{"id":4741,"date":"2026-03-02T09:17:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-02T09:17:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4741"},"modified":"2026-03-02T09:17:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-02T09:17:46","slug":"why-do-pcbs-have-open-circuits-how-to-improve-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/why-do-pcbs-have-open-circuits-how-to-improve-them\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03c4\u03b1 PCB \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1; \u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd PCB \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 PCB \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03cd\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. \u0388\u03c7\u03c9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc 20 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/el\/pcb-manufacturer\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1898\">\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae PCB<\/a> \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1. \u0395\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u0388\u03c7\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c1\u03b8\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 PCB. \u03a4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9. \u0395\u03bb\u03c0\u03af\u03b6\u03c9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u03a4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd PCB \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u0391\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf \u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd (CCL) \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ad\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf CCL \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf CCL \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03ce\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a4\u03bf CCL \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Open-circuits-caused-by-exposed-base-material.webp\" alt=\"Open circuits caused by exposed base material\" class=\"wp-image-4743\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Open-circuits-caused-by-exposed-base-material.webp 600w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Open-circuits-caused-by-exposed-base-material-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Open-circuits-caused-by-exposed-base-material-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 \u039c\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03a0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf CCL \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf IQC (\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd). \u0395\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf CCL \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf CCL \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae. \u0392\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03ad\u03b6\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf CCL \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b7 \u03b2\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7 \u03ae \u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b9\u03c7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c5\u03c8\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf \u03ac\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03b1) \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03b2) \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c1\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03b1) \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03cd. \u03a4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u03b2) \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ac\u03be\u03b7, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ac\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac 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\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>i) \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 25-32\u00b0C. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 38\u00b0C, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ii) \u0388\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 Cu2+ \u03c3\u03b5 1,5-3,0 g\/L. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf Cu2+ \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 3,5 g\/L, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03bb \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7. \u03a4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc. \u039f \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Cu2+ \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u0391.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>iii) \u0388\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 NaOH \u03c3\u03b5 10,5-13,0 g\/L. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf NaOH \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae. \u039f \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 NaOH \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u0392. \u03a4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u0392 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u0391 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u0392 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 1:1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>iv) \u0388\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b4\u03b5\u03b0\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 (HCHO) \u03c3\u03b5 4,0-8,0 g\/L. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 HCHO \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03c4\u03c9\u03c7\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf HCHO \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 8,0 g\/L, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7. \u03a4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc. \u039f \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 HCHO \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd C. \u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u0391 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac HCHO. \u0395\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u0391, \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 HCHO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>v) \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03c3\u03b5 0,15-0,25 ft\u00b2\/L. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 0,25 ft\u00b2\/L, \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b3\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c8\u03b7. \u03a4\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf 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