{"id":4698,"date":"2026-01-30T08:42:31","date_gmt":"2026-01-30T08:42:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4698"},"modified":"2026-01-30T08:42:33","modified_gmt":"2026-01-30T08:42:33","slug":"pcb-failure-analysis-causes-methods-solutions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/pcb-failure-analysis-causes-methods-solutions\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd PCB: \u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9, \u039b\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2: \u0391\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9, \u039b\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0397 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u0388\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 PCB \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ce\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 PCB \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 Tg \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u038c\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"6\">\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae PCB<\/a> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c1\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 PCB, \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03be\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bf \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 PCB \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/pcb-assembly\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1919\">PCBA <\/a>\u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af. \u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/pcb-assembly\/bga-assmebly\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1921\">BGA <\/a>\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 MCM, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b7\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae. \u0395\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ae, \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc 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\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7. \u039f \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5 \u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 PCB \u03ae PCBA. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd \u03c8\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 PCB, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7. \u0397 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u039f\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 PCB. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 PCB, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03af\u03b2\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0395\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Optical-microscope.webp\" alt=\"Optical microscope\" class=\"wp-image-4701\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Optical-microscope.webp 500w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Optical-microscope-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Optical-microscope-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Optical-microscope-12x12.webp 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0391\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a7 (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a7)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a7. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd-\u03a7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd-\u03a7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 PCBA, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 BGA \u03ae CSP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"467\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/X-ray.webp\" alt=\"X-ray\" class=\"wp-image-4705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/X-ray.webp 467w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/X-ray-300x258.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/X-ray-14x12.webp 14w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 467px) 100vw, 467px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03af\u03b1, \u03b5\u03bd\u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b2\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 PCB. \u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 PCB. \u039c\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2, \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 PCB (\u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2). \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u038c\u03bc\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u039c\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"655\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cross-section-analysis.webp\" alt=\"Cross-section analysis\" class=\"wp-image-4699\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cross-section-analysis.webp 655w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cross-section-analysis-300x229.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cross-section-analysis-16x12.webp 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 655px) 100vw, 655px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (SAM)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 C-mode. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c7\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd. \u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd. \u0397 \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ac\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u0396 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf \u03a7-\u03a5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b7 SAM \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 PCB \u03ae PCBA. \u0392\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c1\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 SAM \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 SAM \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03ba\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 SMT \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 SMT \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf, \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 PCB \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae, \u03b7 SAM \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd PCB \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c1\u03c9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Micro-FTIR (\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf-\u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac -\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac- \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd. \u039c\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2. \u039a\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03bf, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf, \u03b7 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03cd\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 pad \u03ae \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03b2\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0388\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf-FTIR \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (SEM)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03b3\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 SEM \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac. \u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 PCB \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf SEM 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\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (DSC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 DSC \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 DSC \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 DSC \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 PCB, \u03b7 DSC \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c1\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (Tg) \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 PCB. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 PCB \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DSC.webp\" alt=\"DSC\" class=\"wp-image-4700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DSC.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DSC-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DSC-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DSC-16x12.webp 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 (TMA)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf TMA \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b7\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7. \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2. \u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 (\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5), \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 PCB, \u03b7 TMA \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2: \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TMA.webp\" alt=\"TMA\" class=\"wp-image-4704\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TMA.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TMA-300x225.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TMA-768x576.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TMA-16x12.webp 16w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 (TGA)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0397 TGA \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf. \u039c\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03b6\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac, \u03b7 TGA \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03cd\u03bb\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 (\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf) \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 PCB, \u03b7 TGA \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd PCB. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf PCB \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TGA.webp\" alt=\"TGA\" class=\"wp-image-4703\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TGA.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TGA-300x209.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TGA-768x535.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TGA-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae, \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7. \u039e\u03b5\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03a7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 SAM. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf micro-FTIR \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf SEM. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae, \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03ae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039d\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b2\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u039d\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd. \u039c\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5, \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03b9, \u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1: \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PCB acts as the carrier for many components and as the hub for circuit signal transfer. It has become a [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4702,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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