{"id":4729,"date":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","date_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4729"},"modified":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","slug":"how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design\/","title":{"rendered":"Wie sich CTE auf die Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeit und das Design von PCBs auswirkt"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Der W\u00e4rmeausdehnungskoeffizient (WAK) ist eine physikalische Eigenschaft eines Werkstoffs. Wenn sich die Temperatur \u00e4ndert, wird das Teil seine Form ver\u00e4ndern und Spannungen aufweisen. Das k\u00f6nnen wir nicht verhindern. Der Kern der Herstellung eines jeden elektronischen Produkts besteht darin, Teile, die den Anforderungen entsprechen, auf eine Leiterplatte (PCB) zu setzen. Wir verbinden die Teile mit der Platine durch L\u00f6ten. F\u00fcr <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/pcb-assembly\/tht-pcb-assembly\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/pcb-assembly\/tht-pcb-assembly\/\">Durchgangslochtechnik (THT)<\/a>, Teile haben Anschl\u00fcsse. Wenn sich die Platine verbiegt oder ausdehnt, verbiegt sich das Blei und nimmt etwas Spannung auf. Der Bauteilk\u00f6rper wird dann weniger belastet. L\u00e4ngere Leitungen bedeuten also, dass weniger Spannung auf den Bauteilk\u00f6rper einwirkt. Die durch Temperaturschwankungen hervorgerufene Spannung wirkt sich dann haupts\u00e4chlich auf die L\u00f6tstelle und das Pad aus. Das wirkt sich auf die Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeit des L\u00f6tens aus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wenn wir die <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/pcb-assembly\/smt-assembly\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1923\">Oberfl\u00e4chenmontagetechnik (SMT)<\/a>, k\u00f6nnen wir mehr Teile auf der Platine unterbringen. Aber die Teile haben keine langen Leitungen, um Spannungen aufzufangen. Die Spannung geht direkt in den K\u00f6rper des Bauteils. Das kann zum Bruch des Teils oder der L\u00f6tstelle f\u00fchren, wenn sich Platine und Teil unterschiedlich stark ausdehnen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CTE-Eigenschaften von FR4-Basismaterial<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/fr-4-pcb-guide-properties-limits-material-choices\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4641\">Herk\u00f6mmliches glasfaserverst\u00e4rktes Basismaterial (fr4)<\/a> hat einen unterschiedlichen WAK in der z-Achse (durch die Plattendicke) und in der x-y-Ebene (entlang der Platine). Die Platte dehnt sich st\u00e4rker in z aus, wenn die Temperatur steigt. Wenn das Material unter seiner Glas\u00fcbergangstemperatur Tg liegt, befindet es sich in einem Glaszustand und sein WAK ist klein. Wir nennen diesen WAK-Wert a1. Wenn das Material \u00fcber Tg liegt, befindet es sich in einem gummiartigen Zustand und sein WAK ist gr\u00f6\u00dfer. Wir nennen diesen WAK-Wert a2. Normalerweise ist a2 etwa dreimal so gro\u00df wie a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Liegt die Temperatur beispielsweise unter Tg, ist der WAK von Glasfaserepoxid in x- und y-Richtung ebenfalls nicht gleich. Er unterscheidet sich um etwa 1 bis 5 ppm\/\u00b0C. In der z-Richtung betr\u00e4gt er etwa 20 ppm\/\u00b0C. Wenn ein gro\u00dfes oberfl\u00e4chenmontiertes Bauteil einen WAK hat, der zur Leiterplatte passt, ist dieser Unterschied von gro\u00dfer Bedeutung. Er tr\u00e4gt dazu bei, die Lebensdauer der L\u00f6tstelle zu erh\u00f6hen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Auswirkungen von CTE auf PTH und Mikrovias<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Der WAK ist ein wichtiger Faktor f\u00fcr in PWA montierte Durchgangsl\u00f6cher und Mikrodurchkontaktierungen. Das Aspektverh\u00e4ltnis (Plattendicke geteilt durch Lochdurchmesser) f\u00fcr diese Durchkontaktierungen ist in der Regel gr\u00f6\u00dfer als das Aspektverh\u00e4ltnis eines gerade fertiggestellten gebohrten Lochs in einer nackten Platine. Bei Prozessen wie SMT-Reflow, Bauteilentfernung, Reflow f\u00fcr Reparaturen, Leiterplattenherstellung, Kugelbefestigung, Hei\u00dfluftnivellierung und Wellenl\u00f6ten verursacht ein gro\u00dfer WAK in z-Richtung eine zu gro\u00dfe PTH-Zugspannung. Das kann zu Ausf\u00e4llen f\u00fchren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wenn Sie also ein Basismaterial f\u00fcr die Leiterplatte ausw\u00e4hlen, m\u00fcssen Sie zuerst dar\u00fcber nachdenken, ob sein WAK mit dem WAK der zu montierenden Teile \u00fcbereinstimmt. Wenn sie nicht \u00fcbereinstimmen, m\u00fcssen Sie Ausgleichsma\u00dfnahmen ergreifen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Grundlegende Definition und Bedeutung des CTE f\u00fcr PCBs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Viele Menschen verwenden das Wort CTE, wenn sie \u00fcber Leiterplatten sprechen. Aber wie viele wissen wirklich, was CTE bedeutet und wie sich CTE auf eine Leiterplatte auswirkt?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE steht f\u00fcr den W\u00e4rmeausdehnungskoeffizienten. Er zeigt die prozentuale Gr\u00f6\u00dfen\u00e4nderung an, wenn eine Leiterplatte erhitzt oder abgek\u00fchlt wird. Jedes Material auf der Welt dehnt sich mit der Temperatur ein wenig aus oder schrumpft. Ein Haus zum Beispiel ist im Sommer etwas gr\u00f6\u00dfer als im Winter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Einige Materialien schrumpfen beim Erhitzen, aber die meisten dehnen sich beim Erhitzen ein wenig aus. Die Ausdehnung wird in Teilen pro Million pro Grad Celsius (ppm\/\u00b0C) angegeben. Wenn sich eine Leiterplatte um 14 ppm\/\u00b0C seitlich ausdehnt, bedeutet dies, dass sie bei einer L\u00e4nge von einer Million Zoll pro 1\u00b0C Anstieg um 14 Zoll wachsen w\u00fcrde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CTE-Fehlanpassung zwischen PCB und Siliziumchips<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ein typisches fr4-Laminat hat einen WAK von 14 bis 17 ppm\/\u00b0C. Das sieht gut aus, bis wir es mit einem gro\u00dfen Siliziumchip vergleichen. Viele Siliziumchips haben einen WAK von fast 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. Der Unterschied in der Ausdehnung ist gro\u00df genug - vor allem bei gro\u00dfen BGA-Geh\u00e4usen -, dass sich die Leiterplatte und der Chip bei Erw\u00e4rmung st\u00e4rker ausdehnen als der Chip. Diese zus\u00e4tzliche Bewegung kann L\u00f6tstellen vom Chip abziehen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aus Sicht der Leiterplattenhersteller werden daher h\u00e4ufig Materialien mit niedrigem CTE verwendet. Aber wie wirkt sich der WAK auf die Leiterplatte aus und wie wir sie entwerfen und herstellen?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Typische CTE-Werte von PCB-Materialien und Komponenten<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Material\/Bauteil<\/th><th>CTE (X-Y-Richtung) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th><th>CTE (Z-Richtung) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th><th>Anmerkungen<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Standard FR-4-Laminat<\/td><td>14 - 17<\/td><td>60 - 70 (\u00fcber Tg kann &gt;200 sein)<\/td><td>H\u00e4ufigstes PCB-Material<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hohe Tg FR-4<\/td><td>12 - 16<\/td><td>50 - 60<\/td><td>Bessere thermische Stabilit\u00e4t<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Polyimid PCB Material<\/td><td>12 - 14<\/td><td>40 - 50<\/td><td>Einsatz f\u00fcr Hochtemperaturanwendungen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kupfer<\/td><td>16.5 - 17<\/td><td>16.5 - 17<\/td><td>Referenz-Leitermaterial<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Silizium-Chip<\/td><td>2,6 - 3 (Silizium in loser Sch\u00fcttung)<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>Geh\u00e4use effektiv ~6 ppm\/\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>BGA-Geh\u00e4use (typisch)<\/td><td>6 - 10<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>Abh\u00e4ngig von der Art des Substrats<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Keramik-Paket<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>Gute CTE-\u00dcbereinstimmung mit Silizium<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aluminium<\/td><td>22 - 24<\/td><td>22 - 24<\/td><td>Verwendet in Metallkern-Leiterplatten<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kupfer-Invar-Kupfer (CIC) Kern<\/td><td>8 - 10<\/td><td>8 - 10<\/td><td>Metallkern mit niedrigem WAK<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kupfer-Molybd\u00e4n-Kupfer (CMC) Kern<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>Metallkern mit sehr niedrigem WAK<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aramid \/ Kevlar Kern<\/td><td>7 - 8<\/td><td>7 - 8<\/td><td>Verbundwerkstoff mit niedrigem WAK<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">PCB-Kernl\u00f6sungen mit niedrigem CTE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bei der Auswahl eines Laminats achten wir unter anderem auf Werte wie Tg, Dielektrizit\u00e4tskonstante Dk und Verlustfaktor Df. Sie alle spielen eine Rolle und beeinflussen sich gegenseitig. Wenn wir ein Laminat mit einem niedrigeren WAK w\u00e4hlen, werden wir feststellen, dass alle fr4-Typen \u00e4hnliche WAK-Werte haben. Die meisten sind immer noch hoch (etwa 14 ppm\/\u00b0C). Das bedeutet, dass wir f\u00fcr sehr gro\u00dfe Siliziumgeh\u00e4use einen anderen Ansatz zur Kontrolle des WAK ben\u00f6tigen. Eine M\u00f6glichkeit besteht darin, einen Kern aus Metall, Kevlar oder Aramid hinzuzuf\u00fcgen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Diese Kerne mit niedrigem WAK werden h\u00e4ufig unter den Au\u00dfenschichten von FR4 verwendet, um Platten mit niedrigem WAK herzustellen. Metallkerne k\u00f6nnen aus Kupfer-Invar-Kupfer (CIC) oder Kupfer-Molybd\u00e4n-Kupfer (CMC) bestehen. Sie sind in der Regel etwa 6 mil dick. Das Kupfer auf der Au\u00dfenfl\u00e4che des Metallkerns erm\u00f6glicht es uns, normale fr4-Prepregs und -Kerne \u00fcber das Metall zu laminieren.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zwei weit verbreitete Metallkerne sind CIC und CMC. Ihre Kern-WAK-Werte liegen bei etwa 8 ppm\/\u00b0C bzw. 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. Bei der Verankerung von vier Au\u00dfenschichten auf einem Metallkern betr\u00e4gt der Gesamt-Widerstandskoeffizient der Leiterplatte etwa 12 ppm\/\u00b0C f\u00fcr CIC und etwa 9 ppm\/\u00b0C f\u00fcr CMC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wir k\u00f6nnen auch ein Kevlar Thermount oder ein Aramidlaminat als Kern verwenden. Ihr niedriger Kern-Widerstandskoeffizient liegt bei 7 bis 8 ppm\/\u00b0C. Mit Standard-FR4-Au\u00dfenlagen betr\u00e4gt der WAK der gesamten Leiterplatte etwa 12 ppm\/\u00b0C. In der Mehrlagenproduktion ersetzt ein Kern mit niedrigem WAK einen typischen fr4-Kern. Interessant ist, dass die Kevlarfaser selbst eine negative W\u00e4rmeausdehnung hat. Wenn wir die Fasern mit Epoxid binden, ergibt sich ein kleiner positiver WAK.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kosten, Verfahren und zus\u00e4tzliche Vorteile von Low-CTE-Kernen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bei Verwendung eines Laminats mit niedrigem WAK ist der Metallkern in der Regel die teuerste Option. Kevlar- und Aramid-Laminate kosten weniger. In der Vergangenheit war Arlon Kevlar Thermount schwer zu bekommen, aber durch die neue Produktion ist das Angebot jetzt gr\u00f6\u00dfer. Alle Kerne mit niedrigem CTE sind schwieriger zu bohren und zu verarbeiten. Aber sie sind die einzige M\u00f6glichkeit, die Anforderungen von 6-9 ppm\/\u00b0C f\u00fcr sehr gro\u00dfe Siliziumgeh\u00e4use zu erf\u00fcllen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Neben der Kontrolle des WAK k\u00f6nnen Leiterplatten mit Metallkern auch die W\u00e4rme\u00fcbertragung im Hochleistungsbereich verbessern. Vergessen Sie nicht, dass sich Metall bei Erw\u00e4rmung st\u00e4rker ausdehnt als FR4. Ein Metallkern bietet mehr Kontrolle \u00fcber die Ausdehnung der Leiterplatte als Kevlar. Ein Metallkern kann die Ausdehnung der gesamten Leiterplatte st\u00e4rker ver\u00e4ndern als Kevlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Praktische Ma\u00dfnahmen zur Verringerung des CTE-Fehlanpassungsrisikos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In der Praxis k\u00f6nnen Sie diese grundlegenden Dinge tun, um das Risiko einer CTE-Fehlanpassung zu verringern:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Versuchen Sie, den CTE der Platine mit dem CTE des gro\u00dfen Pakets abzustimmen, wenn Sie k\u00f6nnen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Verwenden Sie f\u00fcr gro\u00dfe Pakete Kerne mit niedrigem WAK wie CIC, CMC, Kevlar oder Aramid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Achten Sie auf die Tg und verwenden Sie Materialien mit einer Tg, die \u00fcber Ihrer h\u00f6chsten Prozesstemperatur liegt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Entwerfen Sie bei SMT-Bauteilen Pads und L\u00f6taugenmuster, um die Belastung der L\u00f6tstellen zu verringern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kontrollieren Sie bei der Herstellung die Reflow-Spitzentemperatur und die Abk\u00fchlungsraten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Verwenden Sie f\u00fcr durchkontaktierte Teile Leitungen, die sich biegen k\u00f6nnen, um die Spannung aufzunehmen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sie sollten wissen, dass Kerne mit niedrigem WAK mehr kosten und andere Bohrwerkzeuge und -verfahren erfordern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zusammenfassung der Bedeutung des CTE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE ist eine einfache Zahl, aber sie wirkt sich auf viele Teile eines Leiterplattenprojekts aus. Wenn Sie nicht fr\u00fchzeitig daran denken, kann es zu L\u00f6tstellenausf\u00e4llen, gerissenen Teilen und geringer Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeit kommen. Wenn Sie den WAK von Anfang an einplanen, k\u00f6nnen Sie die Lebensdauer Ihrer Leiterplatte und Ihrer Bauteile erh\u00f6hen.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Material coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is one physical property of a material. When temperature changes, the part will change 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