{"id":4685,"date":"2026-01-27T08:21:43","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T08:21:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4685"},"modified":"2026-01-27T08:21:46","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T08:21:46","slug":"pcb-substrate-classification-and-material-properties","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/pcb-substrate-classification-and-material-properties\/","title":{"rendered":"Klassifizierung von PCB-Substraten und Materialeigenschaften"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abstrakt<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In diesem Papier werden die Klassifizierung, die Materialauswahl, Technologietrends, Designregeln und Verarbeitungsstandards f\u00fcr Leiterplatten (PCBs), die in Kommunikationsprodukten verwendet werden, erl\u00e4utert. Es ist f\u00fcr Leiterplattendesigner und Prozessingenieure gedacht.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zweck und Funktion von gedruckten Schaltkreisen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In elektronischen Kommunikationssystemen werden viele gedruckte Schaltungen verwendet. Diese Platinen sind die funktionellen Teile der Hardware. Sie sind wie Organe in einem K\u00f6rper. Die Platinen eines Systems oder eines Terminals enthalten Schaltkreise. Sie bilden das Skelett, die Verdrahtung und die Pfade f\u00fcr Strom und Signale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Arten von gedruckten Schaltungen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Klassifizierung von Leiterplatten nach Verwendung und Technologie. Nach Struktur und Funktion gibt es einseitige Leiterplatten, doppelseitige Leiterplatten und <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/pcb-manufacturer\/multilayer-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2630\">Mehrschichtplatten<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Materialtypen und Eigenschaften von PCB-Substraten<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bei den Tr\u00e4germaterialien unterscheidet man zwischen starren und flexiblen Tr\u00e4germaterialien. Zu den starren Leiterplatten geh\u00f6ren kupferkaschierte Phenolpapierlaminate, kupferkaschierte Epoxidpapierlaminate und kupferkaschierte Epoxid-Glasfaserlaminate. Diese verwenden Phenolharz oder Epoxidharz als Bindemittel. Sie verwenden Papier oder alkalifreies Glasgewebe als Verst\u00e4rkung. Nachdem eine oder zwei Seiten mit Kupferfolie kaschiert sind, werden sie zu elektrisch isolierenden Laminaten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Die Eigenschaften dieser Tr\u00e4germaterialien sollten allgemein anerkannten internationalen Standards entsprechen, wie z. B. <strong>IPC-4101<\/strong> (Spezifikation f\u00fcr Basismaterialien f\u00fcr starre und mehrlagige Leiterplatten) und relevante <strong>IEC<\/strong> Ver\u00f6ffentlichungen; die Schwerentflammbarkeit wird in der Regel \u00fcberpr\u00fcft durch <strong>UL 94<\/strong> vertikale Verbrennungswerte und die <strong>NEMA LI-1 \/ FR-4<\/strong> Bezeichnung wird international zur Identifizierung von Glas-Epoxid-Laminaten verwendet. Bei der Spezifizierung von Materialien f\u00fcr die weltweite Herstellung sollten Sie sich auf die IPC-\u201cSlash-Sheets\u201d (genaue Harz\/Gewebe\/Kupfer-Kombinationen) oder die IEC-Kennungen beziehen, damit Lieferanten und Verarbeiter weltweit gleichwertige Produkte auf Lager haben und eine gleichbleibende Leistung gew\u00e4hrleisten k\u00f6nnen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.1 Kupfer-Clad-Epoxid-Glasfaser-Laminat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dieses Laminat verwendet Epoxidharz als Bindemittel und Glasfasergewebe als Verst\u00e4rkung. Es hat eine bessere mechanische Festigkeit, Formstabilit\u00e4t und Schlagfestigkeit als Papierlaminate. Die Dielektrizit\u00e4tskonstante \u03b5 f\u00fcr <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/fr-4-pcb-guide-properties-limits-material-choices\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4641\">FR4<\/a> und FR5 liegt zwischen 4,3 und 4,9. Ihre elektrischen Eigenschaften sind gut. Sie k\u00f6nnen bei h\u00f6heren Temperaturen arbeiten. FR4 funktioniert bis 130\u2103, FR5 bis 170\u2103. Sie werden durch Feuchtigkeit weniger beeintr\u00e4chtigt. Aus diesem Grund werden sie h\u00e4ufig in Kommunikationsger\u00e4ten verwendet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"542\" height=\"544\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fr4.webp\" alt=\"fr4\" class=\"wp-image-4044\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fr4.webp 542w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fr4-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/fr4-150x150.webp 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 542px) 100vw, 542px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.2 Epoxid-Glasfaser-Verbundfolien f\u00fcr Mehrschichtplatten (Prepreg)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Es handelt sich um Glasgewebe, die mit Epoxidharz der Stufe B vorimpr\u00e4gniert sind. Sie werden f\u00fcr die Herstellung von Mehrschichtplatten verwendet. Sie verbinden separate <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/pcb-manufacturer\/single-sided-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2625\">einlagig<\/a> oder doppellagige Leiterplatten zusammen. Nach der Laminierung dienen sie als dielektrische Isolierschichten. Sie werden durch Vorimpr\u00e4gnierung von alkalifreiem Glasgewebe mit Epoxidharz hergestellt. Das Harz wird bis zur B-Stufe ausgeh\u00e4rtet. Nach dem abschlie\u00dfenden Pressen und Formen h\u00e4rtet das Epoxidharz vollst\u00e4ndig aus. Das Ergebnis ist eine starre mehrlagige Leiterplatte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.3 Selbstverl\u00f6schende (flammhemmende) Kupferlaminate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Diese Materialien haben die gleichen grundlegenden Eigenschaften wie andere kupferkaschierte Laminate. Sie sind auch feuerbest\u00e4ndig. Sie verringern das Risiko einer Entz\u00fcndung durch ein \u00fcberhitztes Bauteil. Sie begrenzen auch die Ausbreitung kleinerer Br\u00e4nde. Verwenden Sie sie dort, wo Brandsicherheit erforderlich ist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.4 Kupferbeschichtete PTFE (Teflon)-Glasfaserkartons<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bei kupferkaschierten PTFE-Platten wird PTFE (Teflon) als Bindemittel und Glasfaser als Verst\u00e4rkung verwendet. Ihre dielektrischen Eigenschaften sind ausgezeichnet. Sie haben einen geringen dielektrischen Verlust und einen tangentialen Verlust (tg\u03b4) in der Gr\u00f6\u00dfenordnung von 10-\u00b3. Der Bereich ihrer Dielektrizit\u00e4tskonstante ist gro\u00df. Je nach Bedarf k\u00f6nnen Sie eine Vielzahl von Basismaterialien ausw\u00e4hlen. Sie widerstehen hohen Temperaturen und Feuchtigkeit. Sie haben eine gute chemische Stabilit\u00e4t. Sie funktionieren in einem breiten Temperaturbereich. Diese Eigenschaften machen sie ideal f\u00fcr Hochfrequenz- und Mikrowellen-Kommunikationsplatinen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aber PTFE-Platten sind teurer. Sie sind weniger steif. Die Haftfestigkeit der Kupferfolie ist geringer. Dies erschwert die Herstellung von Multilayer-Leiterplatten mit hohen St\u00fcckzahlen. G\u00e4ngige PTFE-Leiterplatten-Basismaterialien stammen von Rogers, Taconic, Arlon, Metclad und GIL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.5 Kupferummantelte Leiterplatten mit Metallkern<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Diese auch als Metallkern-Leiterplatten bezeichneten Leiterplatten verwenden Metallplatten unterschiedlicher Dicke, in der Regel Aluminium, anstelle von glasfaserverst\u00e4rkten Materialien. Nach einer speziellen Behandlung wird die Metalloberfl\u00e4che mit einer dielektrischen Schicht \u00fcberzogen. Das Dielektrikum hat einen geringen W\u00e4rmewiderstand, eine hohe Isolierung und eine starke Haftung. Anschlie\u00dfend wird eine Kupferfolie der erforderlichen Dicke auf die dielektrische Oberfl\u00e4che geklebt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Metallkern-Leiterplatten werden f\u00fcr die Montage mit hoher Dichte und hoher Leistungsdichte verwendet. Sie eignen sich f\u00fcr Leistungsschaltungen mit hoher Verlustleistung. Ihre Vorteile sind eine gute W\u00e4rmeableitung und eine gute Formstabilit\u00e4t. Die Metallbasis bietet au\u00dferdem Abschirmung. F\u00fcr aktuelle Produkte werden Materialien von Lieferanten wie Bergquist und Forschungsinstituten wie dem Institut 51 des Ministeriums f\u00fcr Informationsindustrie verwendet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3.6 Materialien f\u00fcr flexible Leiterplattensubstrate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/pcb-manufacturer\/flexible-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1901\">Flexible Leiterplatte<\/a> Substrate werden durch Aufkleben von Kupferfolie auf d\u00fcnne Kunststofffolien hergestellt. G\u00e4ngige Basismaterialien f\u00fcr Kunststofffolien sind:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"364\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Stiffeners-for-flexible-PCBs.webp\" alt=\"flexible PCB\" class=\"wp-image-1969\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Stiffeners-for-flexible-PCBs.webp 400w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Stiffeners-for-flexible-PCBs-300x273.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>(1) Polyester-Folie. Arbeitstemperatur ist 80\u2103 bis 130\u2103. Sie hat einen niedrigen Schmelzpunkt. Es erweicht und verformt sich bei L\u00f6ttemperaturen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(2) Polyimid-Folie. Sie hat eine gute Flexibilit\u00e4t. Vor dem L\u00f6ten muss die absorbierte Feuchtigkeit durch W\u00e4rmebehandlung entfernt werden. Nach dem Trocknen kann es sicher gel\u00f6tet werden. Allgemeine Klebstoff-Typ Polyimid-Folie kann kontinuierlich bei 150\u2103 arbeiten. Polyimid-Material, das FEP als Zwischenfolie und einen speziellen Schmelzkleber verwendet, kann bei 250\u2103 arbeiten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(3) Fluorierte Ethylen-Propylen-Folie (FEP). Wird h\u00e4ufig mit Polyimid und Glasgewebe verwendet. Sie hat eine gute Flexibilit\u00e4t. Sie ist widerstandsf\u00e4higer gegen Feuchtigkeit, S\u00e4ure und L\u00f6sungsmittel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Haupttrends in der Entwicklung der PCB-Technologie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Der Haupttrend bei der Entwicklung von Leiterplatten ist eine h\u00f6here Dichte. Zu den M\u00f6glichkeiten, eine hohe Dichte zu erreichen, geh\u00f6ren feine Linien, kleine Durchgangsl\u00f6cher, mehr Lagen, Blind Vias und Buried Vias. Das g\u00e4ngige Verfahren f\u00fcr hohe Dichte (HDI) ist die Multilayer-Aufbautechnik (BUM).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hauptleistungsindizes und Auswahl der Kupferfoliendicke f\u00fcr kupferbeschichtete Epoxid-Glasfaser-Laminate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Neben der Dicke und der Dicke der Kupferfolie haben die Laminate noch weitere Eigenschaften. Dazu geh\u00f6ren Sch\u00e4lfestigkeit, Verzug, Durchschlagfestigkeit, Isolationswiderstand, Dielektrizit\u00e4tskonstante, dielektrischer Verlusttangens, Hitzeschockbest\u00e4ndigkeit, Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme und Flammwidrigkeit. Die technischen Anforderungen an kupferkaschierte Epoxid-Glasfaser-Laminate sollten der GB\/T4725 entsprechen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Die Dicke der Kupferfolie hat einen gro\u00dfen Einfluss auf die Pr\u00e4zision der gedruckten Leiterbahnen und die Mindestbreite der Leiterbahnen bei der Herstellung. Generell gilt: Je dicker das Kupfer, desto gr\u00f6\u00dfer der \u00c4tzunterschnitt. Der gedruckte Leiter verengt sich st\u00e4rker. Wenn die Leiterbreite zu klein wird, kann sie nicht mehr hergestellt werden. Wenn Sie also die Mindestleiterbreite f\u00fcr eine Leiterplatte festlegen, m\u00fcssen Sie neben der Stromst\u00e4rke, der Leiterbahndichte und anderen Regeln auch die Kupferdicke ber\u00fccksichtigen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Die Daten zeigen, dass bei 35 \u03bcm Kupferfolie die Leiterbreite gr\u00f6\u00dfer als 0,15 mm sein sollte. Bei 18 \u03bcm Kupferfolie sollte die Leiterbreite gr\u00f6\u00dfer als 0,1 mm sein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Auswahl der Leiterplattenkontur, Dicke und Gr\u00f6\u00dfe der einzelnen Leiterplatte<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.1 Wahl des Einplatinenumrisses<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>F\u00fcr Leiterplatten wird in der Regel ein Rechteck mit \u00e4hnlicher L\u00e4nge und Breite verwendet. Vermeiden Sie unregelm\u00e4\u00dfig geformte Leiterplatten. Um die \u00dcbertragung von Leitungen und das Einsetzen in Gestelle zu erleichtern, k\u00f6nnen die Ecken kleine runde B\u00f6gen oder Abschr\u00e4gungen aufweisen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sehr kleine Platinen (z. B. Platinen mit einer Gr\u00f6\u00dfe von weniger als 100 mm \u00d7 100 mm) sollten in Paneelen untergebracht werden. Wenn mehrere Leiterplattentypen f\u00fcr ein Produkt die gleiche Lagenzahl, die gleiche Dicke und die gleichen dielektrischen Lagen, die gleiche Kupferdicke und die gleiche Menge aufweisen, sollten sie zu einer einzigen Platte zusammengefasst werden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.2 Dicke der Leiterplatte<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>W\u00e4hlen Sie die Plattendicke nach Funktion, Bauteilmasse, passenden Steckverbinderspezifikationen, Platinengr\u00f6\u00dfe und mechanischer Belastung. F\u00fcgen Sie bei gro\u00dfen Platinen, die sich leicht verformen, Rippen oder Rahmen hinzu, um sie zu verst\u00e4rken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>F\u00fcr Platinen unter 300 mm \u00d7 250 mm ist eine allgemeine Dicke von 1,6 mm \u00fcblich. Backplanes und gr\u00f6\u00dfere Einzelplatten sollten dicker als 2 mm sein. Die Pressenkapazit\u00e4t begrenzt jedoch die Verarbeitung. Die Dicke sollte im Allgemeinen unter 4 mm liegen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6.3 Leiterplatten-Au\u00dfenma\u00dfe Serie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>F\u00fcr Leiterplatten, die nicht in einem Rack untergebracht sind, siehe GB9315 f\u00fcr Serien von Leiterplattenabmessungen. In Schr\u00e4nken sind steckbare Leiterplatten mit Randsteckern \u00fcblich.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hinweise und einfache Ratschl\u00e4ge<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>W\u00e4hlen Sie Materialien, die den Normen entsprechen und die der Hersteller auf Lager hat. Dies verringert die Verz\u00f6gerung.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>F\u00fcr Hochfrequenzplatinen sollten Sie PTFE-basiertes Material verwenden, wenn Sie einen geringen Verlust und eine stabile Dielektrizit\u00e4tskonstante ben\u00f6tigen. Pr\u00fcfen Sie Kosten und Baugrenzen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>F\u00fcr w\u00e4rmekritische Leistungsplatinen sollten Sie Metallkernplatinen in Betracht ziehen, um die W\u00e4rme besser zu verteilen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>F\u00fcr flexible Schaltungen w\u00e4hlen Sie Polyimid- oder FEP-Typen, je nach Bedarf f\u00fcr das L\u00f6ten und die Temperatur. Trocknen Sie die Materialien, wenn sie Feuchtigkeit aufnehmen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Planen Sie bei HDI-Designs Durchkontaktierungen und Lagenaufbau fr\u00fchzeitig. Verwenden Sie Aufbaumethoden, wenn Sie viele blinde oder vergrabene Vias ben\u00f6tigen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Geben Sie in den Zeichnungen die kritischen Punkte f\u00fcr die Fertigung an: Enddicke, Lagenpaar-Kerndicke, Kupfergewicht pro Lage, wenn erforderlich, welche Lagen Signal- und welche Ebenen sind, und Zielimpedanz f\u00fcr kritische Netze. F\u00fcgen Sie einen Hinweis hinzu, dass die Prepreg-Platzierung vom Hersteller so festgelegt wird, dass die Impedanz und die Gesamtdicke eingehalten werden, es sei denn, es sind exakte Prepreg-Platten erforderlich, die der Konstrukteur mit Sicherheit angeben kann.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract This paper explains the classification, material choice, technology trends, design rules, and processing standards for printed circuit boards (PCBs) 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This paper explains the classification, material choice, technology trends, design rules, and processing standards for printed circuit boards (PCBs) 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