{"id":2145,"date":"2025-08-29T07:13:53","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T07:13:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=2145"},"modified":"2025-09-25T09:02:55","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T09:02:55","slug":"rf-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/pcb-manufacturer\/rf-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"Reglas de dise\u00f1o para placas de circuito impreso de radiofrecuencia: Del material a la disposici\u00f3n"},"content":{"rendered":"
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RF PCB es un tipo de placa de circuito impreso (PCB) fabricada para transportar y manejar se\u00f1ales de radiofrecuencia. Estas se\u00f1ales son de alta frecuencia. Suelen tener una frecuencia igual o superior a 300 kHz y hasta 300 GHz.<\/p>

\"RF<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Radiofrecuencia, o RF, es un nombre para un grupo de ondas electromagn\u00e9ticas. Se utiliza este nombre cuando las ondas pueden funcionar para la comunicaci\u00f3n por radio. El rango de frecuencia de la RF no siempre es el mismo en los distintos libros. Algunos libros dicen que la RF va de 30 MHz a 3 GHz. Otros dicen que va de 300 MHz a 40 GHz. Estos rangos pueden solaparse con el rango llamado microondas. Otros libros utilizan una forma diferente de dividir el espectro. Dicen que las ondas con longitud de onda de 1 megametro a 1 metro est\u00e1n en un grupo. Eso da frecuencias de 30 Hz a 300 MHz. La l\u00ednea entre RF y microondas no est\u00e1 muy clara. La l\u00ednea puede cambiar a medida que mejoran las piezas y los m\u00e9todos de dise\u00f1o.<\/p>

RF PCB y sus principales caracter\u00edsticas<\/h1>

Cuando dise\u00f1amos una PCB para su uso en RF, debemos pensar en c\u00f3mo se comportan las l\u00edneas de transmisi\u00f3n. Para un cable o traza en una PCB, podemos modelarlo de dos maneras. Una es el modelo de elemento fijo. La otra es el modelo de par\u00e1metros distribuidos. Una regla com\u00fan es la siguiente. Si la longitud geom\u00e9trica l dividida por la longitud de onda \u03bb es igual o mayor que 0,05, entonces utilizamos el modelo distribuido. En esta nota, un enlace de RF significa un circuito donde la l\u00ednea de transmisi\u00f3n necesita el modelo distribuido. En la pr\u00e1ctica, la longitud de la traza de PCB rara vez supera los 50 cm. Por tanto, podemos partir de se\u00f1ales anal\u00f3gicas a 30 MHz. Las se\u00f1ales por encima de 3 GHz suelen denominarse microondas. Para los l\u00edmites de producci\u00f3n, en los que la separaci\u00f3n entre elementos puede ser de 0,5 mm, a veces se fija la frecuencia m\u00e1xima en 30 GHz. Pero esto no siempre es \u00fatil.<\/p>

A partir de estos puntos, podemos decir que una placa de circuito impreso de RF es una placa para se\u00f1ales anal\u00f3gicas con una frecuencia de unos 30 MHz a 6 GHz. La elecci\u00f3n entre modelo lumped o distribuido debe seguir la f\u00f3rmula anterior y la frecuencia de trabajo.<\/p>

Como la constante diel\u00e9ctrica del sustrato suele ser alta, las ondas se mueven m\u00e1s despacio en la placa que en el aire. Eso hace que la longitud de onda sea m\u00e1s corta en la placa. Para las l\u00edneas microstrip y otras, el sustrato debe tener una p\u00e9rdida diel\u00e9ctrica baja. La constante diel\u00e9ctrica no debe cambiar mucho en el rango de frecuencias y temperaturas necesario. El sustrato debe tener una buena conductividad t\u00e9rmica y una superficie lisa. Debe adherirse bien al conductor.<\/p>

Para el metal de la traza necesitamos una alta conductividad. El metal debe tener un coeficiente de resistencia a la temperatura peque\u00f1o. Debe adherirse bien al sustrato. Debe ser f\u00e1cil de soldar.<\/p>

Principios para elegir el material de la placa de RF<\/h1>

Papel del sustrato en los PCB de microondas<\/h2>

Una placa de circuito impreso para frecuencias de microondas no es s\u00f3lo un soporte para componentes. Tambi\u00e9n es un medio para los campos electromagn\u00e9ticos de microondas. Por eso, para los circuitos de radiofrecuencia, la mejor opci\u00f3n es el sustrato de alta frecuencia o de microondas.<\/p>

Control de la impedancia de la traza<\/h2>

En una placa de circuito impreso de RF, las trazas impresas deben seguir las reglas normales, como la capacidad de corriente. Adem\u00e1s, debemos controlar la impedancia caracter\u00edstica de las trazas. La impedancia de las trazas debe coincidir. Por tanto, el proceso de PCB debe controlar la impedancia de la traza. La impedancia caracter\u00edstica de una traza depende del material del circuito impreso y de sus par\u00e1metros f\u00edsicos. Los dise\u00f1adores de PCB deben conocer el rendimiento del material.<\/p>

Requisitos de material para las tarjetas de radiofrecuencia<\/h2>

Las placas de RF suelen necesitar alta frecuencia y alto rendimiento. Se elige un sustrato con una constante diel\u00e9ctrica precisa. El sustrato debe ser estable y tener bajas p\u00e9rdidas. Adem\u00e1s, el material debe ser apto para la producci\u00f3n. Por ejemplo, debe soportar la soldadura por reflujo a alta temperatura. Nuestra empresa suele utilizar fr4, TACONIC y materiales de ROGERS como material base de RF.<\/p>

Caracter\u00edsticas de FR-4<\/h2>

fr4 (tejido de vidrio epoxi revestido de cobre ign\u00edfugo) tiene una constante diel\u00e9ctrica Er probada a 1 GHz como Er = 4,3 \u00b1 0,2. La temperatura de transici\u00f3n v\u00edtrea Tg es de 135 \u00b0C. Para los tableros comunes utilizamos dos tipos de placa. Uno es el material de placa est\u00e1ndar. Es de bajo coste y tiene un proceso maduro. La otra es la placa UV, a menudo llamada placa amarilla. Tiene UV-BLOCKING para bloquear los rayos ultravioleta. Lo utilizamos para las capas exteriores. Su rendimiento es un poco mejor que el de la placa est\u00e1ndar.<\/p>

\"fr-4\"
fr-4<\/figcaption><\/figure>

Material TAC\u00d3NICO<\/h2>

TAC\u00d3NICO<\/a> es una marca muy conocida. Tiene muchas especificaciones. Su precio es superior al fr4.<\/p>

material ROGERS<\/h2>

El material ROGERS tiene una alta precisi\u00f3n de constante diel\u00e9ctrica. Es estable con la temperatura y tiene bajas p\u00e9rdidas. Lo utilizamos para circuitos de alta potencia. La fabricaci\u00f3n y el proceso de la placa de circuito impreso son similares a los del fr4, por lo que el coste de fabricaci\u00f3n es bajo. Pero la adherencia de la l\u00e1mina de cobre es baja.<\/p>

Tabla de sustratos<\/h1>
Tipo de material<\/th>Material t\u00edpico<\/th>Dk (10 GHz)<\/th>Df (10 GHz)<\/th>Caracter\u00edsticas y uso<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Sustrato de fluoropol\u00edmero<\/td>PTFE (politetrafluoroetileno)<\/td>2.1-2.3<\/td>0.0005-0.001<\/td>Muy bajas p\u00e9rdidas. Bueno para mmWave. Uso para estaciones base 5G y radar.<\/td><\/tr>
Sustrato relleno de cer\u00e1mica<\/td>Serie Rogers RO4000<\/td>3.38-4.5<\/td>0.0027-0.004<\/td>Coste medio. Bueno para microondas. Uso para m\u00f3dulos WiFi y Bluetooth.<\/td><\/tr>
Sustrato de fibra de vidrio<\/td>Fr4 de alta frecuencia (como Isola FR408)<\/td>3.9-4.2<\/td>0.008-0.01<\/td>Bajo coste. Bueno para RF media y baja. Uso para walkie talkies y similares.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div>

Problemas de RF en el dise\u00f1o de PCB y soluciones<\/h1>

En general, para circuitos con frecuencia inferior a microondas (esto incluye baja frecuencia y baja velocidad digital), un dise\u00f1o cuidadoso es la primera clave del \u00e9xito. Si se conocen las reglas, se puede hacer un buen dise\u00f1o. Para circuitos microstrip y digitales de alta velocidad a nivel de PCB, pueden ser necesarias dos o tres versiones de PCB para garantizar la calidad del circuito. Para circuitos de RF con frecuencia superior a microondas, necesitar\u00e1 m\u00e1s versiones para mejorar el rendimiento. As\u00ed que se enfrentar\u00e1 a muchos retos durante el dise\u00f1o de circuitos de RF.<\/p>

A continuaci\u00f3n se enumeran los problemas m\u00e1s comunes y sus soluciones.<\/p>

Problemas habituales en el dise\u00f1o de circuitos de RF<\/h2>

  1. Interferencias entre m\u00f3dulos digitales y anal\u00f3gicos<\/b>
    Cuando las piezas anal\u00f3gicas de RF y las digitales trabajan solas, cada una puede funcionar bien. Pero cuando se mezclan en la misma placa y comparten la alimentaci\u00f3n, todo el sistema puede volverse inestable. Las se\u00f1ales digitales oscilan entre tierra y Vcc m\u00e1s de 3 V. El periodo puede ser corto, del orden de nanosegundos. Como la amplitud es grande y la conmutaci\u00f3n r\u00e1pida, las se\u00f1ales digitales incluyen componentes de alta frecuencia que no dependen del reloj de conmutaci\u00f3n. En la parte anal\u00f3gica, desde un bucle de radio sintonizado hasta un receptor, la tensi\u00f3n puede ser inferior a 1 \u03bcV. La diferencia entre la peque\u00f1a se\u00f1al de radiofrecuencia y el ruido digital puede ser superior a 120 dB. Si las se\u00f1ales digitales no se mantienen alejadas de la RF, la d\u00e9bil se\u00f1al de RF puede resultar da\u00f1ada. La radio puede dejar de funcionar o funcionar mal.<\/p><\/li>

  2. Interferencias de ruido de la fuente de alimentaci\u00f3n<\/b>
    Los circuitos de RF son sensibles al ruido. Son sensibles a los picos y otros arm\u00f3nicos de alta frecuencia. Un microcontrolador consumir\u00e1 mucha corriente repentinamente en cada ciclo de reloj interno. La mayor\u00eda de los microcontroladores modernos utilizan CMOS. Si un microcontrolador funciona con un reloj interno de 1 MHz, consumir\u00e1 corriente a esa frecuencia. Si no tenemos un buen desacoplamiento de potencia, obtendremos ruido de tensi\u00f3n en las l\u00edneas de alimentaci\u00f3n. Si los picos de tensi\u00f3n llegan a los pines de alimentaci\u00f3n de RF, el bloque de RF puede fallar.<\/p><\/li>

  3. Mal dise\u00f1o del suelo<\/b>
    Si la tierra no est\u00e1 bien dise\u00f1ada para RF, pueden producirse resultados extra\u00f1os. En dise\u00f1o digital, la mayor\u00eda de los circuitos funcionan aunque la toma de tierra no sea perfecta. Pero en RF, incluso los cables de tierra cortos act\u00faan como inductores. Por ejemplo, 1 nH de inductancia es casi 1 mm de longitud. De ah\u00ed podemos deducir que una traza de PCB de 10 mm de longitud tiene una reactancia de unos 27 ohmios. Si no tenemos una buena toma de tierra, muchas trazas de tierra ser\u00e1n largas y el circuito no mantendr\u00e1 las caracter\u00edsticas dise\u00f1adas.<\/p><\/li>

  4. Radiaci\u00f3n de antena que interfiere con otros circuitos anal\u00f3gicos<\/b>
    En el dise\u00f1o de PCB, hay otras partes anal\u00f3gicas. Muchas placas tienen ADC o DAC. Una se\u00f1al de radiofrecuencia intensa procedente de un transmisor puede llegar a la entrada del ADC. Cualquier traza puede actuar como una antena. Si la entrada del ADC no tiene un buen manejo, la RF puede entrar en su diodo ESD y causar offset o errores en el ADC.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

    Principios y soluciones de dise\u00f1o de circuitos de RF<\/h2>

    1. Definici\u00f3n de dise\u00f1o de RF<\/h3>

    Cuando dise\u00f1e la disposici\u00f3n de RF, siga estas reglas.<\/p>

    1. Mantenga los amplificadores de alta potencia (HPA) y los amplificadores de bajo ruido (LNA) lo m\u00e1s separados posible. Coloca las partes de transmisi\u00f3n de alta potencia lejos de las partes de recepci\u00f3n de baja potencia.<\/p><\/li>

    2. En las zonas de alta frecuencia de la placa de circuito impreso, tenga al menos un plano de tierra completo debajo y evite las v\u00edas en \u00e9l. Cuanto mayor sea la superficie de cobre, mejor.<\/p><\/li>

    3. El desacoplamiento de circuitos y de potencia es igualmente importante.<\/p><\/li>

    4. Coloque las salidas RF lejos de las entradas RF.<\/p><\/li>

    5. Aleja las se\u00f1ales anal\u00f3gicas sensibles de las se\u00f1ales digitales y de radiofrecuencia de alta velocidad.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

      \"Definition<\/p>

      2. Reglas de dise\u00f1o de la partici\u00f3n f\u00edsica y la partici\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica<\/h3>

      Partici\u00f3n significa dividir la placa por funciones. Se puede hacer partici\u00f3n f\u00edsica y partici\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica. La partici\u00f3n f\u00edsica se ocupa de la disposici\u00f3n de las piezas, la direcci\u00f3n y los blindajes. La partici\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica se ocupa de la distribuci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda, el enrutamiento de RF, las partes sensibles, las se\u00f1ales y las zonas de tierra.<\/p>

      \"RF<\/p>

      a. Principios de partici\u00f3n f\u00edsica<\/h4>

      La disposici\u00f3n de las piezas es clave para un buen dise\u00f1o de RF. Un buen m\u00e9todo consiste en colocar primero las piezas a lo largo de la ruta de RF. A continuaci\u00f3n, establezca su direcci\u00f3n. Coloque las entradas lejos de las salidas. Separe las piezas de alta y baja potencia. Esto ayuda a acortar los trayectos de RF.<\/p>

      b. Principio de dise\u00f1o de apilamiento de placas de circuito impreso<\/h4>

      Un buen apilamiento coloca el plano de tierra principal en la capa inferior a la capa de trazas. Coloque las trazas de RF en la capa plana. Las v\u00edas de RF deben ser peque\u00f1as. De este modo se reduce la inductancia del trayecto y las juntas de soldadura fr\u00edas en la toma de tierra principal. Adem\u00e1s, se filtrar\u00e1 menos energ\u00eda de RF a otras capas.<\/p>

      \"\"<\/p>

      c. Piezas de RF y principios de trazado de RF<\/h4>

      En el espacio de la placa, los circuitos lineales como los amplificadores multietapa pueden separar las zonas de RF. Pero los duplexores, mezcladores y amplificadores de FI suelen hacer que muchas se\u00f1ales de RF e FI aparezcan cerca unas de otras. Hay que tener cuidado para reducir este acoplamiento. Dirija las trazas de RF e IF con cuidado y deje espacio de tierra entre ellas. La ruta de RF correcta es vital para el rendimiento de la PCB. Esta es la raz\u00f3n por la que la disposici\u00f3n de las piezas ocupa la mayor parte del tiempo en el dise\u00f1o de PCB telef\u00f3nicas.<\/p>

      d. Principio de partici\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica<\/h4>

      La mayor parte de la potencia en los circuitos telef\u00f3nicos es de baja CC, por lo que no se necesitan trazas anchas especiales. Sin embargo, para alimentar amplificadores de alta potencia, es necesario utilizar trazas anchas para corrientes elevadas. Esto mantiene la ca\u00edda de voltaje peque\u00f1a. Utilice muchas v\u00edas para mover la corriente de un plano a otro para evitar la p\u00e9rdida de corriente.<\/p>

      El desacoplamiento de potencia es importante. Si no se desacopla la potencia en una patilla de un amplificador de alta potencia, pueden surgir muchos problemas. El ruido de alta potencia puede irradiarse a trav\u00e9s de la placa. La conexi\u00f3n a tierra de los amplificadores de alta potencia es muy importante. Los dise\u00f1adores a menudo necesitan una lata de blindaje met\u00e1lico.<\/p>

      e. Principio de aislamiento de entrada\/salida de RF<\/h4>

      Es muy importante mantener la salida de RF alejada de la entrada de RF. Esto se aplica a amplificadores, tampones y filtros. En el peor de los casos, si la salida del amplificador o del b\u00fafer vuelve a su entrada con la fase y amplitud correctas, la pieza puede entrar en autooscilaci\u00f3n. En el buen caso, el circuito ser\u00e1 estable a todas las temperaturas y tensiones. En el mal caso, a\u00f1adir\u00e1 ruido e intermodulaci\u00f3n a la se\u00f1al de RF.<\/p>

      Resumen<\/h1>

      En resumen, los circuitos de RF funcionan con l\u00edneas de par\u00e1metros distribuidos. Presentan efecto piel y acoplamiento. Esto los hace diferentes de los circuitos de baja frecuencia y CC. As\u00ed que en el dise\u00f1o de PCB de RF debes centrarte en los puntos anteriores. Si lo haces, el dise\u00f1o ser\u00e1 eficaz y preciso.<\/p>

      1. Mantenga las l\u00edneas cortas siempre que sea posible. Las trazas cortas reducen las p\u00e9rdidas y las reactancias no deseadas.<\/p><\/li>

      2. Utilice el sustrato adecuado para la frecuencia necesaria. fr4 est\u00e1 bien para muchos casos. Utilice Rogers o PTFE para bajas p\u00e9rdidas en alta frecuencia.<\/p><\/li>

      3. Controla la impedancia de las trazas. Utiliza la anchura, separaci\u00f3n y apilado adecuados. Mide o calcula con herramientas.<\/p><\/li>

      4. Mantenga separadas las partes digitales de las de RF. Asigne a cada secci\u00f3n su propia toma de tierra. Utilice desacoplamiento en los pines de alimentaci\u00f3n cercanos a la pieza.<\/p><\/li>

      5. Utilice planos de tierra y peque\u00f1as v\u00edas para el retorno de RF. Esto reduce la inductancia.<\/p><\/li>

      6. Coloque filtros y blindajes cerca de las piezas sensibles. Esto reduce la captaci\u00f3n no deseada.<\/p><\/li>

      7. Pruebe con prototipos. La RF suele necesitar varias rondas de dise\u00f1o y ajuste. Los peque\u00f1os cambios pueden tener grandes efectos a alta frecuencia.<\/p><\/li>

      8. Para las antenas, deja una zona despejada y mant\u00e9n alejadas las trazas met\u00e1licas y de otro tipo. La adaptaci\u00f3n y sintonizaci\u00f3n de antenas suele requerir espacio en la placa y pruebas.<\/p><\/li>

      9. Cuando hagas trazas de alta potencia, hazlas anchas y utiliza muchas v\u00edas para transportar corriente entre capas.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

        F\u00f3rmulas y reglas b\u00e1sicas para comprobar<\/h1>

        1. Utiliza l\/\u03bb \u2265 0,05 para ver si una traza necesita un modelo distribuido. l es la longitud geom\u00e9trica. \u03bb es la longitud de onda de trabajo en el medio.<\/p><\/li>

        2. Para una inductancia r\u00e1pida, 1 nH equivale a 1 mm de traza. Util\u00edzalo para comprobar si las masas largas a\u00f1aden inductancia.<\/p><\/li>

        3. Para controlar la impedancia, conoce el apilamiento, la anchura de la traza, la constante diel\u00e9ctrica y la distancia al plano. Utiliza un solucionador de campos o una calculadora de impedancias para obtener valores precisos.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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          Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfQu\u00e9 es una placa de circuito impreso de radiofrecuencia?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Una placa de circuito impreso de RF (radiofrecuencia) est\u00e1 dise\u00f1ada para transportar se\u00f1ales de RF y microondas (desde cientos de MHz hasta muchos GHz). Utiliza materiales controlados, apilamientos y reglas de dise\u00f1o para minimizar las p\u00e9rdidas y preservar la integridad de la se\u00f1al.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfQu\u00e9 materiales de sustrato se suelen utilizar para las placas de circuito impreso de radiofrecuencia?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Las opciones m\u00e1s comunes son los laminados basados en PTFE y los materiales de ingenier\u00eda (Rogers, Taconic, etc.) para bajas p\u00e9rdidas y propiedades diel\u00e9ctricas estables; en algunos dise\u00f1os de baja frecuencia o sensibles a los costes, pueden utilizarse variantes de FR-4 de alto grado.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 no utilizar siempre FR-4 para los dise\u00f1os de RF?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          El FR-4 est\u00e1ndar tiene una mayor p\u00e9rdida diel\u00e9ctrica y un Dk menos estable a frecuencias de GHz, lo que aumenta la atenuaci\u00f3n y la variabilidad de la impedancia, por lo que para trabajos de RF de precisi\u00f3n suelen preferirse los laminados de PTFE\/clase Rogers.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfSon las v\u00edas stubs un problema para las se\u00f1ales de RF?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Los stubs de v\u00edas act\u00faan como l\u00edneas de transmisi\u00f3n cortas sin terminaci\u00f3n y provocan reflexiones. Entre las medidas de mitigaci\u00f3n habituales se encuentran la perforaci\u00f3n posterior, las v\u00edas enterradas\/apiladas y la colocaci\u00f3n cuidadosa de las v\u00edas.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfQu\u00e9 pruebas validan el rendimiento de las placas de circuito impreso de RF?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Pruebas comunes: VNA S-parameter (insertion\/return loss), TDR\/impedance checks, and thermal\/aging tests to verify Dk stability and dimensional behavior.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfQu\u00e9 debo proporcionar a un fabricante para obtener un presupuesto de RF preciso?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

          Suministre Gerbers\/ODB++, valores de impedancia objetivo, apilamiento exacto de capas, opciones diel\u00e9ctricas (u objetivos Dk\/Df), informaci\u00f3n BGA\/pitch, requisitos de v\u00eda (backdrill\/via-in-pad) y cualquier nota especial de enrutamiento o ensamblaje. La revisi\u00f3n temprana de DFM acelera la producci\u00f3n y reduce el riesgo.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1898,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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          RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals are high frequency. They usually have frequency equal to or above 300 kHz and up to 300 GHz.<\\\/p>

          \\\"RF<\\\/p>

          \\u00a0<\\\/p>

          Radio frequency, or RF, is a name for a group of electromagnetic waves. People use this name when the waves can work for radio communication. The range of frequency for RF is not always the same in different books. Some books say RF is from 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Some say it is from 300 MHz to 40 GHz. These ranges can overlap with the range called microwave. Some other books use a different way to split the spectrum. They say waves with wavelength from 1 megameter to 1 meter are in a group. That gives frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 MHz. The line between RF and microwave is not very clear. The line can change as parts and design methods get better.<\\\/p>

          RF PCB and its main features<\\\/h1>

          When we design a PCB for RF use, we must think about how transmission lines behave. For a wire or trace on a PCB, we can model it in two ways. One is the lumped element model. The other is the distributed parameter model. A common rule is this. If the geometric length l divided by the wavelength \\u03bb is equal to or larger than 0.05, then we use the distributed model. In this note, an RF link means a circuit where the transmission line needs the distributed model. In practice, PCB trace length is rarely longer than 50 cm. So we can start from analog signals at 30 MHz. Signals above 3 GHz are often called microwave. For production limits where element spacing can be 0.5 mm, people sometimes set the top frequency to 30 GHz. But that is not always useful.<\\\/p>

          From these points, we can say an RF PCB is a PCB for analog signals with frequency about 30 MHz to 6 GHz. The choice between lumped or distributed model should follow the formula above and the working frequency.<\\\/p>

          Because the substrate dielectric constant is usually high, waves move slower in the board than in air. That makes wavelength shorter on the board. For microstrip and other lines, the substrate must have low dielectric loss. The dielectric constant should not change much over the needed frequency and temperature range. The substrate should have good thermal conductivity and a smooth surface. It must stick well to the conductor.<\\\/p>

          For the metal on the trace we need high conductivity. The metal should have a small temperature coefficient of resistance. It should stick to the substrate well. It should be easy to solder.<\\\/p>

          Principles for choosing RF board material<\\\/h1>

          Role of substrate in microwave PCBs<\\\/h2>

          A microwave frequency PCB is not only a support for components. It is also a medium for microwave electromagnetic fields. So for RF circuits the best choice is high frequency or microwave grade substrate.<\\\/p>

          Trace impedance control<\\\/h2>

          On an RF PCB the printed traces must follow normal rules like current capacity. In addition, we must control the trace characteristic impedance. The traces must be matched in impedance. So the PCB process must control trace impedance. The characteristic impedance of a trace depends on the PCB material and its physical parameters. So PCB designers must know the material performance.<\\\/p>

          Material requirements for RF boards<\\\/h2>

          RF boards usually need high frequency and high performance. People pick substrate with accurate dielectric constant. The substrate should be stable and have low loss. Also the material must work with production. For example, it must handle high temperature reflow soldering. Our company often uses fr4, TACONIC, and materials from ROGERS for RF base material.<\\\/p>

          FR-4 characteristics<\\\/h2>

          fr4 (flame retardant copper clad epoxy glass fabric) has dielectric constant Er tested at 1 GHz as Er = 4.3 \\u00b1 0.2. The glass transition temperature Tg is 135 \\u00b0C. For common boards we use two kinds of plate. One is standard board material. This is low cost and has mature process. The other is UV board, often called yellow board. It has UV-BLOCKING to block ultraviolet. We use it for outer layers. Its performance is a little better than the standard plate.<\\\/p>[caption id=\\\"attachment_2743\\\" align=\\\"alignnone\\\" width=\\\"688\\\"]\\\"fr-4\\\" fr-4[\\\/caption]

          TACONIC material<\\\/h2>

          TACONIC<\\\/a> is a well known brand. It has many specs. Its price is higher than fr4.<\\\/p>

          ROGERS material<\\\/h2>

          ROGERS material has high dielectric constant accuracy. It is stable with temperature and has low loss. We use it for high power circuits. The PCB make and process is similar to fr4 so cost of making is low. But the copper foil adhesion is low.<\\\/p>

          Substrate table<\\\/h1>
          Material type<\\\/th>Typical material<\\\/th>Dk (10 GHz)<\\\/th>Df (10 GHz)<\\\/th>Features and use<\\\/th><\\\/tr><\\\/thead>
          Fluoropolymer substrate<\\\/td>PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)<\\\/td>2.1\\u20132.3<\\\/td>0.0005\\u20130.001<\\\/td>Very low loss. Good for mmWave. Use for 5G base stations and radar.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
          Ceramic filled substrate<\\\/td>Rogers RO4000 series<\\\/td>3.38\\u20134.5<\\\/td>0.0027\\u20130.004<\\\/td>Mid cost. Good for microwave. Use for WiFi and Bluetooth modules.<\\\/td><\\\/tr>
          Glass fiber substrate<\\\/td>High frequency fr4 (like Isola FR408)<\\\/td>3.9\\u20134.2<\\\/td>0.008\\u20130.01<\\\/td>Low cost. Good for mid and low RF. Use for walkie talkies and similar.<\\\/td><\\\/tr><\\\/tbody><\\\/table><\\\/div><\\\/div>

          RF issues in PCB design and solutions<\\\/h1>

          In general, for circuits with frequency below microwave (this includes low frequency and low speed digital), careful layout is the first key to success. If you know the rules, you can make a good design. For microstrip and high speed digital circuits at PCB level, two or three PCB versions may be needed to ensure circuit quality. For RF circuits with frequency above microwave, you will need more versions to improve performance. So you will face many challenges during RF circuit design.<\\\/p>

          Below we list common problems and solutions.<\\\/p>

          Common problems in RF circuit design<\\\/h2>

          1. Interference between digital and analog modules<\\\/b>
            When analog RF parts and digital parts work alone, each can work well. But when they mix on the same board and share power, the whole system may become unstable. Digital signals swing between ground and Vcc by more than 3 V. The period can be short, in the nanosecond range. Because the amplitude is large and the switching is fast, digital signals include high frequency components that do not depend on the switching clock. In the analog part, from a tuned radio loop to a receiver, the voltage can be less than 1 \\u03bcV. The difference between the small RF signal and digital noise can be more than 120 dB. If digital signals are not kept away from RF, the weak RF signal can get damaged. The radio may stop working or work badly.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          2. Power supply noise interference<\\\/b>
            RF circuits are sensitive to noise. They are sensitive to spikes and other high frequency harmonics. A microcontroller will suddenly draw lots of current at each internal clock cycle. Most modern microcontrollers use CMOS. If a microcontroller runs with 1 MHz internal clock, it will draw current at that rate. If we do not have good power decoupling, we will get voltage noise on the power lines. If voltage spikes get to the RF power pins, the RF block may fail.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          3. Bad ground design<\\\/b>
            If the ground is not well designed for RF, strange results can happen. In digital design, most circuits still work even if ground is not perfect. But in RF, even short ground wires act like inductors. For example, 1 nH of inductance is close to 1 mm in length. From that we can guess that a 10 mm long PCB trace has reactance about 27 ohms. If we have no good ground, many ground traces will be long and the circuit will not keep its designed characteristics.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

          4. Antenna radiation interfering with other analog circuits<\\\/b>
            In PCB layout, there are other analog parts. Many boards have ADCs or DACs. A strong RF signal from a transmitter can reach the ADC input. Any trace can act like an antenna. If the ADC input does not have good handling, the RF can go into its ESD diode and cause ADC offset or errors.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

            RF circuit design principles and solutions<\\\/h2>

            1. Definition of RF layout<\\\/h3>

            When you design RF layout, follow these rules.<\\\/p>

            1. Keep high power amplifiers (HPAs) and low noise amplifiers (LNAs) as far apart as you can. Put high power transmit parts far from low power receive parts.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            2. In high frequency areas on the PCB, have at least one full ground plane below and avoid vias in it. The larger the copper area the better.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            3. Circuit and power decoupling are equally important.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            4. Place RF outputs away from RF inputs.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            5. Put sensitive analog signals far from high speed digital and RF signals.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

              \\\"Definition<\\\/p>

              2. Physical partition and electrical partition design rules<\\\/h3>

              Partition means splitting the board by function. You can do physical partition and electrical partition. Physical partition deals with part layout, direction, and shields. Electrical partition deals with power distribution, RF routing, sensitive parts, signals, and ground zones.<\\\/p>

              \\\"RF<\\\/p>

              a. Physical partition principles<\\\/h4>

              Parts layout is key for good RF design. A good method is to place parts along the RF path first. Then set their direction. Place inputs away from outputs. Keep high power and low power parts apart. This helps to shorten RF paths.<\\\/p>

              b. PCB stackup design principle<\\\/h4>

              A good stackup puts the main ground plane on the layer below the trace layer. Put RF traces on the plane layer. Make vias on RF paths small. This reduces path inductance and reduces cold solder joints on the main ground. Also less RF energy will leak into other layers.<\\\/p>

              \\\"\\\"<\\\/p>

              c. RF parts and RF trace principles<\\\/h4>

              In the board space, linear circuits like multistage amplifiers can separate RF zones. But duplexers, mixers, and IF amplifiers often make many RF and IF signals appear near each other. You should take care to lower this coupling. Route RF and IF traces carefully and leave ground space between them. The right RF path is vital for PCB performance. That is why part layout takes most of the time in phone PCB design.<\\\/p>

              d. Electrical partition principle<\\\/h4>

              Most power in phone circuits is low DC so you do not need special wide traces. But for power to high power amplifiers you must make wide traces for high current. This keeps voltage drop small. Use many vias to move current from one plane to another to avoid current loss.<\\\/p>

              Power decoupling for power parts is important. If you fail to decouple the power at a high power amplifier pin, many problems can happen. High power noise can radiate across the board. Ground for high power amplifiers is very important. Designers often need a metal shield can.<\\\/p>

              e. RF input\\\/output isolation principle<\\\/h4>

              It is very important to keep RF output away from RF input. This applies to amplifiers, buffers, and filters. In worst case, if amplifier or buffer output comes back to its input with the right phase and amplitude, the part can go into self-oscillation. In good case, the circuit will be stable at all temperatures and voltages. In bad case, it will add noise and intermodulation to the RF signal.<\\\/p>

              Summary<\\\/h1>

              In short, RF circuits work with distributed parameter lines. They show skin effect and coupling. This makes them different from low frequency and DC circuits. So in RF PCB design you must focus on the points above. If you do, the design will be effective and accurate.<\\\/p>

              1. Keep traces short when possible. Short traces reduce loss and unwanted reactance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              2. Use the right substrate for the needed frequency. fr4 is okay for many cases. Use Rogers or PTFE for low loss in high frequency.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              3. Control impedance of traces. Use the right width and spacing and stackup. Measure or calculate with tools.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              4. Keep digital and RF parts separate. Give each section its own ground return. Use decoupling at power pins close to the part.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              5. Use ground planes and small vias for RF return. This lowers inductance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              6. Place filters and shielding near sensitive parts. This lowers unwanted pick up.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              7. Test with prototypes. RF usually needs multiple rounds of layout and tune. Small changes can make big effects at high frequency.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              8. For antennas, give a clear area and keep metal and other traces away. Antenna matching and tuning often need board space and test.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              9. When you make high power traces, make them wide and use many vias to carry current between layers.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                Basic formulas and rules to check<\\\/h1>

                1. Use l\\\/\\u03bb \\u2265 0.05 to see if a trace needs a distributed model. l is geometric length. \\u03bb is working wavelength in the medium.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                2. For quick inductance sense, 1 nH is about 1 mm of trace. Use this to check if long grounds add inductance.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                3. For impedance control, know the stackup, trace width, dielectric constant, and distance to plane. Use a field solver or impedance calculator to get accurate values.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"351cd37\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":false},{\"id\":\"vdmvn40\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"settings\":{\"gap\":\"no\",\"content_position\":\"top\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"background_color\":\"#FFFFFF00\",\"background_position\":\"bottom center\",\"background_attachment\":\"scroll\",\"background_repeat\":\"no-repeat\",\"background_size\":\"cover\",\"background_size_mobile\":\"cover\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"classic\",\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0)\",\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"80\",\"right\":\"40\",\"bottom\":\"80\",\"left\":\"40\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"d7a4f88\"}],\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7882748\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"settings\":{\"_column_size\":100,\"_inline_size\":null,\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"space_between_widgets\":40,\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"051b026\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9fc6712\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Frequently Asked Questions\",\"align\":\"center\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"a4e53df\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"631b990\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"tab_title\":\"What is an RF PCB?\",\"tab_content\":\"

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t
                  \\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"1e7d27b","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\">RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals are high frequency. They usually have frequency equal to or above 300 kHz and up to 300 GHz.<\/p><p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2746\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-PCB.webp\" alt=\"RF PCB\" width=\"633\" height=\"500\" \/><\/p><p data-start=\"10\" data-end=\"220\">\u00a0<\/p><p data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"870\">Radio frequency, or RF, is a name for a group of electromagnetic waves. People use this name when the waves can work for radio communication. The range of frequency for RF is not always the same in different books. Some books say RF is from 30 MHz to 3 GHz. Some say it is from 300 MHz to 40 GHz. These ranges can overlap with the range called microwave. Some other books use a different way to split the spectrum. They say waves with wavelength from 1 megameter to 1 meter are in a group. That gives frequencies from 30 Hz to 300 MHz. The line between RF and microwave is not very clear. The line can change as parts and design methods get better.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"872\" data-end=\"902\">RF PCB and its main features<\/h1><p data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"1662\">When we design a PCB for RF use, we must think about how transmission lines behave. For a wire or trace on a PCB, we can model it in two ways. One is the lumped element model. The other is the distributed parameter model. A common rule is this. If the geometric length l divided by the wavelength \u03bb is equal to or larger than 0.05, then we use the distributed model. In this note, an RF link means a circuit where the transmission line needs the distributed model. In practice, PCB trace length is rarely longer than 50 cm. So we can start from analog signals at 30 MHz. Signals above 3 GHz are often called microwave. For production limits where element spacing can be 0.5 mm, people sometimes set the top frequency to 30 GHz. But that is not always useful.<\/p><p data-start=\"1664\" data-end=\"1875\">From these points, we can say an RF PCB is a PCB for analog signals with frequency about 30 MHz to 6 GHz. The choice between lumped or distributed model should follow the formula above and the working frequency.<\/p><p data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"2307\">Because the substrate dielectric constant is usually high, waves move slower in the board than in air. That makes wavelength shorter on the board. For microstrip and other lines, the substrate must have low dielectric loss. The dielectric constant should not change much over the needed frequency and temperature range. The substrate should have good thermal conductivity and a smooth surface. It must stick well to the conductor.<\/p><p data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2499\">For the metal on the trace we need high conductivity. The metal should have a small temperature coefficient of resistance. It should stick to the substrate well. It should be easy to solder.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"43\">Principles for choosing RF board material<\/h1><h2 data-start=\"45\" data-end=\"85\">Role of substrate in microwave PCBs<\/h2><p data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"290\">A microwave frequency PCB is not only a support for components. It is also a medium for microwave electromagnetic fields. So for RF circuits the best choice is high frequency or microwave grade substrate.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"320\">Trace impedance control<\/h2><p data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"705\">On an RF PCB the printed traces must follow normal rules like current capacity. In addition, we must control the trace characteristic impedance. The traces must be matched in impedance. So the PCB process must control trace impedance. The characteristic impedance of a trace depends on the PCB material and its physical parameters. So PCB designers must know the material performance.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"747\">Material requirements for RF boards<\/h2><p data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"1107\">RF boards usually need high frequency and high performance. People pick substrate with accurate dielectric constant. The substrate should be stable and have low loss. Also the material must work with production. For example, it must handle high temperature reflow soldering. Our company often uses fr4, TACONIC, and materials from ROGERS for RF base material.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1134\">FR-4 characteristics<\/h2><p data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1593\">fr4 (flame retardant copper clad epoxy glass fabric) has dielectric constant Er tested at 1 GHz as Er = 4.3 \u00b1 0.2. The glass transition temperature Tg is 135 \u00b0C. For common boards we use two kinds of plate. One is standard board material. This is low cost and has mature process. The other is UV board, often called yellow board. It has UV-BLOCKING to block ultraviolet. We use it for outer layers. Its performance is a little better than the standard plate.<\/p>[caption id=\"attachment_2743\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"688\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2743 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/fr-4.webp\" alt=\"fr-4\" width=\"688\" height=\"459\" \/> fr-4[\/caption]<h2 data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1616\">TACONIC material<\/h2><p data-start=\"1617\" data-end=\"1696\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taconic.com\/\">TACONIC<\/a> is a well known brand. It has many specs. Its price is higher than fr4.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"1718\">ROGERS material<\/h2><p data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1962\">ROGERS material has high dielectric constant accuracy. It is stable with temperature and has low loss. We use it for high power circuits. The PCB make and process is similar to fr4 so cost of making is low. But the copper foil adhesion is low.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"4343\" data-end=\"4360\">Substrate table<\/h1><div class=\"_tableContainer_1rjym_1\"><div class=\"_tableWrapper_1rjym_13 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\"><table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4924\"><thead data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4443\"><tr data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4443\"><th data-start=\"4362\" data-end=\"4376\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Material type<\/th><th data-start=\"4376\" data-end=\"4395\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Typical material<\/th><th data-start=\"4395\" data-end=\"4409\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Dk (10 GHz)<\/th><th data-start=\"4409\" data-end=\"4423\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Df (10 GHz)<\/th><th data-start=\"4423\" data-end=\"4443\" data-col-size=\"md\">Features and use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4924\"><tr data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4622\"><td data-start=\"4469\" data-end=\"4493\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Fluoropolymer substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4493\" data-end=\"4526\" data-col-size=\"sm\">PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)<\/td><td data-start=\"4526\" data-end=\"4536\" data-col-size=\"sm\">2.1\u20132.3<\/td><td data-start=\"4536\" data-end=\"4551\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.0005\u20130.001<\/td><td data-start=\"4551\" data-end=\"4622\" data-col-size=\"md\">Very low loss. Good for mmWave. Use for 5G base stations and radar.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"4623\" data-end=\"4766\"><td data-start=\"4623\" data-end=\"4648\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Ceramic filled substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4648\" data-end=\"4671\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Rogers RO4000 series<\/td><td data-start=\"4671\" data-end=\"4682\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3.38\u20134.5<\/td><td data-start=\"4682\" data-end=\"4697\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.0027\u20130.004<\/td><td data-start=\"4697\" data-end=\"4766\" data-col-size=\"md\">Mid cost. Good for microwave. Use for WiFi and Bluetooth modules.<\/td><\/tr><tr data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4924\"><td data-start=\"4767\" data-end=\"4789\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Glass fiber substrate<\/td><td data-start=\"4789\" data-end=\"4829\" data-col-size=\"sm\">High frequency fr4 (like Isola FR408)<\/td><td data-start=\"4829\" data-end=\"4839\" data-col-size=\"sm\">3.9\u20134.2<\/td><td data-start=\"4839\" data-end=\"4852\" data-col-size=\"sm\">0.008\u20130.01<\/td><td data-start=\"4852\" data-end=\"4924\" data-col-size=\"md\">Low cost. Good for mid and low RF. Use for walkie talkies and similar.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div><h1 data-start=\"4926\" data-end=\"4965\">RF issues in PCB design and solutions<\/h1><p data-start=\"4967\" data-end=\"5457\">In general, for circuits with frequency below microwave (this includes low frequency and low speed digital), careful layout is the first key to success. If you know the rules, you can make a good design. For microstrip and high speed digital circuits at PCB level, two or three PCB versions may be needed to ensure circuit quality. For RF circuits with frequency above microwave, you will need more versions to improve performance. So you will face many challenges during RF circuit design.<\/p><p data-start=\"5459\" data-end=\"5503\">Below we list common problems and solutions.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"5505\" data-end=\"5544\">Common problems in RF circuit design<\/h2><ol data-start=\"5546\" data-end=\"7663\"><li data-start=\"5546\" data-end=\"6328\"><p data-start=\"5549\" data-end=\"6328\"><b>Interference between digital and analog modules<\/b><br data-start=\"5596\" data-end=\"5599\" \/>When analog RF parts and digital parts work alone, each can work well. But when they mix on the same board and share power, the whole system may become unstable. Digital signals swing between ground and Vcc by more than 3 V. The period can be short, in the nanosecond range. Because the amplitude is large and the switching is fast, digital signals include high frequency components that do not depend on the switching clock. In the analog part, from a tuned radio loop to a receiver, the voltage can be less than 1 \u03bcV. The difference between the small RF signal and digital noise can be more than 120 dB. If digital signals are not kept away from RF, the weak RF signal can get damaged. The radio may stop working or work badly.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6330\" data-end=\"6831\"><p data-start=\"6333\" data-end=\"6831\"><b>Power supply noise interference<\/b><br data-start=\"6364\" data-end=\"6367\" \/>RF circuits are sensitive to noise. They are sensitive to spikes and other high frequency harmonics. A microcontroller will suddenly draw lots of current at each internal clock cycle. Most modern microcontrollers use CMOS. If a microcontroller runs with 1 MHz internal clock, it will draw current at that rate. If we do not have good power decoupling, we will get voltage noise on the power lines. If voltage spikes get to the RF power pins, the RF block may fail.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6833\" data-end=\"7315\"><p data-start=\"6836\" data-end=\"7315\"><b>Bad ground design<\/b><br data-start=\"6853\" data-end=\"6856\" \/>If the ground is not well designed for RF, strange results can happen. In digital design, most circuits still work even if ground is not perfect. But in RF, even short ground wires act like inductors. For example, 1 nH of inductance is close to 1 mm in length. From that we can guess that a 10 mm long PCB trace has reactance about 27 ohms. If we have no good ground, many ground traces will be long and the circuit will not keep its designed characteristics.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7317\" data-end=\"7663\"><p data-start=\"7320\" data-end=\"7663\"><b>Antenna radiation interfering with other analog circuits<\/b><br data-start=\"7376\" data-end=\"7379\" \/>In PCB layout, there are other analog parts. Many boards have ADCs or DACs. A strong RF signal from a transmitter can reach the ADC input. Any trace can act like an antenna. If the ADC input does not have good handling, the RF can go into its ESD diode and cause ADC offset or errors.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h2 data-start=\"7665\" data-end=\"7710\">RF circuit design principles and solutions<\/h2><h3 data-start=\"7712\" data-end=\"7744\">1. Definition of RF layout<\/h3><p data-start=\"7745\" data-end=\"7791\">When you design RF layout, follow these rules.<\/p><ol data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"8272\"><li data-start=\"7793\" data-end=\"7952\"><p data-start=\"7796\" data-end=\"7952\">Keep high power amplifiers (HPAs) and low noise amplifiers (LNAs) as far apart as you can. Put high power transmit parts far from low power receive parts.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7953\" data-end=\"8096\"><p data-start=\"7956\" data-end=\"8096\">In high frequency areas on the PCB, have at least one full ground plane below and avoid vias in it. The larger the copper area the better.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8097\" data-end=\"8153\"><p data-start=\"8100\" data-end=\"8153\">Circuit and power decoupling are equally important.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8154\" data-end=\"8196\"><p data-start=\"8157\" data-end=\"8196\">Place RF outputs away from RF inputs.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8197\" data-end=\"8272\"><p data-start=\"8200\" data-end=\"8272\">Put sensitive analog signals far from high speed digital and RF signals.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2742\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Definition-of-RF-layout.webp\" alt=\"Definition of RF layout\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" \/><\/p><h3 data-start=\"8274\" data-end=\"8339\">2. Physical partition and electrical partition design rules<\/h3><p data-start=\"8340\" data-end=\"8619\">Partition means splitting the board by function. You can do physical partition and electrical partition. Physical partition deals with part layout, direction, and shields. Electrical partition deals with power distribution, RF routing, sensitive parts, signals, and ground zones.<\/p><p data-start=\"8340\" data-end=\"8619\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2745\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-partition.webp\" alt=\"RF partition\" width=\"640\" height=\"511\" \/><\/p><h4 data-start=\"8621\" data-end=\"8660\">a. Physical partition principles<\/h4><p data-start=\"8661\" data-end=\"8890\">Parts layout is key for good RF design. A good method is to place parts along the RF path first. Then set their direction. Place inputs away from outputs. Keep high power and low power parts apart. This helps to shorten RF paths.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"8892\" data-end=\"8930\">b. PCB stackup design principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"8931\" data-end=\"9200\">A good stackup puts the main ground plane on the layer below the trace layer. Put RF traces on the plane layer. Make vias on RF paths small. This reduces path inductance and reduces cold solder joints on the main ground. Also less RF energy will leak into other layers.<\/p><p data-start=\"8931\" data-end=\"9200\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2744\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/RF-circuit-design.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"462\" \/><\/p><h4 data-start=\"9202\" data-end=\"9244\">c. RF parts and RF trace principles<\/h4><p data-start=\"9245\" data-end=\"9660\">In the board space, linear circuits like multistage amplifiers can separate RF zones. But duplexers, mixers, and IF amplifiers often make many RF and IF signals appear near each other. You should take care to lower this coupling. Route RF and IF traces carefully and leave ground space between them. The right RF path is vital for PCB performance. That is why part layout takes most of the time in phone PCB design.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"9662\" data-end=\"9702\">d. Electrical partition principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"9703\" data-end=\"9974\">Most power in phone circuits is low DC so you do not need special wide traces. But for power to high power amplifiers you must make wide traces for high current. This keeps voltage drop small. Use many vias to move current from one plane to another to avoid current loss.<\/p><p data-start=\"9976\" data-end=\"10253\">Power decoupling for power parts is important. If you fail to decouple the power at a high power amplifier pin, many problems can happen. High power noise can radiate across the board. Ground for high power amplifiers is very important. Designers often need a metal shield can.<\/p><h4 data-start=\"10255\" data-end=\"10300\">e. RF input\/output isolation principle<\/h4><p data-start=\"10301\" data-end=\"10697\">It is very important to keep RF output away from RF input. This applies to amplifiers, buffers, and filters. In worst case, if amplifier or buffer output comes back to its input with the right phase and amplitude, the part can go into self-oscillation. In good case, the circuit will be stable at all temperatures and voltages. In bad case, it will add noise and intermodulation to the RF signal.<\/p><h1 data-start=\"10699\" data-end=\"10708\">Summary<\/h1><p data-start=\"10710\" data-end=\"10978\">In short, RF circuits work with distributed parameter lines. They show skin effect and coupling. This makes them different from low frequency and DC circuits. So in RF PCB design you must focus on the points above. If you do, the design will be effective and accurate.<\/p><ol data-start=\"11035\" data-end=\"12161\"><li data-start=\"11164\" data-end=\"11250\"><p data-start=\"11167\" data-end=\"11250\">Keep traces short when possible. Short traces reduce loss and unwanted reactance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11251\" data-end=\"11384\"><p data-start=\"11254\" data-end=\"11384\">Use the right substrate for the needed frequency. fr4 is okay for many cases. Use Rogers or PTFE for low loss in high frequency.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11385\" data-end=\"11496\"><p data-start=\"11388\" data-end=\"11496\">Control impedance of traces. Use the right width and spacing and stackup. Measure or calculate with tools.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11497\" data-end=\"11626\"><p data-start=\"11500\" data-end=\"11626\">Keep digital and RF parts separate. Give each section its own ground return. Use decoupling at power pins close to the part.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11627\" data-end=\"11703\"><p data-start=\"11630\" data-end=\"11703\">Use ground planes and small vias for RF return. This lowers inductance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11704\" data-end=\"11788\"><p data-start=\"11707\" data-end=\"11788\">Place filters and shielding near sensitive parts. This lowers unwanted pick up.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11789\" data-end=\"11922\"><p data-start=\"11792\" data-end=\"11922\">Test with prototypes. RF usually needs multiple rounds of layout and tune. Small changes can make big effects at high frequency.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"11923\" data-end=\"12058\"><p data-start=\"11926\" data-end=\"12058\">For antennas, give a clear area and keep metal and other traces away. Antenna matching and tuning often need board space and test.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12059\" data-end=\"12161\"><p data-start=\"12063\" data-end=\"12161\">When you make high power traces, make them wide and use many vias to carry current between layers.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h1 data-start=\"12163\" data-end=\"12198\">Basic formulas and rules to check<\/h1><ol data-start=\"12200\" data-end=\"12606\"><li data-start=\"12200\" data-end=\"12326\"><p data-start=\"12203\" data-end=\"12326\">Use l\/\u03bb \u2265 0.05 to see if a trace needs a distributed model. l is geometric length. \u03bb is working wavelength in the medium.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12327\" data-end=\"12438\"><p data-start=\"12330\" data-end=\"12438\">For quick inductance sense, 1 nH is about 1 mm of trace. Use this to check if long grounds add inductance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"12439\" data-end=\"12606\"><p data-start=\"12442\" data-end=\"12606\">For impedance control, know the stackup, trace width, dielectric constant, and distance to plane. Use a field solver or impedance calculator to get accurate values.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>","display_condition_list":[{"display_condition_login_status":"subscriber","_id":"351cd37"}]},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                  Frequently Asked Questions<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat is an RF PCB?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  An RF (radio-frequency) PCB is designed to carry RF and microwave signals (hundreds of MHz up to many GHz). It uses controlled materials, stackups and layout rules to minimize loss and preserve signal integrity.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhich substrate materials are typically used for RF PCBs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Common choices are PTFE-based laminates and engineered materials (Rogers, Taconic, etc.) for low loss and stable dielectric properties; in some lower-frequency or cost-sensitive designs, high-grade FR-4 variants may be used.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhy not always use FR-4 for RF designs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Standard FR-4 has higher dielectric loss and less stable Dk at GHz frequencies, which increases attenuation and impedance variability\\u2014so for precision RF work PTFE\\\/Rogers-class laminates are usually preferred.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tAre via stubs a problem for RF signals?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Yes\\u2014via stubs act like short unterminated transmission lines and cause reflections. Common mitigations include back-drilling, buried\\\/stacked vias, and careful via placement.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  Common tests: VNA S-parameter (insertion\\\/return loss), TDR\\\/impedance checks, and thermal\\\/aging tests to verify Dk stability and dimensional behavior.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat should I provide to a manufacturer for an accurate RF quote?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                  Supply Gerbers\\\/ODB++, target impedance values, exact layer stackup, dielectric choices (or Dk\\\/Df targets), BGA\\\/pitch info, via requirements (backdrill\\\/via-in-pad), and any special routing or assembly notes. Early DFM review speeds up production and reduces risk.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-2145.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-2145.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"RF PCB is a type of printed circuit board (PCB) made for carrying and handling radio frequency signals. These signals […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2145"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3362,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2145\/revisions\/3362"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2145"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}