{"id":4765,"date":"2026-03-04T07:26:34","date_gmt":"2026-03-04T07:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4765"},"modified":"2026-03-04T07:26:37","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T07:26:37","slug":"preventing-caf-in-pcbs-causes-fixes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/de_at\/preventing-caf-in-pcbs-causes-fixes\/","title":{"rendered":"Verhinderung von CAF in PCBs: Ursachen und Abhilfema\u00dfnahmen"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. \u00dcberblick \u00fcber die j\u00fcngsten PCB-Leckagen<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vor kurzem hatten wir ein Problem mit einem PCB-Leck. Es handelt sich um ein Produkt mit geringem Stromverbrauch. Das gesamte Ger\u00e4t zieht normalerweise Strom im Mikroampere-Bereich (\u00b5A). Nachdem es einige Zeit bei normaler Temperatur gealtert war, stellten wir fest, dass sein Stromverbrauch anstieg. Einige Proben erreichten sogar den Milliampere-Bereich (mA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wir schlossen sorgf\u00e4ltig Bauteilfehler aus. Am Ende fanden wir einen 5-V-Knoten. Wenn sich das Produkt im Ruhezustand befand, sollte dieser Knoten 0 V betragen, aber er hatte einen Abfall von etwa 1,8 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wir haben die Leiterbahnen auf der Leiterplatte vorsichtig durchtrennt. Zu unserer \u00dcberraschung konnten zwei Durchkontaktierungen, die keine elektrische Verbindung auf der Leiterplatte hatten, gemessen werden und zeigten einen Widerstand von mehreren hundert Ohm zwischen ihnen. Wir haben die Designdateien \u00fcberpr\u00fcft. Es handelt sich um eine zweilagige Leiterplatte. Durchkontaktierungs- und Pad-Abstand > 6 mil. Loch-Wand-Abstand > 18 mil. Dieses Design ist normal f\u00fcr Standardbohrungen in der Leiterplattenindustrie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wir entfernten die L\u00f6tmaske, um leitende Verunreinigungen auf der Maske oder der Via-Oberfl\u00e4che auszuschlie\u00dfen. Der gemessene Widerstand zwischen den Durchkontaktierungen war immer noch vorhanden. Eine Zeit lang konnten wir uns das nicht erkl\u00e4ren. Dann entdeckten wir, dass die Leckage durch den \u201cCAF-Effekt\u201d verursacht wurde.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Was ist der CAF?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

CAF bedeutet Conductive Anodic Filamentation. Dabei handelt es sich um ein Leckageverhalten innerhalb einer Leiterplatte, bei dem sich Kupferionen von der Anode (h\u00f6here Spannung) entlang von Mikrorisskan\u00e4len zwischen Glasfasern zur Kathode (niedrigere Spannung) bewegen. W\u00e4hrend dieses Prozesses kommt es durch Kupfer und Kupfersalze zu Leckagen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Auf dem Bild sieht das Laminat nach dem Abschleifen zweier benachbarter Durchkontaktierungen in L\u00e4ngsrichtung und der Betrachtung unter dem Elektronenmikroskop bei 100\u00d7 dunkel aus. Die hellen goldenen Bereiche sind Kupfer. Zwischen den beiden Durchkontaktierungen sind Kupferflecken und Kupferf\u00e4den zu sehen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"CAF\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3. Wie das CAF entsteht (Mechanismus)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Normal fr4 PCB-Laminat<\/a> wird hergestellt, indem Glasfasern zu einem Gewebe gewebt, dann mit Epoxidharz benetzt und halb ausgeh\u00e4rtet werden. Wenn die Haftung zwischen Harz und Glasfasern schlecht ist oder das Harz das Glas nicht vollst\u00e4ndig benetzt, k\u00f6nnen L\u00fccken zwischen ihnen entstehen. Bei der mechanischen Bearbeitung, z. B. beim Bohren, k\u00f6nnen tangentiale Zugkr\u00e4fte und axiale St\u00f6\u00dfe die Harzbindung weiter besch\u00e4digen. Dadurch k\u00f6nnen sich Faserb\u00fcndel lockern oder trennen und L\u00fccken entstehen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wenn die Umgebung hei\u00df und feucht ist, verschlechtert sich die Haftung zwischen Epoxidharz und Glasfaser st\u00e4rker. Silan-Haftvermittler auf der Glasfaseroberfl\u00e4che k\u00f6nnen hydrolysieren. Dadurch entstehen Pfade entlang der Glasfaserverst\u00e4rkung, die eine Elektronenwanderung erm\u00f6glichen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unter diesen Bedingungen kann das Kupfer an der Anode mit der h\u00f6heren Spannung zu Kupferionen oxidieren, wenn zwei nahegelegene Durchf\u00fchrungen eine Potenzialdifferenz aufweisen. Unter dem elektrischen Feld bewegen sich die Kupferionen in Richtung der Kathode mit niedrigerer Spannung. W\u00e4hrend der Wanderung verbinden sie sich mit Verunreinigungsionen im Laminat oder mit OH- zu unl\u00f6slichen Leitsalzen, die sich ablagern. Infolgedessen verringert sich der elektrische Abstand zwischen den beiden isolierenden Durchkontaktierungen stark. In schweren F\u00e4llen k\u00f6nnen sie sogar eine direkte Leiterbahn bilden und einen Kurzschluss verursachen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reaktionen an der Anode und Kathode (wie beobachtet):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anode:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu \u2192 Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 e-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u2082O \u2192 H\u207a + OH-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kathode:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 H\u207a + 2 e- \u2192 H\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 OH- \u2192 Cu(OH)\u2082<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu(OH)\u2082 \u2192 CuO + H\u2082O<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CuO + H\u2082O \u2192 Cu(OH)\u2082 \u2192 Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 OH-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u00b2\u207a + 2 e- \u2192 Cu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Anmerkungen aus unserer Erfahrung<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bevor wir wussten, dass die Ursache CAF war, wurden wir durch den Widerstand zwischen zwei isolierten Durchkontaktierungen verbl\u00fcfft. Nachdem wir die Literatur durchsucht hatten, fanden wir heraus, dass viele Kollegen das gleiche Problem hatten. CAF hat sich in der Leiterplattenindustrie zu einem bemerkenswerten Zuverl\u00e4ssigkeitsproblem entwickelt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Wie man CAF verhindern oder reduzieren kann<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Verbessern Sie die Best\u00e4ndigkeit des Laminats gegen CAF. Erh\u00f6hen Sie beim PCB-Substratprozess die Ionenreinheit des Materials. Verwenden Sie Harze mit geringer Feuchtigkeitsabsorption. Sicherstellen, dass das Glasgewebe vollst\u00e4ndig vom Harz benetzt wird und gut haftet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seien Sie vorsichtig beim Bohren oder Lasern \u00fcber Prozesse. Beim Bohren oder Lasern kann lokal gro\u00dfe Hitze entstehen. Wenn die Temperatur den Tg-Wert der Leiterplatte \u00fcberschreitet, kann das Harz schmelzen und R\u00fcckst\u00e4nde bilden. R\u00fcckst\u00e4nde an den Lochw\u00e4nden k\u00f6nnen zu schlechtem Kontakt beim Beschichten f\u00fchren. Entfernen Sie daher die R\u00fcckst\u00e4nde vor dem Beschichten. Hinweis: Das Einweichen w\u00e4hrend der R\u00fcckstandsentfernung kann die Durchgangsl\u00f6cher erodieren und eine Kupferverunreinigung verursachen, was eine sp\u00e4tere Kupfermigration erleichtern kann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vergr\u00f6\u00dferung der Via-zu-Via-Abst\u00e4nde in PCB-Design<\/a>. Au\u00dferdem folgen die CAF-Kan\u00e4le in der Regel demselben Glasfaserb\u00fcndel. Durch das Versetzen benachbarter Durchkontaktierungen l\u00e4sst sich das CAF-Risiko verringern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reinigen Sie die PCBA-Oberfl\u00e4chen. Verwenden Sie z. B. eine Hochdruckluftpistole, um Staub zu entfernen und Verunreinigungen zu vermeiden, die unerw\u00fcnschte elektrochemische Reaktionen verursachen k\u00f6nnten. Tragen Sie eine Schutzbeschichtung auf die PCBA-Oberfl\u00e4che auf, um das Eindringen von Feuchtigkeit zu verhindern, insbesondere in hei\u00dfen und feuchten Umgebungen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1. Recent PCB Leakage Issue Overview We recently faced a PCB leakage issue. The product is low-power. The whole device 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