{"id":1915,"date":"2025-08-25T02:14:28","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T02:14:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=1915"},"modified":"2025-09-25T07:23:07","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T07:23:07","slug":"hdi-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/pcb-manufacturer\/hdi-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0391\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae PCB HDI"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1915\" class=\"elementor elementor-1915\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c325e24 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c325e24\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ce50fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ce50fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"78\" data-end=\"101\">\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 PCB HDI<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"607\">\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 HDI \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf-\u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 PCB. \u039f \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd PCB \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 HDI.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"607\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"607\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2703 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/hdi-pcb.webp\" alt=\"hdi pcb\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/hdi-pcb.webp 600w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/hdi-pcb-300x225.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"607\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"609\" data-end=\"626\">\u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 IPC<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"627\" data-end=\"681\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electronics.org\/TOC\/IPC-2226A.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IPC-2226<\/a> \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"682\" data-end=\"1035\">\n<li data-start=\"682\" data-end=\"734\">\n<p data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"734\">\u0394\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u2264 0,15 mm (0,00591 in).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"735\" data-end=\"781\">\n<p data-start=\"737\" data-end=\"781\">\u0394\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u2264 0,35 mm (0,0138 in).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"1035\">\n<p data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"1035\">\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 vias \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\/\u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ae \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03be\u03b7, \u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03b3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03ae.<br \/>\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7: \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 &gt; 0,15 mm (0,00591 in), \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03bf\u03c0\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1037\" data-end=\"1069\">\u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 HDI<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1070\" data-end=\"1183\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 HDI \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 3-5 mil. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 4 mil \u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"1185\" data-end=\"1221\">\u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 IPC \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 HDI<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1222\" data-end=\"1265\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 IPC \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 HDI \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1627\">\n<li data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1351\">\n<p data-start=\"1269\" data-end=\"1351\">IPC\/JPCA-2315 - \u039f\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1352\" data-end=\"1441\">\n<p data-start=\"1355\" data-end=\"1441\">IPC-2226 - \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (HDI).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1442\" data-end=\"1545\">\n<p data-start=\"1445\" data-end=\"1545\">IPC\/JPCA-4104 - \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 HDI.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1546\" data-end=\"1627\">\n<p data-start=\"1549\" data-end=\"1627\">IPC-6016 - \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd HDI.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"1629\" data-end=\"1632\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"1634\" data-end=\"1668\">\u0394\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 HDI: \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2<\/h1>\n<h2 data-start=\"1670\" data-end=\"1695\">\u03a4\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 HDI<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1696\" data-end=\"2034\">\u0397 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 HDI \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0395\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf HDI \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7, \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 vias, \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 pads \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ae\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2036\" data-end=\"2381\">\u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 HDI \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1. \u0398\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 HDI \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf. \u0391\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 HDI, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1. \u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 HDI \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"2383\" data-end=\"2411\">\u0394\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 HDI \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 microvias<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2412\" data-end=\"2575\">\u0397 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 HDI \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 PCB 8 \u03ae 16 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac, \u03c4\u03bf HDI \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2941\">\u03a3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc PCB, \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd HDI, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03c6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1. \u0397 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 HDI \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 via. \u03a4\u03b1 vias \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2941\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2941\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2702 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/HDI-microvias.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/HDI-microvias.webp 600w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/HDI-microvias-300x207.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2941\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"2943\" data-end=\"2982\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac vias \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 HDI<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2983\" data-end=\"3410\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 HDI, \u03c4\u03b1 microvias \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03af. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5, \u03c4\u03b1 microvias \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac \u03ae \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac vias \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a4\u03b1 microvias \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b1\u03be\u03b7. \u03a4\u03b1 microvias \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/pcb-assembly\/bga-assmebly\/\">BGA<\/a> \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 fan-out \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"3412\" data-end=\"3437\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 HDI<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3438\" data-end=\"3697\">\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 microvias, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 PCB \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u201cHDI \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u201d \u03ae \u201c\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u201d. \u0395\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b1 microvias \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03ac \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"3699\" data-end=\"3739\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3740\" data-end=\"3971\">\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b6\u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc HDI \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3973\" data-end=\"4223\">\u03a4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b6\u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4225\" data-end=\"4304\">\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 HDI \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4306\" data-end=\"4309\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"4311\" data-end=\"4338\">\u039a\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd PCB HDI<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"4339\" data-end=\"4522\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 PCB HDI. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 HDI \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4524\" data-end=\"4537\">\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4538\" data-end=\"4961\">\n<li data-start=\"4538\" data-end=\"4689\">\n<p data-start=\"4540\" data-end=\"4689\">\u03a4\u03bf HDI \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 pad-in-pad \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 blind via. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4690\" data-end=\"4825\">\n<p data-start=\"4692\" data-end=\"4825\">\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0397 HDI \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4826\" data-end=\"4961\">\n<p data-start=\"4828\" data-end=\"4961\">\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 HDI \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bc\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0393\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd PCBs \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd PCBs HDI.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"4963\" data-end=\"4966\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"4968\" data-end=\"4999\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 PCB HDI<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"5000\" data-end=\"5058\">\u039b\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1 PCB HDI \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2.<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"5060\" data-end=\"5687\">\n<li data-start=\"5060\" data-end=\"5305\">\n<p data-start=\"5063\" data-end=\"5305\">\u0399\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 - \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac. \u039f \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u0397 HDI \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03b5\u03b4\u03ce. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1. \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 HDI. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5307\" data-end=\"5431\">\n<p data-start=\"5310\" data-end=\"5431\">\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 - \u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf. \u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf HDI \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5433\" data-end=\"5537\">\n<p data-start=\"5436\" data-end=\"5537\">\u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 - \u03a4\u03b1 tablet \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd HDI. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5539\" data-end=\"5687\">\n<p data-start=\"5542\" data-end=\"5687\">\u0391\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bc\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 - \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf HDI \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf HDI \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"5689\" data-end=\"5739\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf HDI \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5689\" data-end=\"5739\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5689\" data-end=\"5739\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2704 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Mobile-devices-use-HDI.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Mobile-devices-use-HDI.webp 420w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Mobile-devices-use-HDI-300x200.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5689\" data-end=\"5739\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5741\" data-end=\"5744\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"5746\" data-end=\"5780\">\u03a4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 HDI PCB \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 HDI PCB<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"5781\" data-end=\"6033\">\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 HDI PCB \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 HDI \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u038c\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6035\" data-end=\"6248\">\n<li data-start=\"6035\" data-end=\"6084\">\n<p data-start=\"6037\" data-end=\"6084\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 HDI \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6085\" data-end=\"6138\">\n<p data-start=\"6087\" data-end=\"6138\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf HDI \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6139\" data-end=\"6248\">\n<p data-start=\"6141\" data-end=\"6248\">\u03a4\u03b1 HDI \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias, \u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias, \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"6250\" data-end=\"6314\">\u03a4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6316\" data-end=\"6319\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"6321\" data-end=\"6359\">\u0391\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf HDI (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1)<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"6360\" data-end=\"6700\">\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 HDI \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 6 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b1 1+4+1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae. \u0397 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias. \u0397 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6702\" data-end=\"6705\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"6707\" data-end=\"6749\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf HDI (\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7)<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"6750\" data-end=\"7221\">\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf HDI \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae (1 + N + 1) \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 N \u2265 2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf N \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf HDI 6 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af 1+4+1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 HDI \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9, \u03b5\u03c0\u03c9\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bf \u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7223\" data-end=\"7226\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"7228\" data-end=\"7270\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc HDI \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7)<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"7271\" data-end=\"7697\">\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 HDI \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 8 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b1 1+1+4+1+1+1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 (1+1+N+1+1) \u03bc\u03b5 N \u2265 2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03cc. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 PCB. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 via. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 3-6 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 2-7, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7699\" data-end=\"7702\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"7704\" data-end=\"7740\">\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 HDI<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"7741\" data-end=\"8283\">\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf (1+1+N+1+1+1). \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf via \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 - \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd 2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf: \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 1-3. \u03a0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 (1-2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 2-3) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias 2-3 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 via. \u0397 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 1-3 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac 1-2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 2-3 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8285\" data-end=\"8288\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"8290\" data-end=\"8348\">\u0391\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf HDI \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"8349\" data-end=\"8842\">\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 HDI 6 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af 1+1+2+1+1+1. \u0395\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b1 (1+1+N+1+1) \u03bc\u03b5 N \u2265 2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03cc. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd via \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 - \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03cc via \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 1-3 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03cc via \u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 1-2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03cc via \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 cross-layer blind vias \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1. \u0397 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8844\" data-end=\"8847\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"8849\" data-end=\"8898\">\u03a3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 HDI<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"8899\" data-end=\"9278\">\u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 2-7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae (1+1+N+1+1). \u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 HDI \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 via \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd vias \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 2-7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9280\" data-end=\"9283\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"9285\" data-end=\"9338\">\u03a3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 HDI \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"9339\" data-end=\"9875\">\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (1+1+N+1+1+1) \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 HDI \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 3-6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd cross-layer. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf 1-3 cross-layer via \u03c3\u03b5 1-2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 2-3 blind vias, \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7. \u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7: \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 stacked-via \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9877\" data-end=\"9880\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"9882\" data-end=\"9897\">\u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 HDI<\/h1>\n<ul data-start=\"9898\" data-end=\"10118\">\n<li data-start=\"9898\" data-end=\"9974\">\n<p data-start=\"9900\" data-end=\"9974\">\u0397 HDI \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 (1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03c2) \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9975\" data-end=\"10042\">\n<p data-start=\"9977\" data-end=\"10042\">\u0397 HDI \u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"10043\" data-end=\"10118\">\n<p data-start=\"10045\" data-end=\"10118\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"10120\" data-end=\"10123\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"10125\" data-end=\"10167\">\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd HDI \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd PCB<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"10168\" data-end=\"10482\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 HDI \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1. \u038c\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 HDI \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 HDI \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"10484\" data-end=\"10746\">\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 PCB \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 HDI \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03ba\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 HDI \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 PCB.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"10748\" data-end=\"10792\">\u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 HDI \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac PCB:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"10793\" data-end=\"10940\">\n<li data-start=\"10793\" data-end=\"10843\">\n<p data-start=\"10795\" data-end=\"10843\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 RF.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"10844\" data-end=\"10914\">\n<p data-start=\"10846\" data-end=\"10914\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"10915\" data-end=\"10940\">\n<p data-start=\"10917\" data-end=\"10940\">\u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"10942\" data-end=\"11053\">\u0397 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 (HDI) \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"11055\" data-end=\"11058\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"11060\" data-end=\"11100\">\u0391\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2<\/h1>\n<ol data-start=\"11101\" data-end=\"11930\">\n<li data-start=\"11101\" data-end=\"11162\">\n<p data-start=\"11104\" data-end=\"11162\">\u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 HDI \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11163\" data-end=\"11245\">\n<p data-start=\"11166\" data-end=\"11245\">\u039c\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 PCB. \u0397 HDI \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae (DFM).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11246\" data-end=\"11315\">\n<p data-start=\"11249\" data-end=\"11315\">\u0396\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 IPC. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 IPC-2226 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 IPC-6016 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11316\" data-end=\"11386\">\n<p data-start=\"11319\" data-end=\"11386\">\u03a3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11387\" data-end=\"11476\">\n<p data-start=\"11390\" data-end=\"11476\">\u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7 microvia \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 PCB \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2: 3-5 mil, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac 4 mil.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11477\" data-end=\"11569\">\n<p data-start=\"11480\" data-end=\"11569\">\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac\/\u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11570\" data-end=\"11655\">\n<p data-start=\"11573\" data-end=\"11655\">\u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 HDI \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11656\" data-end=\"11744\">\n<p data-start=\"11659\" data-end=\"11744\">\u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae RF \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11745\" data-end=\"11832\">\n<p data-start=\"11748\" data-end=\"11832\">\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf fan-out BGA, \u03c4\u03b1 microvias \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf pad-in-pad \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 fan-out \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11833\" data-end=\"11930\">\n<p data-start=\"11837\" data-end=\"11930\">\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5. \u0392\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"11932\" data-end=\"11935\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"11937\" data-end=\"11954\">\u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"11955\" data-end=\"12546\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 HDI \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf-\u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf. \u0397 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 HDI \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 DFM. \u0397 HDI \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0397 HDI \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u038c\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf HDI, \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u039f \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 HDI \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-s1ztwe2 elementor-section-content-top elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"s1ztwe2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7882748\" data-id=\"7882748\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fc6712 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9fc6712\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-631b990 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"631b990\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1031\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1031\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 microvias, \u03c4\u03b1 blind vias \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 buried vias;<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1031\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1031\"><p>\u03a4\u03b1 microvias \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac vias (\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03c1) \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c6\u03bb\u03ac vias \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1- \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 vias \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 via \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1032\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1032\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd PCB HDI;<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1032\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1032\"><p>\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03c6\u03ad\u03bb\u03b7: \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 BGAs \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1033\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1033\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03a4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 Accordion<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1033\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1033\"><p>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2: smartphones \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2, 5G \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1034\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1034\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf HDI;<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1034\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1034\"><p>\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2: \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd microvia, \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 BGA (dogbone fanouts) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 via-in-pad \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\/\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf DFM \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1035\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1035\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\" viewbox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">\u03a4\u03af\u03c4\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 Accordion<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1035\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1035\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\">Accordion Content<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is an HDI PCB An HDI board is a high density interconnect printed circuit board. It uses micro blind [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1898,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center\";s:15:\"background-size\";s:4:\"auto\";s:21:\"background-attachment\";s:6:\"scroll\";s:15:\"background-type\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"background-media\";s:0:\"\";s:12:\"overlay-type\";s:0:\"\";s:13:\"overlay-color\";s:0:\"\";s:15:\"overlay-opacity\";s:0:\"\";s:16:\"overlay-gradient\";s:0:\"\";}}"],"footnotes":[""],"_elementor_edit_mode":["builder"],"_elementor_template_type":["wp-page"],"_elementor_data":["[{\"id\":\"c325e24\",\"elType\":\"container\",\"settings\":{\"flex_direction\":\"column\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"322b58b\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"2ce50fb\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"editor\":\"<h2 data-start=\\\"78\\\" data-end=\\\"101\\\">What is an HDI PCB<\\\/h2>\\n<p data-start=\\\"102\\\" data-end=\\\"607\\\">An HDI board is a high density interconnect printed circuit board. It uses micro blind and buried vias. These boards have a high line density. They have inner layer traces and outer layer traces. They also use drilled holes and plated holes to link traces between layers. As electronic products get smaller and more precise, makers ask for denser PCBs. The best way to increase PCB density is to cut the number of through-holes and to add well-placed blind and buried vias. This need led to the HDI board.<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"102\\\" data-end=\\\"607\\\">\\u00a0<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"102\\\" data-end=\\\"607\\\"><img class=\\\"size-full wp-image-2703 aligncenter\\\" src=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/flj-pcb.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/hdi-pcb.webp\\\" alt=\\\"hdi pcb\\\" width=\\\"600\\\" height=\\\"450\\\" \\\/><\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"102\\\" data-end=\\\"607\\\">\\u00a0<\\\/p>\\n<h2 data-start=\\\"609\\\" data-end=\\\"626\\\">IPC definition<\\\/h2>\\n<p data-start=\\\"627\\\" data-end=\\\"681\\\"><a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.electronics.org\\\/TOC\\\/IPC-2226A.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\\\">IPC-2226<\\\/a> gives a clear rule for blind and buried vias:<\\\/p>\\n<ul data-start=\\\"682\\\" data-end=\\\"1035\\\">\\n<li data-start=\\\"682\\\" data-end=\\\"734\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"684\\\" data-end=\\\"734\\\">Via or buried via diameter \\u2264 0.15 mm (0.00591 in).<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"735\\\" data-end=\\\"781\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"737\\\" data-end=\\\"781\\\">Annular ring diameter \\u2264 0.35 mm (0.0138 in).<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"782\\\" data-end=\\\"1035\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"784\\\" data-end=\\\"1035\\\">These vias can be made by laser or mechanical drilling, or by dry\\\/wet etching, or by pattern transfer. Then a conductive plating covers the hole.<br \\\/>Note: If the hole diameter is &gt; 0.15 mm (0.00591 in), treat it as a through-hole under the same standard.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<h2 data-start=\\\"1037\\\" data-end=\\\"1069\\\">Common drilling sizes for HDI<\\\/h2>\\n<p data-start=\\\"1070\\\" data-end=\\\"1183\\\">Common via sizes for HDI are 3\\u20135 mil. Designers most often use 4 mil as a middle value for design and production.<\\\/p>\\n<h2 data-start=\\\"1185\\\" data-end=\\\"1221\\\">Common IPC standards used for HDI<\\\/h2>\\n<p data-start=\\\"1222\\\" data-end=\\\"1265\\\">Typical IPC standards for HDI work include:<\\\/p>\\n<ol data-start=\\\"1266\\\" data-end=\\\"1627\\\">\\n<li data-start=\\\"1266\\\" data-end=\\\"1351\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"1269\\\" data-end=\\\"1351\\\">IPC\\\/JPCA-2315 \\u2014 Guide for high density interconnect structure and microvia design.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"1352\\\" data-end=\\\"1441\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"1355\\\" data-end=\\\"1441\\\">IPC-2226 \\u2014 Design standard for high density interconnect (HDI) printed circuit boards.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"1442\\\" data-end=\\\"1545\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"1445\\\" data-end=\\\"1545\\\">IPC\\\/JPCA-4104 \\u2014 Specification for dielectric material validation and performance for HDI structures.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"1546\\\" data-end=\\\"1627\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"1549\\\" data-end=\\\"1627\\\">IPC-6016 \\u2014 Specification for qualification and performance for HDI structures.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ol>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"1629\\\" data-end=\\\"1632\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"1634\\\" data-end=\\\"1668\\\">HDI routing: challenges and tips<\\\/h1>\\n<h2 data-start=\\\"1670\\\" data-end=\\\"1695\\\">What HDI routing means<\\\/h2>\\n<p data-start=\\\"1696\\\" data-end=\\\"2034\\\">HDI routing means using the latest design ideas and manufacturing methods to make a denser layout without changing the circuit function. In short, HDI uses more routing layers, smaller traces, smaller vias, smaller pads, and thinner cores. This lets you fit complex and often high-speed circuits into spaces that were not possible before.<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"2036\\\" data-end=\\\"2381\\\">As the manufacturing methods get better, HDI routing appears in many designs. You will find HDI in motherboards, graphics cards, phones, and other devices with little space. If you do HDI right, you can shrink the board size and also cut EMI problems on the PCB. Lowering cost is a key goal for many companies. HDI routing helps reach that goal.<\\\/p>\\n<h2 data-start=\\\"2383\\\" data-end=\\\"2411\\\">HDI routing and microvias<\\\/h2>\\n<p data-start=\\\"2412\\\" data-end=\\\"2575\\\">HDI routing is more complex than normal multi-layer routing. You might know how to design 8-layer or 16-layer PCBs. Still, HDI introduces new ideas you must learn.<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"2577\\\" data-end=\\\"2941\\\">In a normal PCB, we view the whole board as one item with many layers. In HDI, designers must think of many ultra-thin layers stacked to form one board. The main driver for HDI routing is the via technology. Vias are no longer only the plated holes drilled through the finished stack. Traditional through-holes reduce the space available for routing on each layer.<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"2577\\\" data-end=\\\"2941\\\">\\u00a0<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"2577\\\" data-end=\\\"2941\\\"><img class=\\\"size-full wp-image-2702 aligncenter\\\" src=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/flj-pcb.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/HDI-microvias.webp\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" width=\\\"600\\\" height=\\\"414\\\" \\\/><\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"2577\\\" data-end=\\\"2941\\\">\\u00a0<\\\/p>\\n<h2 data-start=\\\"2943\\\" data-end=\\\"2982\\\">Traditional vias are not fit for HDI<\\\/h2>\\n<p data-start=\\\"2983\\\" data-end=\\\"3410\\\">In HDI routing, microvias are the key. They let many dense layers connect together. To explain, microvias look like blind or buried vias but follow a different method. Traditional vias are drilled after the layers are stacked. Microvias are laser drilled on layers before stacking. Laser-drilled microvias allow the smallest hole sizes and pad sizes between layers. This helps with <a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/flj-pcb.com\\\/pcb-assembly\\\/bga-assmebly\\\/\\\">BGA<\\\/a> fan-out layouts where pins sit in a grid.<\\\/p>\\n<h2 data-start=\\\"3412\\\" data-end=\\\"3437\\\">HDI routing strategies<\\\/h2>\\n<p data-start=\\\"3438\\\" data-end=\\\"3697\\\">With microvias, PCB designers can route complex networks on many layers. This method is sometimes called \\u201cany-layer HDI\\u201d or \\u201cper-layer interconnect.\\u201d Because microvias save space, both outer layers can host dense parts while most routing sits on inner layers.<\\\/p>\\n<h2 data-start=\\\"3699\\\" data-end=\\\"3739\\\">Low impedance ground planes are vital<\\\/h2>\\n<p data-start=\\\"3740\\\" data-end=\\\"3971\\\">When parts and traces get denser in a multilayer board, the risk of EMI and magnetic coupling rises. For HDI design you must ensure the stack has the right structure. Provide enough ground planes to give low impedance return paths.<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"3973\\\" data-end=\\\"4223\\\">Place inner routing layers between ground or power layers to cut cross-coupling and crosstalk. Keep high-speed signal paths short and keep their return paths short too. Plan microvias so they limit signal paths to a small area. This reduces EMI risk.<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"4225\\\" data-end=\\\"4304\\\">For safety, use proper simulation tools to model the HDI PCB before production.<\\\/p>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"4306\\\" data-end=\\\"4309\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"4311\\\" data-end=\\\"4338\\\">Main benefits of HDI PCBs<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"4339\\\" data-end=\\\"4522\\\">Many people want to reduce product size. One of the best ways is to use HDI PCBs. When you need less weight and smaller size but keep function and reliability, HDI is a good solution.<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"4524\\\" data-end=\\\"4537\\\">Key benefits:<\\\/p>\\n<ul data-start=\\\"4538\\\" data-end=\\\"4961\\\">\\n<li data-start=\\\"4538\\\" data-end=\\\"4689\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"4540\\\" data-end=\\\"4689\\\">HDI allows pad-in-pad and blind via use. This lets parts sit close and cuts trace length. Shorter traces often mean faster and more reliable signals.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"4690\\\" data-end=\\\"4825\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"4692\\\" data-end=\\\"4825\\\">These boards can give good performance at a fair cost. HDI is an affordable choice for people who need reliable, durable electronics.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"4826\\\" data-end=\\\"4961\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"4828\\\" data-end=\\\"4961\\\">To decide if HDI fits your project, learn more about them and how to use them. Know the differences between normal PCBs and HDI PCBs.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"4963\\\" data-end=\\\"4966\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"4968\\\" data-end=\\\"4999\\\">Where HDI PCBs are used today<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"5000\\\" data-end=\\\"5058\\\">Because of their benefits, HDI PCBs appear in many fields.<\\\/p>\\n<ol data-start=\\\"5060\\\" data-end=\\\"5687\\\">\\n<li data-start=\\\"5060\\\" data-end=\\\"5305\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"5063\\\" data-end=\\\"5305\\\">Medical devices \\u2014 Many medical tools must be small. Lab gear and implants often need tiny boards. HDI helps here. A pacemaker is a good example. Many monitoring and probe tools, like endoscopes, use HDI too. In these cases, smaller is better.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"5307\\\" data-end=\\\"5431\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"5310\\\" data-end=\\\"5431\\\">Automotive \\u2014 Cars use space well. Some car electronics are getting smaller. HDI helps reduce size while keeping function.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"5433\\\" data-end=\\\"5537\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"5436\\\" data-end=\\\"5537\\\">Mobile devices \\u2014 Tablets and phones use HDI. This is why these devices become thinner as they evolve.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"5539\\\" data-end=\\\"5687\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"5542\\\" data-end=\\\"5687\\\">Aerospace and defense \\u2014 These fields use HDI for its reliability and small size. HDI shows up more as new designs need compact and stable boards.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ol>\\n<p data-start=\\\"5689\\\" data-end=\\\"5739\\\">Many other fields will use more HDI in the future.<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"5689\\\" data-end=\\\"5739\\\">\\u00a0<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"5689\\\" data-end=\\\"5739\\\"><img class=\\\"size-full wp-image-2704 aligncenter\\\" src=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/flj-pcb.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/Mobile-devices-use-HDI.webp\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" width=\\\"420\\\" height=\\\"280\\\" \\\/><\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"5689\\\" data-end=\\\"5739\\\">\\u00a0<\\\/p>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"5741\\\" data-end=\\\"5744\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"5746\\\" data-end=\\\"5780\\\">What makes an HDI PCB an HDI PCB<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"5781\\\" data-end=\\\"6033\\\">An HDI PCB uses blind via plating and then a second lamination step. These boards can be first level, second level, third level, and higher. Makers usually build HDI boards by lamination steps. The more lamination steps, the higher the technical level.<\\\/p>\\n<ul data-start=\\\"6035\\\" data-end=\\\"6248\\\">\\n<li data-start=\\\"6035\\\" data-end=\\\"6084\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"6037\\\" data-end=\\\"6084\\\">Basic HDI boards often use one lamination step.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"6085\\\" data-end=\\\"6138\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"6087\\\" data-end=\\\"6138\\\">Higher level HDI uses two or more lamination steps.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"6139\\\" data-end=\\\"6248\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"6141\\\" data-end=\\\"6248\\\">High-level HDI may use stacked vias, plated filled vias, laser direct drilling, and other advanced methods.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p data-start=\\\"6250\\\" data-end=\\\"6314\\\">Now we explain common layer stacks and how producers build them.<\\\/p>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"6316\\\" data-end=\\\"6319\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"6321\\\" data-end=\\\"6359\\\">Simple single-laminate HDI (example)<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"6360\\\" data-end=\\\"6700\\\">A simple single-laminate HDI board can be a 6-layer board with a 1+4+1 stack. This board is simple. The inner multi-layer board has no buried vias. One lamination completes the board. The manufacturing is similar to normal multilayer single-laminate boards. But after lamination you still need laser drilling for blind vias and other steps.<\\\/p>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"6702\\\" data-end=\\\"6705\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"6707\\\" data-end=\\\"6749\\\">Normal single-laminate HDI (common case)<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"6750\\\" data-end=\\\"7221\\\">A common single-laminate HDI has a structure (1 + N + 1) where N \\u2265 2 and N is even. For example, a single-laminate 6-layer HDI uses 1+4+1. This structure is the mainstream design for single-laminate HDI. The inner multi-layer often has buried vias that require a second lamination step to finish. This single-laminate type often has blind vias and buried vias. If designers can change this type into the simple single-laminate form above, both buyer and supplier benefit.<\\\/p>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"7223\\\" data-end=\\\"7226\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"7228\\\" data-end=\\\"7270\\\">Normal double-laminate HDI (common case)<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"7271\\\" data-end=\\\"7697\\\">A common double-laminate HDI might be an 8-layer board with a 1+1+4+1+1 stack. This stack is (1+1+N+1+1) with N \\u2265 2 and even. This is the mainstream double-laminate design in the PCB industry. The inner multi-layer has buried vias that need three lamination steps. This type often does not have staggered via stacks. If you can change buried vias from layers 3\\u20136 to layers 2\\u20137, you can reduce one lamination step and cut cost.<\\\/p>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"7699\\\" data-end=\\\"7702\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"7704\\\" data-end=\\\"7740\\\">Another common double-laminate HDI<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"7741\\\" data-end=\\\"8283\\\">This type also uses (1+1+N+1+1). Even though it is a double-laminate structure, the buried via sits in a different place \\u2014 between layers 2 and 7. This change can reduce lamination steps from three to two. But this design has one hard point: it can create blind vias from layers 1\\u20133. You must split those into two sets (1\\u20132 and 2\\u20133) and make the 2\\u20133 inner blind vias with via filling. Via filling adds cost and difficulty. So during design, try to avoid stacked vias and change 1\\u20133 blind vias into staggered 1\\u20132 and 2\\u20133 blind and buried vias.<\\\/p>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"8285\\\" data-end=\\\"8288\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"8290\\\" data-end=\\\"8348\\\">Uncommon double-laminate HDI with cross-layer blind vias<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"8349\\\" data-end=\\\"8842\\\">One uncommon double-laminate HDI 6-layer board uses 1+1+2+1+1. It still uses the (1+1+N+1+1) idea with N \\u2265 2 and even. This design has cross-layer blind vias. The blind via depth grows \\u2014 a 1\\u20133 depth blind via is twice the depth of a normal 1\\u20132 blind via. Customers who choose this design have specific needs and do not want the blind via split into stacked vias. These cross-layer blind vias are hard to drill by laser. Copper deposition and plating on such deep blind vias are also difficult.<\\\/p>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"8844\\\" data-end=\\\"8847\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"8849\\\" data-end=\\\"8898\\\">Stacked blind via design in double-laminate HDI<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"8899\\\" data-end=\\\"9278\\\">There is a type where buried vias at layers 2\\u20137 need stacked blind vias above them. This is still a (1+1+N+1+1) structure. Some double-laminate HDI boards use this method. The inner multi-layer has buried vias and needs two lamination steps. The key is that the stacked via design adds difficulty. But placing buried vias at layers 2\\u20137 reduces one lamination step and saves cost.<\\\/p>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"9280\\\" data-end=\\\"9283\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"9285\\\" data-end=\\\"9338\\\">Cross-layer blind via design in double-laminate HDI<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"9339\\\" data-end=\\\"9875\\\">Another double-laminate (1+1+N+1+1) design includes cross-layer blind vias. This design is harder to make and some HDI makers lack the skill. The inner multi-layer has buried vias in layers 3\\u20136 and needs three lamination steps. The main issue is the cross-layer blind via design. If you can split the 1\\u20133 cross-layer via into 1\\u20132 and 2\\u20133 blind vias, the cost drops and the process becomes simpler. Note: this split differs from the stacked-via split explained earlier. This split uses staggered blind vias instead of stacked blind vias.<\\\/p>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"9877\\\" data-end=\\\"9880\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"9882\\\" data-end=\\\"9897\\\">Levels of HDI<\\\/h1>\\n<ul data-start=\\\"9898\\\" data-end=\\\"10118\\\">\\n<li data-start=\\\"9898\\\" data-end=\\\"9974\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"9900\\\" data-end=\\\"9974\\\">First-level (1st order) HDI is simple. The process and control are easier.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"9975\\\" data-end=\\\"10042\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"9977\\\" data-end=\\\"10042\\\">Second-level HDI is more complex in production and manufacturing.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"10043\\\" data-end=\\\"10118\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"10045\\\" data-end=\\\"10118\\\">Third-level and above follow the second-level rules but are more complex.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"10120\\\" data-end=\\\"10123\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"10125\\\" data-end=\\\"10167\\\">Differences between HDI and regular PCBs<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"10168\\\" data-end=\\\"10482\\\">HDI boards are often made by lamination techniques using thin core materials. The more laminations, the higher the process level. Most HDI boards use one lamination. High-level HDI uses two or more lamination techniques and adds advanced methods such as stacked vias, plated filled vias, and laser direct drilling.<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"10484\\\" data-end=\\\"10746\\\">When the relative density of a PCB gets higher than an eight-layer board, making it by HDI often costs less than doing complex traditional lamination and pressing. HDI boards often have higher mechanical strength and better signal accuracy than traditional PCBs.<\\\/p>\\n<p data-start=\\\"10748\\\" data-end=\\\"10792\\\">Other improvements of HDI over regular PCBs:<\\\/p>\\n<ul data-start=\\\"10793\\\" data-end=\\\"10940\\\">\\n<li data-start=\\\"10793\\\" data-end=\\\"10843\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"10795\\\" data-end=\\\"10843\\\">Better performance for microwave and RF signals.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"10844\\\" data-end=\\\"10914\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"10846\\\" data-end=\\\"10914\\\">Better resistance to radio interference and electrostatic discharge.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"10915\\\" data-end=\\\"10940\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"10917\\\" data-end=\\\"10940\\\">Better heat conduction.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\\n<p data-start=\\\"10942\\\" data-end=\\\"11053\\\">High-density integration (HDI) allows end products to be smaller and more standard in function and performance.<\\\/p>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"11055\\\" data-end=\\\"11058\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"11060\\\" data-end=\\\"11100\\\">Simple advice for designers and buyers<\\\/h1>\\n<ol data-start=\\\"11101\\\" data-end=\\\"11930\\\">\\n<li data-start=\\\"11101\\\" data-end=\\\"11162\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"11104\\\" data-end=\\\"11162\\\">Use HDI when you need smaller size and better performance.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"11163\\\" data-end=\\\"11245\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"11166\\\" data-end=\\\"11245\\\">Talk to your PCB supplier early. HDI needs design-for-manufacture (DFM) checks.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"11246\\\" data-end=\\\"11315\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"11249\\\" data-end=\\\"11315\\\">Ask for IPC-based specs. Use IPC-2226 and IPC-6016 where possible.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"11316\\\" data-end=\\\"11386\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"11319\\\" data-end=\\\"11386\\\">Plan stackups with enough ground planes to keep return paths short.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"11387\\\" data-end=\\\"11476\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"11390\\\" data-end=\\\"11476\\\">Use microvia sizes that match your PCB house capability. Common: 3\\u20135 mil, often 4 mil.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"11477\\\" data-end=\\\"11569\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"11480\\\" data-end=\\\"11569\\\">Try to avoid stacked vias unless necessary. Staggered blind\\\/buried vias are often easier.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"11570\\\" data-end=\\\"11655\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"11573\\\" data-end=\\\"11655\\\">If you choose multi-step lamination HDI, expect more process steps and inspection.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"11656\\\" data-end=\\\"11744\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"11659\\\" data-end=\\\"11744\\\">Use proper simulation for high-speed or RF designs to check EMI and signal integrity.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"11745\\\" data-end=\\\"11832\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"11748\\\" data-end=\\\"11832\\\">For BGA fan-out, microvias and pad-in-pad help reduce fan-out area and trace length.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<li data-start=\\\"11833\\\" data-end=\\\"11930\\\">\\n<p data-start=\\\"11837\\\" data-end=\\\"11930\\\">For cost control, reduce the number of lamination steps when you can. Optimize via placement.<\\\/p>\\n<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ol>\\n<hr data-start=\\\"11932\\\" data-end=\\\"11935\\\" \\\/>\\n<h1 data-start=\\\"11937\\\" data-end=\\\"11954\\\">Closing summary<\\\/h1>\\n<p data-start=\\\"11955\\\" data-end=\\\"12546\\\">HDI boards are high density interconnect PCBs that use micro blind and buried vias. They let designers pack more traces and parts into less space. HDI routing calls for careful stackup planning, good ground planes, exact microvia use, and proper DFM checks. HDI gives clear benefits on size, signal speed, and performance. HDI appears in many fields, from medical and mobile to automotive and aerospace. The more complex the HDI level, the more advanced the process and the higher the cost. Good design and early supplier communication will help you get the right HDI board for your product.<\\\/p>\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"83b8d93\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":false},{\"id\":\"s1ztwe2\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"settings\":{\"gap\":\"no\",\"content_position\":\"top\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"background_color\":\"#FFFFFF00\",\"background_position\":\"bottom center\",\"background_attachment\":\"scroll\",\"background_repeat\":\"no-repeat\",\"background_size\":\"cover\",\"background_size_mobile\":\"cover\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"classic\",\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0)\",\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"120\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"120\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"80\",\"right\":\"40\",\"bottom\":\"80\",\"left\":\"40\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"34edf50\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7882748\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"settings\":{\"_column_size\":100,\"_inline_size\":null,\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"space_between_widgets\":40,\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"a7931df\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9fc6712\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Frequently Asked Questions\",\"align\":\"center\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"4cc2d19\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"631b990\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"tab_title\":\"What are microvias, blind vias and buried vias?\",\"tab_content\":\"<p>Microvias are very small vias (often laser-drilled) that connect only adjacent layers. 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These via types save board space and improve routing.<\\\/p>\",\"_id\":\"9c164e4\"},{\"_id\":\"d65c929\",\"tab_title\":\"What are the main advantages of HDI PCBs?\",\"tab_content\":\"<p>Key benefits: higher component density, shorter signal paths (better signal integrity), smaller and lighter products, and improved routing for fine-pitch BGAs and high-speed circuits.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"0bc55ef\",\"tab_title\":\"Accordion Title\",\"tab_content\":\"<p>Common applications: smartphones and mobile devices, 5G and network equipment, medical devices, aerospace, automotive electronics, and compact consumer products.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"900483d\",\"tab_title\":\"What design rules are special for HDI?\",\"tab_content\":\"<p>Important rules: limit microvia diameter and spacing, control dielectric thickness and impedance, plan BGA escape routes (dogbone fanouts), and avoid via-in-pad unless properly filled\\\/planarized. 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class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-c325e24 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\\\" data-id=\\\"c325e24\\\" data-element_type=\\\"container\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"e-con-inner\\\">\\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"2ce50fb","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<h2 data-start=\"78\" data-end=\"101\">What is an HDI PCB<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"607\">An HDI board is a high density interconnect printed circuit board. It uses micro blind and buried vias. These boards have a high line density. They have inner layer traces and outer layer traces. They also use drilled holes and plated holes to link traces between layers. As electronic products get smaller and more precise, makers ask for denser PCBs. The best way to increase PCB density is to cut the number of through-holes and to add well-placed blind and buried vias. This need led to the HDI board.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"607\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"607\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-2703 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/hdi-pcb.webp\" alt=\"hdi pcb\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"607\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"609\" data-end=\"626\">IPC definition<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"627\" data-end=\"681\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.electronics.org\/TOC\/IPC-2226A.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">IPC-2226<\/a> gives a clear rule for blind and buried vias:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"682\" data-end=\"1035\">\n<li data-start=\"682\" data-end=\"734\">\n<p data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"734\">Via or buried via diameter \u2264 0.15 mm (0.00591 in).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"735\" data-end=\"781\">\n<p data-start=\"737\" data-end=\"781\">Annular ring diameter \u2264 0.35 mm (0.0138 in).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"1035\">\n<p data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"1035\">These vias can be made by laser or mechanical drilling, or by dry\/wet etching, or by pattern transfer. Then a conductive plating covers the hole.<br \/>Note: If the hole diameter is &gt; 0.15 mm (0.00591 in), treat it as a through-hole under the same standard.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 data-start=\"1037\" data-end=\"1069\">Common drilling sizes for HDI<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1070\" data-end=\"1183\">Common via sizes for HDI are 3\u20135 mil. Designers most often use 4 mil as a middle value for design and production.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"1185\" data-end=\"1221\">Common IPC standards used for HDI<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1222\" data-end=\"1265\">Typical IPC standards for HDI work include:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1627\">\n<li data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1351\">\n<p data-start=\"1269\" data-end=\"1351\">IPC\/JPCA-2315 \u2014 Guide for high density interconnect structure and microvia design.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1352\" data-end=\"1441\">\n<p data-start=\"1355\" data-end=\"1441\">IPC-2226 \u2014 Design standard for high density interconnect (HDI) printed circuit boards.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1442\" data-end=\"1545\">\n<p data-start=\"1445\" data-end=\"1545\">IPC\/JPCA-4104 \u2014 Specification for dielectric material validation and performance for HDI structures.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1546\" data-end=\"1627\">\n<p data-start=\"1549\" data-end=\"1627\">IPC-6016 \u2014 Specification for qualification and performance for HDI structures.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"1629\" data-end=\"1632\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"1634\" data-end=\"1668\">HDI routing: challenges and tips<\/h1>\n<h2 data-start=\"1670\" data-end=\"1695\">What HDI routing means<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"1696\" data-end=\"2034\">HDI routing means using the latest design ideas and manufacturing methods to make a denser layout without changing the circuit function. In short, HDI uses more routing layers, smaller traces, smaller vias, smaller pads, and thinner cores. This lets you fit complex and often high-speed circuits into spaces that were not possible before.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2036\" data-end=\"2381\">As the manufacturing methods get better, HDI routing appears in many designs. You will find HDI in motherboards, graphics cards, phones, and other devices with little space. If you do HDI right, you can shrink the board size and also cut EMI problems on the PCB. Lowering cost is a key goal for many companies. HDI routing helps reach that goal.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"2383\" data-end=\"2411\">HDI routing and microvias<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2412\" data-end=\"2575\">HDI routing is more complex than normal multi-layer routing. You might know how to design 8-layer or 16-layer PCBs. Still, HDI introduces new ideas you must learn.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2941\">In a normal PCB, we view the whole board as one item with many layers. In HDI, designers must think of many ultra-thin layers stacked to form one board. The main driver for HDI routing is the via technology. Vias are no longer only the plated holes drilled through the finished stack. Traditional through-holes reduce the space available for routing on each layer.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2941\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2941\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-2702 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/HDI-microvias.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2577\" data-end=\"2941\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"2943\" data-end=\"2982\">Traditional vias are not fit for HDI<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2983\" data-end=\"3410\">In HDI routing, microvias are the key. They let many dense layers connect together. To explain, microvias look like blind or buried vias but follow a different method. Traditional vias are drilled after the layers are stacked. Microvias are laser drilled on layers before stacking. Laser-drilled microvias allow the smallest hole sizes and pad sizes between layers. This helps with <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/pcb-assembly\/bga-assmebly\/\">BGA<\/a> fan-out layouts where pins sit in a grid.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"3412\" data-end=\"3437\">HDI routing strategies<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3438\" data-end=\"3697\">With microvias, PCB designers can route complex networks on many layers. This method is sometimes called \u201cany-layer HDI\u201d or \u201cper-layer interconnect.\u201d Because microvias save space, both outer layers can host dense parts while most routing sits on inner layers.<\/p>\n<h2 data-start=\"3699\" data-end=\"3739\">Low impedance ground planes are vital<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3740\" data-end=\"3971\">When parts and traces get denser in a multilayer board, the risk of EMI and magnetic coupling rises. For HDI design you must ensure the stack has the right structure. Provide enough ground planes to give low impedance return paths.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3973\" data-end=\"4223\">Place inner routing layers between ground or power layers to cut cross-coupling and crosstalk. Keep high-speed signal paths short and keep their return paths short too. Plan microvias so they limit signal paths to a small area. This reduces EMI risk.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4225\" data-end=\"4304\">For safety, use proper simulation tools to model the HDI PCB before production.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4306\" data-end=\"4309\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"4311\" data-end=\"4338\">Main benefits of HDI PCBs<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"4339\" data-end=\"4522\">Many people want to reduce product size. One of the best ways is to use HDI PCBs. When you need less weight and smaller size but keep function and reliability, HDI is a good solution.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4524\" data-end=\"4537\">Key benefits:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4538\" data-end=\"4961\">\n<li data-start=\"4538\" data-end=\"4689\">\n<p data-start=\"4540\" data-end=\"4689\">HDI allows pad-in-pad and blind via use. This lets parts sit close and cuts trace length. Shorter traces often mean faster and more reliable signals.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4690\" data-end=\"4825\">\n<p data-start=\"4692\" data-end=\"4825\">These boards can give good performance at a fair cost. HDI is an affordable choice for people who need reliable, durable electronics.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4826\" data-end=\"4961\">\n<p data-start=\"4828\" data-end=\"4961\">To decide if HDI fits your project, learn more about them and how to use them. Know the differences between normal PCBs and HDI PCBs.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"4963\" data-end=\"4966\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"4968\" data-end=\"4999\">Where HDI PCBs are used today<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"5000\" data-end=\"5058\">Because of their benefits, HDI PCBs appear in many fields.<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"5060\" data-end=\"5687\">\n<li data-start=\"5060\" data-end=\"5305\">\n<p data-start=\"5063\" data-end=\"5305\">Medical devices \u2014 Many medical tools must be small. Lab gear and implants often need tiny boards. HDI helps here. A pacemaker is a good example. Many monitoring and probe tools, like endoscopes, use HDI too. In these cases, smaller is better.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5307\" data-end=\"5431\">\n<p data-start=\"5310\" data-end=\"5431\">Automotive \u2014 Cars use space well. Some car electronics are getting smaller. HDI helps reduce size while keeping function.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5433\" data-end=\"5537\">\n<p data-start=\"5436\" data-end=\"5537\">Mobile devices \u2014 Tablets and phones use HDI. This is why these devices become thinner as they evolve.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5539\" data-end=\"5687\">\n<p data-start=\"5542\" data-end=\"5687\">Aerospace and defense \u2014 These fields use HDI for its reliability and small size. HDI shows up more as new designs need compact and stable boards.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"5689\" data-end=\"5739\">Many other fields will use more HDI in the future.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5689\" data-end=\"5739\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5689\" data-end=\"5739\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-2704 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Mobile-devices-use-HDI.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"420\" height=\"280\" \/><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5689\" data-end=\"5739\">\u00a0<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5741\" data-end=\"5744\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"5746\" data-end=\"5780\">What makes an HDI PCB an HDI PCB<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"5781\" data-end=\"6033\">An HDI PCB uses blind via plating and then a second lamination step. These boards can be first level, second level, third level, and higher. Makers usually build HDI boards by lamination steps. The more lamination steps, the higher the technical level.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"6035\" data-end=\"6248\">\n<li data-start=\"6035\" data-end=\"6084\">\n<p data-start=\"6037\" data-end=\"6084\">Basic HDI boards often use one lamination step.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6085\" data-end=\"6138\">\n<p data-start=\"6087\" data-end=\"6138\">Higher level HDI uses two or more lamination steps.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6139\" data-end=\"6248\">\n<p data-start=\"6141\" data-end=\"6248\">High-level HDI may use stacked vias, plated filled vias, laser direct drilling, and other advanced methods.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"6250\" data-end=\"6314\">Now we explain common layer stacks and how producers build them.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6316\" data-end=\"6319\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"6321\" data-end=\"6359\">Simple single-laminate HDI (example)<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"6360\" data-end=\"6700\">A simple single-laminate HDI board can be a 6-layer board with a 1+4+1 stack. This board is simple. The inner multi-layer board has no buried vias. One lamination completes the board. The manufacturing is similar to normal multilayer single-laminate boards. But after lamination you still need laser drilling for blind vias and other steps.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"6702\" data-end=\"6705\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"6707\" data-end=\"6749\">Normal single-laminate HDI (common case)<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"6750\" data-end=\"7221\">A common single-laminate HDI has a structure (1 + N + 1) where N \u2265 2 and N is even. For example, a single-laminate 6-layer HDI uses 1+4+1. This structure is the mainstream design for single-laminate HDI. The inner multi-layer often has buried vias that require a second lamination step to finish. This single-laminate type often has blind vias and buried vias. If designers can change this type into the simple single-laminate form above, both buyer and supplier benefit.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7223\" data-end=\"7226\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"7228\" data-end=\"7270\">Normal double-laminate HDI (common case)<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"7271\" data-end=\"7697\">A common double-laminate HDI might be an 8-layer board with a 1+1+4+1+1 stack. This stack is (1+1+N+1+1) with N \u2265 2 and even. This is the mainstream double-laminate design in the PCB industry. The inner multi-layer has buried vias that need three lamination steps. This type often does not have staggered via stacks. If you can change buried vias from layers 3\u20136 to layers 2\u20137, you can reduce one lamination step and cut cost.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"7699\" data-end=\"7702\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"7704\" data-end=\"7740\">Another common double-laminate HDI<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"7741\" data-end=\"8283\">This type also uses (1+1+N+1+1). Even though it is a double-laminate structure, the buried via sits in a different place \u2014 between layers 2 and 7. This change can reduce lamination steps from three to two. But this design has one hard point: it can create blind vias from layers 1\u20133. You must split those into two sets (1\u20132 and 2\u20133) and make the 2\u20133 inner blind vias with via filling. Via filling adds cost and difficulty. So during design, try to avoid stacked vias and change 1\u20133 blind vias into staggered 1\u20132 and 2\u20133 blind and buried vias.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8285\" data-end=\"8288\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"8290\" data-end=\"8348\">Uncommon double-laminate HDI with cross-layer blind vias<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"8349\" data-end=\"8842\">One uncommon double-laminate HDI 6-layer board uses 1+1+2+1+1. It still uses the (1+1+N+1+1) idea with N \u2265 2 and even. This design has cross-layer blind vias. The blind via depth grows \u2014 a 1\u20133 depth blind via is twice the depth of a normal 1\u20132 blind via. Customers who choose this design have specific needs and do not want the blind via split into stacked vias. These cross-layer blind vias are hard to drill by laser. Copper deposition and plating on such deep blind vias are also difficult.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"8844\" data-end=\"8847\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"8849\" data-end=\"8898\">Stacked blind via design in double-laminate HDI<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"8899\" data-end=\"9278\">There is a type where buried vias at layers 2\u20137 need stacked blind vias above them. This is still a (1+1+N+1+1) structure. Some double-laminate HDI boards use this method. The inner multi-layer has buried vias and needs two lamination steps. The key is that the stacked via design adds difficulty. But placing buried vias at layers 2\u20137 reduces one lamination step and saves cost.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9280\" data-end=\"9283\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"9285\" data-end=\"9338\">Cross-layer blind via design in double-laminate HDI<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"9339\" data-end=\"9875\">Another double-laminate (1+1+N+1+1) design includes cross-layer blind vias. This design is harder to make and some HDI makers lack the skill. The inner multi-layer has buried vias in layers 3\u20136 and needs three lamination steps. The main issue is the cross-layer blind via design. If you can split the 1\u20133 cross-layer via into 1\u20132 and 2\u20133 blind vias, the cost drops and the process becomes simpler. Note: this split differs from the stacked-via split explained earlier. This split uses staggered blind vias instead of stacked blind vias.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"9877\" data-end=\"9880\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"9882\" data-end=\"9897\">Levels of HDI<\/h1>\n<ul data-start=\"9898\" data-end=\"10118\">\n<li data-start=\"9898\" data-end=\"9974\">\n<p data-start=\"9900\" data-end=\"9974\">First-level (1st order) HDI is simple. The process and control are easier.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"9975\" data-end=\"10042\">\n<p data-start=\"9977\" data-end=\"10042\">Second-level HDI is more complex in production and manufacturing.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"10043\" data-end=\"10118\">\n<p data-start=\"10045\" data-end=\"10118\">Third-level and above follow the second-level rules but are more complex.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"10120\" data-end=\"10123\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"10125\" data-end=\"10167\">Differences between HDI and regular PCBs<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"10168\" data-end=\"10482\">HDI boards are often made by lamination techniques using thin core materials. The more laminations, the higher the process level. Most HDI boards use one lamination. High-level HDI uses two or more lamination techniques and adds advanced methods such as stacked vias, plated filled vias, and laser direct drilling.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"10484\" data-end=\"10746\">When the relative density of a PCB gets higher than an eight-layer board, making it by HDI often costs less than doing complex traditional lamination and pressing. HDI boards often have higher mechanical strength and better signal accuracy than traditional PCBs.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"10748\" data-end=\"10792\">Other improvements of HDI over regular PCBs:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"10793\" data-end=\"10940\">\n<li data-start=\"10793\" data-end=\"10843\">\n<p data-start=\"10795\" data-end=\"10843\">Better performance for microwave and RF signals.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"10844\" data-end=\"10914\">\n<p data-start=\"10846\" data-end=\"10914\">Better resistance to radio interference and electrostatic discharge.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"10915\" data-end=\"10940\">\n<p data-start=\"10917\" data-end=\"10940\">Better heat conduction.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"10942\" data-end=\"11053\">High-density integration (HDI) allows end products to be smaller and more standard in function and performance.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"11055\" data-end=\"11058\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"11060\" data-end=\"11100\">Simple advice for designers and buyers<\/h1>\n<ol data-start=\"11101\" data-end=\"11930\">\n<li data-start=\"11101\" data-end=\"11162\">\n<p data-start=\"11104\" data-end=\"11162\">Use HDI when you need smaller size and better performance.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11163\" data-end=\"11245\">\n<p data-start=\"11166\" data-end=\"11245\">Talk to your PCB supplier early. HDI needs design-for-manufacture (DFM) checks.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11246\" data-end=\"11315\">\n<p data-start=\"11249\" data-end=\"11315\">Ask for IPC-based specs. Use IPC-2226 and IPC-6016 where possible.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11316\" data-end=\"11386\">\n<p data-start=\"11319\" data-end=\"11386\">Plan stackups with enough ground planes to keep return paths short.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11387\" data-end=\"11476\">\n<p data-start=\"11390\" data-end=\"11476\">Use microvia sizes that match your PCB house capability. Common: 3\u20135 mil, often 4 mil.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11477\" data-end=\"11569\">\n<p data-start=\"11480\" data-end=\"11569\">Try to avoid stacked vias unless necessary. Staggered blind\/buried vias are often easier.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11570\" data-end=\"11655\">\n<p data-start=\"11573\" data-end=\"11655\">If you choose multi-step lamination HDI, expect more process steps and inspection.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11656\" data-end=\"11744\">\n<p data-start=\"11659\" data-end=\"11744\">Use proper simulation for high-speed or RF designs to check EMI and signal integrity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11745\" data-end=\"11832\">\n<p data-start=\"11748\" data-end=\"11832\">For BGA fan-out, microvias and pad-in-pad help reduce fan-out area and trace length.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"11833\" data-end=\"11930\">\n<p data-start=\"11837\" data-end=\"11930\">For cost control, reduce the number of lamination steps when you can. Optimize via placement.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"11932\" data-end=\"11935\" \/>\n<h1 data-start=\"11937\" data-end=\"11954\">Closing summary<\/h1>\n<p data-start=\"11955\" data-end=\"12546\">HDI boards are high density interconnect PCBs that use micro blind and buried vias. They let designers pack more traces and parts into less space. HDI routing calls for careful stackup planning, good ground planes, exact microvia use, and proper DFM checks. HDI gives clear benefits on size, signal speed, and performance. HDI appears in many fields, from medical and mobile to automotive and aerospace. The more complex the HDI level, the more advanced the process and the higher the cost. Good design and early supplier communication will help you get the right HDI board for your product.<\/p>","display_condition_list":[{"display_condition_login_status":"subscriber","_id":"83b8d93"}]},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<section class=\\\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-s1ztwe2 elementor-section-content-top elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\\\" data-id=\\\"s1ztwe2\\\" data-element_type=\\\"section\\\" data-settings=\\\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-background-overlay\\\"><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7882748\\\" data-id=\\\"7882748\\\" data-element_type=\\\"column\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fc6712 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\\\" data-id=\\\"9fc6712\\\" data-element_type=\\\"widget\\\" data-widget_type=\\\"heading.default\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-widget-container\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<h2 class=\\\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\\\">Frequently Asked Questions<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-element elementor-element-631b990 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\\\" data-id=\\\"631b990\\\" data-element_type=\\\"widget\\\" data-widget_type=\\\"accordion.default\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-widget-container\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion-item\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1031\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-title\\\" data-tab=\\\"1\\\" role=\\\"button\\\" aria-controls=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1031\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<a class=\\\"elementor-accordion-title\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">What are microvias, blind vias and buried vias?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1031\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\\\" data-tab=\\\"1\\\" role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1031\\\"><p>Microvias are very small vias (often laser-drilled) that connect only adjacent layers. Blind vias connect outer layers to inner layers; buried vias only connect inner layers. These via types save board space and improve routing.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion-item\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1032\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-title\\\" data-tab=\\\"2\\\" role=\\\"button\\\" aria-controls=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1032\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<a class=\\\"elementor-accordion-title\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">What are the main advantages of HDI PCBs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1032\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\\\" data-tab=\\\"2\\\" role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1032\\\"><p>Key benefits: higher component density, shorter signal paths (better signal integrity), smaller and lighter products, and improved routing for fine-pitch BGAs and high-speed circuits.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion-item\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1033\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-title\\\" data-tab=\\\"3\\\" role=\\\"button\\\" aria-controls=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1033\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<a class=\\\"elementor-accordion-title\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">Accordion Title<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1033\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\\\" data-tab=\\\"3\\\" role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1033\\\"><p>Common applications: smartphones and mobile devices, 5G and network equipment, medical devices, aerospace, automotive electronics, and compact consumer products.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion-item\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1034\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-title\\\" data-tab=\\\"4\\\" role=\\\"button\\\" aria-controls=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1034\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<a class=\\\"elementor-accordion-title\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">What design rules are special for HDI?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1034\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\\\" data-tab=\\\"4\\\" role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1034\\\"><p>Important rules: limit microvia diameter and spacing, control dielectric thickness and impedance, plan BGA escape routes (dogbone fanouts), and avoid via-in-pad unless properly filled\\\/planarized. Follow DFM and your fabricator\\u2019s capability matrix.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div class=\\\"elementor-accordion-item\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1035\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-title\\\" data-tab=\\\"5\\\" role=\\\"button\\\" aria-controls=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1035\\\" aria-expanded=\\\"false\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\\\" aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\">\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<span class=\\\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\\\"><svg class=\\\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus-circle\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 512 512\\\" xmlns=\\\"http:\\\/\\\/www.w3.org\\\/2000\\\/svg\\\"><path d=\\\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zM124 296c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h264c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12H124z\\\"><\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<a class=\\\"elementor-accordion-title\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\">Accordion Title<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<div id=\\\"elementor-tab-content-1035\\\" class=\\\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\\\" data-tab=\\\"5\\\" role=\\\"region\\\" aria-labelledby=\\\"elementor-tab-title-1035\\\">Accordion Content<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-1915.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-1915.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"What is an HDI PCB An HDI board is a high density interconnect printed circuit board. It uses micro blind [&hellip;]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1915","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1915"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1915\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3330,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1915\/revisions\/3330"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1915"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}