot auf der Platine und die meisten durchkontaktierten L\u00f6cher werden mit Lot gef\u00fcllt. Die Luftmesser sind dazu da, \u00fcbersch\u00fcssiges Lot abzublasen und die durchkontaktierten L\u00f6cher zu \u00f6ffnen, ohne dass der Lochdurchmesser zu klein wird. Die Energie daf\u00fcr wird durch den Druck der Luftmesser und die Luftgeschwindigkeit erzeugt. Je h\u00f6her der Druck und je schneller die Luft, desto d\u00fcnner ist die Lotschicht. Der Luftmesserdruck ist also einer der wichtigsten HASL-Parameter. Normalerweise betr\u00e4gt der Messerdruck 0,3-0,5 MPa.<\/div>
        Der Druck vor und nach dem Messer wird in der Regel so eingestellt, dass der vordere Teil h\u00f6her und der hintere Teil niedriger ist. Der Druckunterschied betr\u00e4gt etwa 0,05 MPa. Sie k\u00f6nnen den Druck auf der Vorder- und R\u00fcckseite auf der Grundlage der Pad-Muster auf der Leiterplatte einstellen, um die IC-Bereiche flach zu halten und zu vermeiden, dass SMT-Teile hochstehen. Die genauen empfohlenen Werte finden Sie im Handbuch der Maschine.<\/div><\/li>
      4. Temperatur des Luftmessers:<\/strong>
        Hei\u00dfe Luft aus dem Luftmesser ver\u00e4ndert die Temperatur an Bord nur wenig und hat keinen gro\u00dfen Einfluss auf den Luftdruck. Die Erh\u00f6hung der Innentemperatur des Luftmessers tr\u00e4gt jedoch zur Ausdehnung der Luft bei. Bei gleichem Druck f\u00fchrt eine h\u00f6here Lufttemperatur also zu einem gr\u00f6\u00dferen Luftvolumen und einer h\u00f6heren Geschwindigkeit. Das f\u00fchrt zu einer st\u00e4rkeren Ausgleichskraft. Die Temperatur des Luftmessers beeinflusst auch das Aussehen des Lots nach dem Richten. Wenn die Temperatur des Luftmessers unter 93 \u00b0C liegt, sieht die Schicht stumpf aus. Mit steigender Lufttemperatur nimmt das stumpfe Aussehen ab. Bei 176 \u00b0C verschwindet das stumpfe Aussehen vollst\u00e4ndig. Daher sollte die Temperatur des Luftmessers nicht unter 176 \u00b0C liegen. Um ein gutes, flaches Lot zu erhalten, wird die Temperatur des Luftmessers oft zwischen 300\u00b0C und 400\u00b0C eingestellt.<\/div><\/li>
      5. Abstand zwischen den Luftmessern:<\/strong>
        Wenn die hei\u00dfe Luft die Luftmesserd\u00fcse verl\u00e4sst, verlangsamt sich ihre Geschwindigkeit. Die Verlangsamung nimmt mit dem Quadrat des Abstands zwischen den Messern zu. Je gr\u00f6\u00dfer also der Abstand ist, desto geringer ist die Luftgeschwindigkeit und desto schw\u00e4cher ist die Ausgleichskraft. Der typische Abstand zwischen den Luftd\u00fcsen und den Messern betr\u00e4gt 0,95-1,25 cm. Der Abstand zwischen den D\u00fcsen darf nicht zu klein sein, da sonst die Luftreibung die Plattenoberfl\u00e4che besch\u00e4digen kann. Der Abstand zwischen oberer und unterer Luftd\u00fcse betr\u00e4gt in der Regel etwa 4 mm. Ein zu gro\u00dfer Abstand kann zu L\u00f6tspritzern f\u00fchren.<\/div><\/li>
      6. Winkel des Luftmessers:<\/strong>
        Der Winkel des Messers beeinflusst die Dicke der L\u00f6tschicht. Wenn der Winkel falsch ist, k\u00f6nnen die beiden Seiten der Platine eine unterschiedliche L\u00f6tschichtdicke erhalten. Ein falscher Winkel kann auch dazu f\u00fchren, dass geschmolzenes Lot spritzt und Ger\u00e4usche verursacht. Normalerweise sind die vorderen und hinteren Luftmesser um etwa 4 Grad nach unten geneigt. Passen Sie den Winkel leicht an die Form der Leiterplatte und die Anordnung der L\u00f6taugen an.<\/div><\/li>
      7. Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit der Platte (F\u00f6rderband- oder Liftgeschwindigkeit):<\/strong>
        Eine weitere Variable ist die Geschwindigkeit, mit der sich die Platte durch die Luftmesser bewegt. Die Geschwindigkeit beeinflusst die Schichtdicke. Bei langsamer Geschwindigkeit trifft mehr Luft auf die Platte, so dass die Beschichtung d\u00fcnner ist. Eine hohe Geschwindigkeit bedeutet, dass die Beschichtung dicker ist und sogar L\u00f6cher blockieren kann.<\/div><\/li>
      8. Temperatur und Zeit vorheizen:<\/strong>
        Die Vorw\u00e4rmung dient dazu, das Flussmittel zu aktivieren und den Temperaturschock zu verringern. Die angegebene typische Vorw\u00e4rmtemperatur betr\u00e4gt 343 \u00b0C. Bei einer Vorw\u00e4rmzeit von 15 Sekunden kann die Leiterplattenoberfl\u00e4che etwa 80 \u00b0C erreichen. Einige HASL-Linien verwenden keine Vorw\u00e4rmstufe.<\/div><\/li><\/ol>
        Nachstehend finden Sie eine \u00fcbersichtliche Tabelle mit den wichtigsten Parametern des HASL-Prozesses, den empfohlenen Bereichen und kurzen Hinweisen. Verwenden Sie sie als schnelle Referenz, wenn Sie die Anlage einrichten oder testen.<\/div>

        Prozessparameter - Tabelle mit empfohlenen Bereichen<\/strong><\/h4>
        Parameter<\/th>Empfohlener Bereich<\/th>Einheit<\/th>Hinweis<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
        L\u00f6ttopftemperatur (Blei)<\/strong><\/td>245-260<\/td>\u00b0C<\/td>\u00dcblich sind 250\u00b0C. Eine zu hohe Temperatur kann die Platte verziehen.<\/td><\/tr>
        L\u00f6ttopftemperatur (bleifrei)<\/strong><\/td>280-300<\/td>\u00b0C<\/td>\u00dcbliche 290\u00b0C. H\u00f6herer Schmelzpunkt.<\/td><\/tr>
        Eintauchzeit<\/strong><\/td>2-4<\/td>s<\/td>Zu lang \u2192 Blasenbildung. Zu kurz \u2192 schlechte Benetzung.<\/td><\/tr>
        Air Knife Druck<\/strong><\/td>0.30-0.50<\/td>MPa<\/td>H\u00f6her \u2192 d\u00fcnnere Beschichtung. Vorderseite etwas h\u00f6her (\u22480,05 MPa).<\/td><\/tr>
        Luftmesser-Temperatur<\/strong><\/td>\u2265176; \u00fcblich 300-400<\/td>\u00b0C<\/td>H\u00f6her \u2192 schnellerer Luftstrom und bessere Nivellierung.<\/td><\/tr>
        Luftmesserspalt<\/strong><\/td>0.95-1.25<\/td>cm<\/td>Gr\u00f6\u00dfere L\u00fccke \u2192 schw\u00e4cherer Luftstrom.<\/td><\/tr>
        Winkel der Luftmesser<\/strong><\/td>2\u00b0-6\u00b0 (\u00fcblich 4\u00b0)<\/td>\u00b0<\/td>Beeinflusst die Gleichm\u00e4\u00dfigkeit der Beschichtung.<\/td><\/tr>
        Vorw\u00e4rmtemperatur<\/strong><\/td>120-180<\/td>\u00b0C<\/td>Zielwert f\u00fcr die Plattenoberfl\u00e4che 60-100\u00b0C.<\/td><\/tr>
        Vorw\u00e4rmzeit<\/strong><\/td>10-30<\/td>s<\/td>Reduziert den thermischen Schock.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
        Verwenden Sie diese Bereiche als Ausgangspunkte. F\u00fchren Sie dann Testplatten durch und stellen Sie jeweils einen Parameter ein. Pr\u00fcfen Sie auf stumpfe Oberfl\u00e4chen, Br\u00fcckenbildung oder Delam. Wenn Sie ein Problem feststellen, \u00e4ndern Sie einen Parameter, f\u00fchren Sie den Test erneut durch und notieren Sie das Ergebnis.<\/div>

        Verbleites HASL vs. bleifreies HASL<\/strong><\/h3>
        Viele Menschen wissen \u00fcber HASL Bescheid, aber sie wissen vielleicht nicht, dass es bleihaltige und bleifreie Lote gibt. Mit der Weiterentwicklung der Elektronik wird auch die Leiterplattentechnologie immer besser. Zu den g\u00e4ngigen Oberfl\u00e4chenbeschichtungen geh\u00f6ren HASL, Tauchgold, galvanisches Gold, OSP und so weiter. HASL gibt es als bleihaltig und bleifrei. Hier ist der Unterschied:<\/div>
        1. Bleifreies HASL ist umweltfreundlicher, da es kein Blei enth\u00e4lt. Sein Schmelzpunkt liegt bei 218 \u00b0C. Bei bleifreiem HASL muss die Temperatur des L\u00f6ttopfs auf etwa 280-300 \u00b0C kontrolliert werden; die Temperatur beim Wellenl\u00f6ten sollte etwa 260 \u00b0C betragen; die Reflow-Temperatur liegt bei etwa 260-270 \u00b0C.<\/div><\/li>
        2. Verbleites HASL ist nicht umweltfreundlich. Es enth\u00e4lt Blei und sein Schmelzpunkt liegt bei 183\u00b0C. Bei bleihaltigem HASL sollte die Temperatur des L\u00f6ttopfes bei etwa 245-260\u00b0C liegen; die Temperatur beim Wellenl\u00f6ten sollte etwa 250\u00b0C betragen; die Reflow-Temperatur liegt bei 245-255\u00b0C.<\/div><\/li>
        3. Sehen Sie sich die L\u00f6toberfl\u00e4che an: verbleites HASL sieht heller aus, bleifreies HASL sieht stumpfer aus. Die bleifreie Benetzung ist etwas schlechter als die bleihaltige Benetzung.<\/div><\/li>
        4. Regeln f\u00fcr den Bleigehalt: Bleifreie Lote haben einen Bleianteil von weniger als 0,5%, w\u00e4hrend bleihaltige Lote einen Bleianteil von bis zu 37% haben.<\/div><\/li>
        5. Blei verbessert den L\u00f6tdocht und die Aktivit\u00e4t beim L\u00f6ten. Verbleiter L\u00f6tdraht ist im Vergleich zu bleifreiem Draht einfacher zu verwenden. Blei ist jedoch giftig und eine langfristige Exposition ist sch\u00e4dlich f\u00fcr den Menschen. Bleifreies L\u00f6tzinn hat einen h\u00f6heren Schmelzpunkt, so dass die L\u00f6tstellen stabiler sein k\u00f6nnen.<\/div><\/li>
        6. Was die Preise f\u00fcr die Oberfl\u00e4chenbeschaffenheit von Leiterplatten betrifft, so kosten bleihaltiges HASL und bleifreies HASL in der Regel dasselbe. In den meisten F\u00e4llen gibt es keinen Preisunterschied.<\/div><\/li><\/ol>

          Woran erkennt man, ob eine Leiterplatte bleihaltiges oder bleifreies HASL enth\u00e4lt?<\/strong><\/h3>
          1. Schauen Sie sich die L\u00f6toberfl\u00e4che an. Bleihaltiges Lot sieht hell und gl\u00e4nzend aus. Bleifreies Lot (SAC-Legierungen) sieht eher stumpf aus. Die Benetzung ist bei bleifreiem Lot etwas schlechter als bei bleihaltigem.<\/div><\/li>
          2. Verbleites L\u00f6tzinn ist sch\u00e4dlich f\u00fcr Menschen. Bleifrei ist sicherer. Die eutektische Temperatur h\u00e4ngt von der bleifreien Legierung ab. Zum Beispiel liegt das Eutektikum von SAC (SnAgCu) bei 217\u00b0C, und die L\u00f6ttemperatur sollte bei eutektischen Temperaturen plus 30-50\u00b0C liegen. Bei bleihaltigem Eutektikum (Sn63Pb37) liegt die eutektische Temperatur bei 183\u00b0C.<\/div><\/li>
          3. Bleigehalt: bleifreie Lote haben einen Bleigehalt von \u2264 0,5%, bleihaltige k\u00f6nnen etwa 37% Blei enthalten.<\/div><\/li>
          4. Blei erh\u00f6ht die L\u00f6taktivit\u00e4t, so dass bleihaltiges Lot beim L\u00f6ten leichter zu verwenden ist. Blei ist jedoch giftig und sch\u00e4dlich f\u00fcr die Gesundheit. Au\u00dferdem hat bleifreies L\u00f6tzinn einen h\u00f6heren Schmelzpunkt, wodurch die L\u00f6tstellen mechanisch stabiler werden k\u00f6nnen.<\/div><\/li><\/ol>

            Zusammenfassung<\/strong><\/h2>
            HASL ist eine g\u00e4ngige und bew\u00e4hrte Leiterplattenbeschichtung. Es sch\u00fctzt Kupfer und sorgt f\u00fcr gute L\u00f6tbarkeit. HASL hat Vor- und Nachteile. Es deckt die Leiterbahnkanten ab und tr\u00e4gt zur Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeit bei, kann aber auch zus\u00e4tzliche thermische Belastungen und Kosten verursachen. Die wichtigsten Einstellungen sind L\u00f6ttemperatur, Eintauchzeit, Luftmesserdruck, Lufttemperatur, Messerwinkel und Leiterplattengeschwindigkeit. Verwenden Sie die Tabelle als Leitfaden. Testen und optimieren Sie die Einstellungen f\u00fcr jeden Leiterplattentyp. Verwenden Sie bleifreie Legierungen, wenn die Vorschriften oder die Sicherheit dies erfordern.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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            H\u00e4ufig gestellte Fragen<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWarum sollte ich HASL f\u00fcr meine Leiterplatte w\u00e4hlen?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            HASL bietet eine hervorragende L\u00f6tbarkeit, vertr\u00e4gt mehrere thermische Zyklen und ist eine der kosteneffektivsten Oberfl\u00e4chenbeschichtungen f\u00fcr Standard-SMT- und Durchsteckmontage.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWas sind die Hauptnachteile von HASL?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            HASL kann im Vergleich zu planaren Oberfl\u00e4chen eine ungleichm\u00e4\u00dfige Oberfl\u00e4che (schlechte Planarit\u00e4t) erzeugen, wodurch es f\u00fcr Bauteile mit sehr kleinem Pitch und einige BGAs weniger geeignet ist.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWie schneidet HASL im Vergleich zu ENIG ab?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            HASL ist billiger und ergibt robuste L\u00f6tstellen, aber ENIG bietet eine viel flachere, gleichm\u00e4\u00dfigere Oberfl\u00e4che (besser f\u00fcr Fine-Pitch\/BGA und planare Anforderungen). Die Auswahl richtet sich nach dem Bauteilabstand und den Anforderungen an den Steckverbinder.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIst HASL f\u00fcr Fine-Pitch-SMD und BGAs geeignet?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            Im Allgemeinen nicht die erste Wahl f\u00fcr BGAs mit sehr kleinem Pitch (<0,5 mm) oder hoher Dichte wegen der Oberfl\u00e4chentopographie; viele Entwickler bevorzugen in diesen F\u00e4llen ENIG oder andere planare Oberfl\u00e4chen.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVerursacht HASL zus\u00e4tzliche Vorlaufzeiten oder Kosten?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            HASL geh\u00f6rt in der Regel zu den kosteng\u00fcnstigeren Oberfl\u00e4chen und l\u00e4sst sich schnell auftragen. Bleifreies HASL kann jedoch eine strengere Prozesskontrolle und eine etwas andere Handhabung erfordern - erkundigen Sie sich bei Ihrem Hersteller nach den Auswirkungen auf die Vorlaufzeit.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWas sollte ich in den Herstellungshinweisen angeben, wenn ich HASL beantrage?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            Geben Sie an, ob Sie bleifreie (RoHS) oder herk\u00f6mmliche SnPb-HASL-Leiterplatten w\u00fcnschen, ob Sie spezielle Pad-Fl\u00e4chen oder Fine-Pitch-Anforderungen haben, und fordern Sie das DFM-Feedback der Fabrik zu den Mindestabst\u00e4nden zwischen den Pads und den Planarit\u00e4tsgrenzen an.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            What is HASL? HASL stands for Hot Air Solder Leveling. People also call it hot air solder leveling or hot 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            What is HASL?<\\\/strong><\\\/h2>
            HASL stands for Hot Air Solder Leveling. People also call it hot air solder leveling or hot air leveling. In this process, molten solder (which can contain lead) is applied to the PCB surface. Then hot, compressed air is blown to level the solder. The result is a coating that protects copper from oxidation and gives good solderability.<\\\/div>
            When you do hot air leveling, solder and copper form a copper-tin intermetallic compound where they join. For the process, the PCB is dipped into molten solder. The air knives blow the liquid solder flat before it cools. The air knives cut down the meniscus shape of solder on copper and stop solder bridges from forming.<\\\/div>
            The basic idea is to use hot air to remove extra solder from the board surface and from holes. What stays is a uniform solder layer on pads, exposed traces, and surface mount lands. HASL is one of the common PCB surface finish methods.<\\\/div>

            Advantages<\\\/strong><\\\/h3>
            1. After HASL, the composition of the solder coating stays the same. So the coating is consistent and solderability is good. By contrast, electroplated lead-tin alloy coatings can change composition as the plating bath changes. That means the lead\\\/tin ratio in plated layers can vary.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
            2. Infrared or hot-oil reflow methods do not fully protect the side edges of traces. HASL coats and fully covers the side edges of traces. This prevents corrosion and broken traces on the PCB. That means boards last longer in storage and use, and the finished electronic products are more reliable. HASL is widely used in SMT processes today.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
            3. By changing the air-knife angle, the board rise speed, and other process settings, you can control coating thickness. That makes it easy to get the solder layer thickness you want. It is more flexible than some hot-melt methods.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
            4. When boards are made by pattern plating and etching, wave soldering can cause bridging because lead\\\/tin alloy sits on traces. The alloy flow can also wrinkle or lift solder mask. Boards made with HASL have no solder on traces, so bridging and mask wrinkling or peeling are eliminated.<\\\/div><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

              Disadvantages<\\\/strong><\\\/h3>
              1. Copper contamination of the solder pot. In HASL the board is dipped in the solder pot for several seconds. That causes copper to dissolve into the solder. When copper reaches about 0.29% or higher in the solder, the solder loses some flow ability. The solder coating becomes semi-wetting and the board solderability drops.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
              2. Lead is a heavy metal and it is harmful to people and to the environment. Many solder coatings with lead were common. Now lead-free solders have been developed and are sold to replace lead-tin alloys in production.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
              3. High production cost. A good imported HASL machine can cost more than three hundred thousand US dollars. This makes HASL production cost higher than some hot-melt methods.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
              4. Large thermal shock in HASL. The big heat change can warp or bow the PCB substrate and the board can lift. That means HASL causes larger thermal stress.<\\\/div><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                Control and choice of HASL process parameters<\\\/strong><\\\/h2>
                The main HASL process parameters include solder temperature, dip time, air-knife pressure, air-knife temperature, air-knife angle, distance between air knives, and board rise speed. Below is an explanation of how these parameters affect board quality.<\\\/div>
                1. Dip time (immersion time):<\\\/strong>
                  Dip time has a big effect on solder coating quality. In dipping, the base copper and the tin in the solder form an intermetallic compound (IMC). At the same time a solder layer forms on traces. This whole process usually needs 2\\u20134 seconds to make good IMC. The longer the time, the thicker the solder. But if you dip too long, the board core material can delaminate and the solder mask can blister. If time is too short, you get partial wetting. That causes local whitening of the solder surface and can make the solder surface rough.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                2. Solder pot temperature:<\\\/strong>
                  The common solder used for soldering PCBs and components is lead 37 \\\/ tin 63 alloy, whose melting point is 183\\u00b0C. When the solder temp is between 183\\u00b0C and 221\\u00b0C, its ability to form intermetallic compounds with copper is small. At 221\\u00b0C the solder enters the wetting range. The wetting range is 221\\u00b0C to 293\\u00b0C. Because high temperature can damage the board, you should pick a lower solder temp in the wetting range. Theoretical work finds 232\\u00b0C as the best solder temperature. In practice, about 250\\u00b0C is often used as the best temperature.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                3. Air-knife pressure:<\\\/strong>
                  After dipping, a lot of solder stays on the board and most plated through holes get filled with solder. The air knives are there to blow off extra solder and to open up the plated through holes without making hole diameters too small. The energy to do that comes from air-knife pressure and air speed. The higher the pressure and the faster the air, the thinner the solder coating. So air-knife pressure is one of the most important HASL parameters. Usually air-knife pressure is 0.3\\u20130.5 MPa.<\\\/div>
                  Pressure before and after the knife is usually set so the front is higher and the back is lower. The pressure difference is about 0.05 MPa. You can adjust front and back pressure based on pad patterns on the board to keep IC areas flat and to avoid SMT parts from sticking up. Check the machine manual for exact recommended values.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                4. Air-knife temperature:<\\\/strong>
                  Hot air from the air knife does not change board temperature much and it does not affect air pressure much. But raising air-knife internal temperature helps air expand. So at the same pressure, higher air temperature gives a larger air volume and faster speed. That makes stronger leveling force. Air-knife temperature also affects the appearance of the solder after leveling. When air-knife temp is below 93\\u00b0C, the layer looks dull. As air temp rises, the dull look reduces. At 176\\u00b0C the dull look goes away completely. So the air-knife temperature should not be below 176\\u00b0C. To get good flat solder, air-knife temp is often set between 300\\u00b0C and 400\\u00b0C.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                5. Distance between air knives:<\\\/strong>
                  When hot air leaves the air-knife nozzle, its speed slows down. The slowdown goes with the square of the distance between knives. So the larger the gap, the lower the air speed, and the weaker the leveling force. Typical air-knife nozzle spacing is 0.95\\u20131.25 cm. Do not make the nozzle spacing too small, or air friction can harm the board surface. The gap between upper and lower air knives is usually kept around 4 mm. Too large a gap can cause solder splatter.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                6. Air-knife angle:<\\\/strong>
                  How the knife is angled affects solder coating thickness. If the angle is wrong, the two sides of the board can get different solder thickness. Wrong angle can also cause molten solder to splatter and make noise. Usually front and back air-knives are tilted down about 4 degrees. Adjust slightly for specific board shapes and pad layout.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                7. Board rise speed (conveyor or lift speed):<\\\/strong>
                  Another variable is the speed at which the board moves through the air knives. Speed affects coating thickness. Slow speed means more air hits the board so the coating is thinner. Fast speed means the coating is thicker and can even block holes.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                8. Preheat temperature and time:<\\\/strong>
                  Preheat aims to activate flux and reduce thermal shock. Typical preheat temperature listed is 343\\u00b0C. With 15 seconds preheat, board surface can reach about 80\\u00b0C. Some HASL lines do not use a preheat step.<\\\/div><\\\/li><\\\/ol>
                  Below is a clear table that sums up the key HASL process parameters, the recommended ranges, and short notes. Use it as a quick reference when you set up or test the line.<\\\/div>

                  Process parameters \\u2014 table with recommended ranges<\\\/strong><\\\/h4>
                  Parameter<\\\/th>Recommended Range<\\\/th>Unit<\\\/th>Note<\\\/th><\\\/tr><\\\/thead>
                  Solder Pot Temp (Lead)<\\\/strong><\\\/td>245\\u2013260<\\\/td>\\u00b0C<\\\/td>Common 250\\u00b0C. Too high may warp board.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
                  Solder Pot Temp (Lead-Free)<\\\/strong><\\\/td>280\\u2013300<\\\/td>\\u00b0C<\\\/td>Common 290\\u00b0C. Higher melting point.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
                  Immersion Time<\\\/strong><\\\/td>2\\u20134<\\\/td>s<\\\/td>Too long \\u2192 bubbling. Too short \\u2192 poor wetting.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
                  Air Knife Pressure<\\\/strong><\\\/td>0.30\\u20130.50<\\\/td>MPa<\\\/td>Higher \\u2192 thinner coating. Front slightly higher (\\u22480.05 MPa).<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
                  Air Knife Temp<\\\/strong><\\\/td>\\u2265176; common 300\\u2013400<\\\/td>\\u00b0C<\\\/td>Higher \\u2192 faster air flow and better leveling.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
                  Air Knife Gap<\\\/strong><\\\/td>0.95\\u20131.25<\\\/td>cm<\\\/td>Larger gap \\u2192 weaker airflow.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
                  Air Knife Angle<\\\/strong><\\\/td>2\\u00b0\\u20136\\u00b0 (common 4\\u00b0)<\\\/td>\\u00b0<\\\/td>Affects coating evenness.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
                  Preheat Temp<\\\/strong><\\\/td>120\\u2013180<\\\/td>\\u00b0C<\\\/td>Board surface target 60\\u2013100\\u00b0C.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
                  Preheat Time<\\\/strong><\\\/td>10\\u201330<\\\/td>s<\\\/td>Reduces thermal shock.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><\\\/tbody><\\\/table>
                  Use these ranges as starting points. Then run test boards and tune one parameter at a time. Check for dull surface, bridging, or delam. If you see a problem, change one item, test again, and record the result.<\\\/div>

                  Leaded HASL vs lead-free HASL<\\\/strong><\\\/h3>
                  Many people know about HASL, but they may not know solders come in leaded and lead-free types. As electronics evolve, PCB technology keeps improving. Common surface finishes include HASL, immersion gold, electroplated gold, OSP, and so on. HASL comes as leaded and lead-free. Here\\u2019s the difference:<\\\/div>
                  1. Lead-free HASL is more eco-friendly because it does not contain lead. Its melting point is around 218\\u00b0C. For lead-free HASL, the solder pot temperature needs to be controlled at about 280\\u2013300\\u00b0C; wave solder temperature should be around 260\\u00b0C; reflow temperature is about 260\\u2013270\\u00b0C.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                  2. Leaded HASL is not eco-friendly. It contains lead and its melting point is about 183\\u00b0C. For leaded HASL the solder pot temperature should be controlled at about 245\\u2013260\\u00b0C; wave solder should be about 250\\u00b0C; reflow temp around 245\\u2013255\\u00b0C.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                  3. Look at the solder surface: leaded HASL looks brighter, lead-free HASL looks duller. Lead-free wetting is a bit worse than leaded wetting.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                  4. Lead content rules: lead-free solders have lead below 0.5% while leaded solders have lead up to 37%.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                  5. Lead helps improve solder wick and activity during soldering. Leaded solder wire is easier to use compared to lead-free wire. But lead is toxic and long-term exposure is bad for people. Lead-free solder has a higher melting point so solder joints can be stronger.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                  6. For PCB surface finish pricing, leaded HASL and lead-free HASL usually cost the same. There is no price difference in most cases.<\\\/div><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                    How to tell if a PCB has leaded or lead-free HASL?<\\\/strong><\\\/h3>
                    1. Look at the solder surface. Leaden solder looks bright and shiny. Lead-free solder (SAC alloys) looks more dull. Lead-free wetting is a bit worse than leaded.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                    2. Leaded solder is harmful to people. Lead-free is safer. The eutectic temperature depends on the lead-free alloy. For example, SAC (SnAgCu) eutectic is near 217\\u00b0C, and soldering temp should be eutectic plus 30\\u201350\\u00b0C. For leaded eutectic (Sn63Pb37), eutectic temp is 183\\u00b0C.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                    3. Lead content: lead-free solders have lead \\u2264 0.5%, leaded can have about 37% lead.<\\\/div><\\\/li>
                    4. Lead raises solder activity so leaded solder is easier to use in soldering. But lead is toxic and bad for health. Also lead-free solder has a higher melting point, which can make solder joints mechanically stronger.<\\\/div><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                      Summary<\\\/strong><\\\/h2>
                      HASL is a common and proven PCB finish. It protects copper and gives good solderability. HASL has pros and cons. It covers trace edges and helps reliability, but it may add thermal stress and cost. Key settings are solder temp, dip time, air-knife pressure, air temp, knife angle, and board speed. Use the table as a guide. Test and tune for each board type. Use lead-free alloys when rules or safety need it.<\\\/div>\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"e82071e\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":false},{\"id\":\"ow9bnww\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"settings\":{\"gap\":\"no\",\"content_position\":\"top\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"background_position\":\"bottom center\",\"background_attachment\":\"scroll\",\"background_repeat\":\"no-repeat\",\"background_size\":\"cover\",\"background_size_mobile\":\"cover\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"classic\",\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0)\",\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"120\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"80\",\"right\":\"40\",\"bottom\":\"80\",\"left\":\"40\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"4f85910\"}],\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7882748\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"settings\":{\"_column_size\":100,\"_inline_size\":null,\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"space_between_widgets\":40,\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"6a94063\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9fc6712\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Frequently Asked Questions\",\"align\":\"center\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"d6b2704\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"631b990\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"tab_title\":\"Why choose HASL for my PCB?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                      HASL provides excellent solderability, tolerates multiple thermal cycles, and is one of the most cost-effective surface finishes for standard SMT and through-hole assembly.<\\\/p>\",\"_id\":\"1f7b19c\"},{\"_id\":\"0c50d5a\",\"tab_title\":\"What are the main downsides of HASL?\",\"tab_content\":\"

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                      HASL is cheaper and gives robust solder joints, but ENIG offers a much flatter, more uniform surface (better for fine-pitch\\\/BGA and planar requirements). Choose based on component pitch and connector\\\/mating needs.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"969749c\",\"tab_title\":\"Is HASL suitable for fine-pitch SMD and BGAs?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                      Generally not the first choice for very fine pitch (<0.5 mm) or dense BGAs because of surface topography; many designers prefer ENIG or other planar finishes for those cases.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"47cca4c\",\"tab_title\":\"Does HASL add lead-time or cost?\",\"tab_content\":\"

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                      Frequently Asked Questions<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhy choose HASL for my PCB?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      HASL provides excellent solderability, tolerates multiple thermal cycles, and is one of the most cost-effective surface finishes for standard SMT and through-hole assembly.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat are the main downsides of HASL?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      HASL can produce an uneven surface (poor planarity) compared with planar finishes, making it less ideal for very fine-pitch components and some BGAs.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tHow does HASL compare with ENIG?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      HASL is cheaper and gives robust solder joints, but ENIG offers a much flatter, more uniform surface (better for fine-pitch\\\/BGA and planar requirements). Choose based on component pitch and connector\\\/mating needs.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tIs HASL suitable for fine-pitch SMD and BGAs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      Generally not the first choice for very fine pitch (<0.5 mm) or dense BGAs because of surface topography; many designers prefer ENIG or other planar finishes for those cases.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      HASL is usually one of the lower-cost finishes and is fast to apply, but lead-free HASL may require tighter process control and slightly different handling\\u2014ask your fab for lead-time impacts.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat should I include in fabrication notes when requesting HASL?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      Specify whether you want lead-free (RoHS) or traditional SnPb HASL, any special pad area or fine-pitch concerns, and request the fab\\u2019s DFM feedback about minimum pad-to-pad clearances and planarity limits.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-2392.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-2392.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"What is HASL? HASL stands for Hot Air Solder Leveling. People also call it hot air solder leveling or hot […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2392","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2392"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2392\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3439,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2392\/revisions\/3439"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}