{"id":2370,"date":"2025-09-03T01:59:36","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T01:59:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=2370"},"modified":"2025-09-10T08:44:32","modified_gmt":"2025-09-10T08:44:32","slug":"high-speed-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/pcb-manufacturer\/high-speed-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2370\" class=\"elementor elementor-2370\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b846ed4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b846ed4\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aff9c6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aff9c6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">\u03a3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/h1><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u03a9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 PCB, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd. \u03a3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd 100 MHz. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 PCB \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 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\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u039f \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u201cPCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\u201d, \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2;<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7 \u03bb\u03ad\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 45-50 MHz \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 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\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 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\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u0395\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 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\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03cd\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03ae, \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u039f \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03b2\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2.<\/div><h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">1. \u03a3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/h2><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u0395\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2; \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9: \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac.<\/div><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">1.1 \u03a8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b8\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c9\u03c2 0 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 1, \u03ae off \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 on.<\/div><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">1.2 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c8\u03b7\u03c6\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1.<\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/div><h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h2><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">2.1 \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u039f \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5.<\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\"><li><strong>\u03a7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/strong>: \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1. \u0395\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li><li><strong>\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong>: \u0391\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2.<\/li><li><strong>\u0398\u03cc\u03c1\u03c5\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong>: \u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 PCB \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03b8\u03cc\u03c1\u03c5\u03b2\u03bf. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b8\u03cc\u03c1\u03c5\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1. \u039f \u03b8\u03cc\u03c1\u03c5\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03cc\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">2.2 \u039b\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u0395\u03c5\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ce\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\"><li><strong>\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong>: \u039f \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 PCB. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/li><li><strong>\u0391\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af<\/strong>: \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc. \u0391\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b5\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b9.<\/li><li><strong>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong>: \u0391\u03c6\u03ae\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b8\u03cc\u03c1\u03c5\u03b2\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2. \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2.<\/li><\/ul><h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">3. \u0394\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/div><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">3.1 \u03a3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1. \u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5, \u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/div><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">3.2 \u0391\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u0393\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 PCB. \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03af\u03c4\u03c3\u03bf \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 RF, \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc PCB RF. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 RF \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2. \u0392\u03ac\u03bb\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1.<\/div><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">3.3 \u03a4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u0397 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2. \u03a3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9.<\/div><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">3.4 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c2<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03cd\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac\u03bc\u03c8\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 op \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c8\u03b7\u03c2. \u0397 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/div><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">3.5 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b7\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac.<\/div><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">3.6 \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03b5\u03b4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b1\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03be\u03c4\u03b5: \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2.<\/div><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">3.7 \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 op \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd.<\/div><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">3.8 \u0394\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u0397 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u039f \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 PCB \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03b8\u03c9\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03b6\u03b5\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/div><h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">4. \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf \u03ae \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7.<\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><ol class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\"><li><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\"><strong>\u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2;<\/strong><br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 DDR, \u03c4\u03bf PCIe \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b2\u03af\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bf, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 DVI \u03ae \u03b7 HDMI. \u038c\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\"><strong>\u039b\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2<\/strong><br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf DDR, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2. \u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: \u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\"><strong>\u03a0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong><br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u039a\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 RF. \u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 SMA \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 RF, \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5.<\/div><\/li><li><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\"><strong>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong><br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/div><\/li><\/ol><h2 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">5. \u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/h2><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">\u039f \u03cc\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u201c\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\u201d \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 Df, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf FR-4. \u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf Df \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1;<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03cd\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03ca\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b7, \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf, \u03c4\u03b1 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\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7. \u0397 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae Df \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u03a4\u03b1 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\u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u0391 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 22 \u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac 100 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (Df: 0,022). \u039f \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b2\u03b5\u03bd\u03b6\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u0392 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 4,5 \u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac 100 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 (Df: 0,0045). \u039f\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03bd \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf 50 \u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 800 \u03c7\u03bb\u03bc., \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b5\u03bd\u03b6\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03af. \u03a4\u03bf fuel saver \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1. \u0391\u03bd \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf 200 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b5\u03bd\u03b6\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03cc\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac. \u03a4\u03bf fuel saver \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03af, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03cb\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf Df. \u03a4\u03bf Df \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd.<\/div><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">5.1 \u039a\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 Df (\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 10 GHz)<\/h3><ul class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\"><li>\u03a4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2: 10 GHz: Df &lt; 0,022 @ 10 GHz<\/li><li>\u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd: 10 GHz: Df &lt; 0,012 @ 10 GHz<\/li><li>\u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd: 10 GHz: Df &lt; 0,008 @ 10 GHz<\/li><li>\u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2: Df &lt; 0,005 @ 10 GHz<\/li><li>\u03a5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03c9\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd: Df &lt; 0,003 @ 10 GHz<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>High-speed PCB Design High-speed PCB design means any design where signal integrity starts to be affected by the PCB\u2019s physical [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1898,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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interconnects, and layer stack-up.<br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>Modern electronics push edge rates and clock speeds higher. Today many digital systems have signal frequencies above 100 MHz. At those speeds, transmission-line effects appear on PCB traces and can seriously affect system behavior. The PCB design process for high speed is the process of solving the signal integrity problems that high speed creates. People use the term \\u201chigh-speed PCB\\u201d a lot, so what exactly is a high-speed PCB board?<br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>One view says a digital circuit is high speed when its rate reaches or exceeds about 45\\u201350 MHz and signals at that rate make up more than one third of the system. In fact, a signal\\u2019s harmonic frequencies are higher than its base frequency. Fast changes \\u2014 the rising and falling edges or transitions \\u2014 cause unexpected transmission results. A common practical rule is this: if a line\\u2019s propagation delay is greater than half of the digital signal\\u2019s rise time, that signal is treated as a high-speed signal and transmission-line effects matter.<br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>Signal transfer matters at the instant the signal changes state, for example during rise or fall time. A signal needs a fixed time to travel from driver to receiver. If the travel time is less than half the rise or fall time, then any reflection from the receiver will reach the driver before the signal finishes changing. If the travel time is longer than half the rise or fall time, the reflection returns after the change. If the reflection is large, the summed waveform can change the logic state.<br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>In short, to design a high-quality high-speed PCB you must think about both signal integrity and power integrity. We also need to know the difference between high-speed signals and high-frequency signals. The direct effects usually show up as signal integrity problems, but the root cause often links back to power integrity. Power integrity directly affects the final signal integrity of the board.<br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>When you start designing a board and you see trouble like delay, crosstalk, reflection, or unwanted emission, you are in the high-speed PCB design domain.<br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>High-speed PCB design is the layout of circuit boards for high-speed circuits. These are circuits where the board\\u2019s physical parts affect signal integrity. Those physical factors include layout, stack-up, and interconnects.<br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>When you do high-speed PCB design you must spend more time than usual on the exact placement of traces, their widths, how close they are to other signals, and the types of parts the traces connect to.<\\\/div><h2 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">1. Signals and Signal Integrity<\\\/h2><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">Whether you work on ordinary or high-speed PCB design, the board sends signals along traces to endpoints. So what are high-speed signals? There are two main types: analog and digital.<\\\/div><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">1.1 Digital Signals<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">Digital signals are simpler than analog signals. They are a series of low and high levels. You can think of them as 0 and 1, or off and on.<\\\/div><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">1.2 Analog Signals<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">Analog signals vary more than digital signals. They may swing positive and negative. The signal changes by amplitude and by frequency.<\\\/div><p>\\u00a0<\\\/p><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">When you design a circuit, keep these common problems and fixes in mind to improve board performance.<\\\/div><h2 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">2. Common Problems and Solutions<\\\/h2><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">2.1 Problems<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">High-speed PCB design is very sensitive. You may meet several problems during a project. Here are three common problems to watch.<\\\/div><p>\\u00a0<\\\/p><ul class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\"><li><strong>Timing<\\\/strong>: If signal timing is wrong you can get corrupted data. Because of timing issues, make sure every routed signal and every clock signal arrives at the right time relative to all other signals.<\\\/li><li><strong>Distortion<\\\/strong>: Signal integrity means signals arrive in the right shape. If signals do not look right at the endpoints, they likely suffered distortion along the way.<\\\/li><li><strong>Noise<\\\/strong>: Every PCB makes some noise. But too much noise can corrupt data. Noise often appears when one signal rings unexpectedly and affects nearby signals.<\\\/li><\\\/ul><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">2.2 Solutions<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">Fortunately, these issues have known fixes. They are key parts of high-speed design.<\\\/div><p>\\u00a0<\\\/p><ul class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\"><li><strong>Impedance<\\\/strong>: Impedance control is a basic fix for many common PCB problems. When the impedance between transmitter and receiver is correct, signal quality, integrity, and sensitivity improve.<\\\/li><li><strong>Matching<\\\/strong>: Length matching helps timing. If you match the lengths of coupled traces, they will arrive together and stay in sync with the clock.<\\\/li><li><strong>Spacing<\\\/strong>: Leaving enough space between traces helps protect them from noise and other interference. Avoid placing traces too close to reduce interference.<\\\/li><\\\/ul><h2 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">3. High-speed PCB Layout<\\\/h2><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">When we talk about what makes a PCB high-speed, remember many layout rules apply. Planning layout early helps keep the project on schedule and reduces errors.<\\\/div><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">3.1 Schematic<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">The first step is to draw the circuit as a schematic. While you draw, think about signal flow. Try to capture a natural left-to-right flow and include as much useful information as you can.<\\\/div><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">3.2 Requirements<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">Write clear PCB layout instructions. Include the board\\u2019s purpose, a circuit sketch, the board stack-up, component placement, and spacing between traces and circuits. You may also need to note what types of signals go on each layer. For example, if you use RF, consider RF PCB design. RF signals have special needs. Put everything in the requirements that the board needs to work reliably.<\\\/div><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">3.3 Placement<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">Component placement is one of the most important parts of layout. Think about where circuits sit on the board and what surrounds them.<\\\/div><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">3.4 Power Bypass<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">To reduce noise in high-speed circuits, bypass amplifier power pins. For high-speed op-amps there are two common bypass techniques. One is rail-to-ground bypass, which works in most cases. Other special techniques are useful in some cases.<\\\/div><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">3.5 Parasitic Capacitance<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">Parasitics are stray capacitors and inductors that sneak into high-speed layouts and cause problems. They form easily and can break the design. High-speed circuits are easily affected by parasitics.<\\\/div><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">3.6 Ground Plane<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">A ground plane serves as a reference voltage, provides shielding, helps heat dissipation, and lowers stray inductance. But be careful: a ground plane can also add parasitic capacitance. In most cases you want a full, uninterrupted ground plane and keep it continuous.<\\\/div><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">3.7 Packaging<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">Op-amps and other parts come in many packages. The package choice affects high-frequency performance. Packages influence parasitics and trace routing.<\\\/div><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">3.8 Routing and Shielding<\\\/h3><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">Routing and shielding reduce interference between signals. PCB design offers several routing and shielding methods. A ground plane is good shielding. You can also route traces orthogonally on adjacent layers to reduce capacitive coupling and keep traces farther apart.<\\\/div><h2 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">4. How to Tell If Your Project Is High-Speed<\\\/h2><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">There is no single, absolute rule for what counts as a high-speed PCB design, but there are several practical ways to decide if your project is high-speed. Signal integrity problems are a clear sign. If you are working on a phone or a motherboard, that very likely is a high-speed design. The use of certain technologies is also a strong clue.<\\\/div><p>\\u00a0<\\\/p><ol class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\"><li><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\"><strong>Does the board have high-speed interfaces?<\\\/strong><br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>A quick way to see if you must follow high-speed design rules is to check for high-speed interfaces on the board. Examples are DDR, PCIe, and video interfaces such as DVI or HDMI. All of these interfaces need strict high-speed design rules. Also, for each interface, include exact channel specs in your documentation.<\\\/div><\\\/li><li><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\"><strong>Ratio of trace length to signal wavelength<\\\/strong><br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>A common check is the ratio between your trace length and the wavelength of the signals you carry. If the trace length is on the same order as the signal wavelength, the board will likely need high-speed rules. Some standards, like DDR, require trace lengths to meet tight tolerances. A simple rule of thumb is: if trace length and wavelength are within the same order of magnitude, you should consider high-speed design.<\\\/div><\\\/li><li><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\"><strong>Boards with wireless or antenna interfaces<\\\/strong><br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>Every board that connects to an antenna, whether the antenna is on the board or attached by a connector, needs careful attention to high-speed and RF design. Vehicle antennas also need tight impedance control and tuned trace lengths. If you have SMA connectors or similar RF connectors, route them with controlled impedance to match the connector value.<\\\/div><\\\/li><li><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\"><strong>Distributed systems and many subcircuits<\\\/strong><br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>If your project is a distributed system made of many subcircuits that can operate independently inside a larger system, you will also likely face high-speed PCB challenges. Multiple modules, many high-speed links, and mixed timing domains raise the chance you need high-speed design care.<\\\/div><\\\/li><\\\/ol><h2 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">5. High-speed Board Materials<\\\/h2><div class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\\\">The term \\u201chigh-speed board material\\u201d is common in the industry. It usually means low-loss materials that are used for high-speed PCBs. These materials have a lower loss tangent, often called Df, compared with ordinary FR-4. What is Df and how does it affect signals?<br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>When an insulating medium like glass fiber cloth and resin sits in an electric field, the charged particles in the medium are bound inside molecules. The external field makes tiny displacements. Dipoles in the medium then align with the field. This effect is dielectric polarization. The energy lost during the polarization process is dielectric loss. The material Df value measures how much dielectric loss the material has.<br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>Standard board materials attenuate sine waves more than high-speed materials do. The effect is stronger at higher harmonic frequencies. Digital signals are made of many sine waves at different frequencies. If those sine waves are attenuated, the edges of the digital signal degrade and the amplitude falls. Edge degradation reduces the transmission line bandwidth and lowers signal margin. Using a high-speed material reduces loss per unit length. For the same trace length, a high-speed material gives higher bandwidth and more margin. Or, for the same loss budget, using high-speed material lets you route longer traces and still meet performance.<br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>A simple analogy may help. Imagine two cars with different fuel consumption. Car A uses 22 liters per 100 km (Df: 0.022). People call it a gas guzzler. Car B uses 4.5 liters per 100 km (Df: 0.0045). People call it a fuel saver. If you have only 50 liters of fuel and your destination is 800 km away, the gas guzzler will not reach it. The fuel saver will reach and still have fuel left. If the destination is only 200 km, the gas guzzler may reach with little fuel left, so the margin is small and the trip is risky if something goes wrong. The fuel saver handles the trip with better margin. This example shows why you sometimes need high-speed materials. When signal rates are high, trace lengths are long, or the loss budget is tight, normal material may not give enough margin. In such cases, we recommend high-speed material.<br class=\\\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\\\" \\\/>High-speed materials come in graded levels based on Df. Df is only a guide. Always use the exact numbers from the material data sheet for design work.<\\\/div><h3 class=\\\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\">5.1 Common Df Categories (values are typical references at 10 GHz)<\\\/h3><ul class=\\\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\\\"><li>Standard loss material: Df &lt; 0.022 @ 10 GHz<\\\/li><li>Mid loss material: Df &lt; 0.012 @ 10 GHz<\\\/li><li>Low loss material: Df &lt; 0.008 @ 10 GHz<\\\/li><li>Very low loss material: Df &lt; 0.005 @ 10 GHz<\\\/li><li>Ultra low loss material: Df &lt; 0.003 @ 10 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