{"id":2423,"date":"2025-09-05T07:50:03","date_gmt":"2025-09-05T07:50:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=2423"},"modified":"2025-09-26T07:09:57","modified_gmt":"2025-09-26T07:09:57","slug":"immersion-silver","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/pcb-manufacturer\/immersion-silver\/","title":{"rendered":"Inmersi\u00f3n Plata"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Qu\u00e9 es la plata de inmersi\u00f3n<\/h2>

La plata de inmersi\u00f3n es un acabado superficial que se sit\u00faa entre los revestimientos org\u00e1nicos y el n\u00edquel qu\u00edmico\/oro de inmersi\u00f3n. El proceso es sencillo y r\u00e1pido. Incluso cuando las placas sufren calor, humedad o contaminaci\u00f3n, la plata mantiene una buena soldabilidad. Sin embargo, la capa de plata puede perder brillo. La plata de inmersi\u00f3n no tiene la resistencia f\u00edsica del n\u00edquel qu\u00edmico\/oro de inmersi\u00f3n. Esto se debe a que no hay una capa de n\u00edquel bajo la plata.<\/p>

Componentes b\u00e1sicos del ba\u00f1o de plata por inmersi\u00f3n y sus funciones<\/h2>

La f\u00f3rmula del ba\u00f1o de plata por inmersi\u00f3n decide directamente la calidad de la capa de plata. Los principales componentes son la sal de plata, el agente complejante, el regulador \u00e1cido y los aditivos. Estos componentes trabajan juntos para controlar la velocidad de reacci\u00f3n y la forma de la capa de plata.<\/p>

Sal de plata<\/h3>

La sal de plata da los iones de plata. Se suele utilizar nitrato de plata (AgNO\u2083). La concentraci\u00f3n t\u00edpica es de 5-15 g\/L. Si la concentraci\u00f3n es demasiado baja, la capa de plata es demasiado fina (menos de 0,1 \u03bcm) y no puede proteger bien el cobre. Si la concentraci\u00f3n es demasiado alta, la reacci\u00f3n puede ser demasiado fuerte y la plata puede crecer en forma de dendritas. Eso hace que la superficie sea rugosa (rugosidad superficial Ra > 0,5 \u03bcm).<\/p>

Agente complejante<\/h3>

Los complejantes comunes son el amon\u00edaco o las aminas org\u00e1nicas. Forman un complejo estable con los iones de plata, por ejemplo [Ag(NH\u2083)\u2082]\u207a. Esto reduce el nivel de iones de plata libres y ralentiza la reacci\u00f3n. La relaci\u00f3n molar entre el agente complejante y el ion plata debe controlarse entre 2:1 y 3:1 aproximadamente. Si la relaci\u00f3n es demasiado alta, la velocidad de deposici\u00f3n se vuelve demasiado lenta (menos de 0,05 \u03bcm\/min). Si la relaci\u00f3n es demasiado baja, la reacci\u00f3n no puede controlarse bien y la capa de plata puede presentar agujeros de alfiler.<\/p>

Regulador de \u00e1cidos<\/h3>

El \u00e1cido f\u00f3rmico o el \u00e1cido ac\u00e9tico se utilizan habitualmente para ajustar el pH del ba\u00f1o a aproximadamente 3,5-5,5. Si el pH es inferior a 3,5, la estabilidad del complejo disminuye y aparece m\u00e1s i\u00f3n plata libre, por lo que la reacci\u00f3n se vuelve violenta. Si el pH es superior a 5,5, los iones de cobre pueden formar precipitados de hidr\u00f3xido de cobre y contaminar la capa de plata. Esto puede hacer que aparezcan manchas negras.<\/p>

Aditivos<\/h3>

Los aditivos incluyen tensioactivos (por ejemplo, dodecil sulfato s\u00f3dico) e inhibidores de la corrosi\u00f3n (por ejemplo, benzotriazol). Los tensioactivos reducen la tensi\u00f3n superficial de la soluci\u00f3n por debajo de 30 mN\/m y ayudan a que la plata se cubra uniformemente, especialmente en el interior de los orificios de paso y en las zonas de las esquinas. Los inhibidores de la corrosi\u00f3n suprimen la disoluci\u00f3n excesiva de cobre. El nivel de iones de cobre debe mantenerse por debajo de 2 g\/L para evitar la formaci\u00f3n de huecos en la capa de plata.<\/p>

Pasos del proceso de plata por inmersi\u00f3n<\/h2>

La plata de inmersi\u00f3n consta de tres pasos principales: inmersi\u00f3n previa, inmersi\u00f3n y aclarado final con agua desionizada.<\/p>

La inmersi\u00f3n previa tiene tres objetivos. En primer lugar, act\u00faa como soluci\u00f3n de sacrificio. Evita que el cobre y otros contaminantes pasen al ba\u00f1o de inmersi\u00f3n desde el tanque de micrograbado. En segundo lugar, proporciona una superficie de cobre limpia para la reacci\u00f3n de desplazamiento. La superficie de cobre en la inmersi\u00f3n previa obtiene el mismo entorno qu\u00edmico y pH que el ba\u00f1o de inmersi\u00f3n. En tercer lugar, como la inmersi\u00f3n previa tiene la misma composici\u00f3n que el ba\u00f1o de inmersi\u00f3n, excepto por la plata met\u00e1lica, compone autom\u00e1ticamente el tanque de inmersi\u00f3n. En la reacci\u00f3n de inmersi\u00f3n, el \u00fanico material consumido es la plata met\u00e1lica. Las partes org\u00e1nicas del ba\u00f1o cambian s\u00f3lo porque las placas llevan a cabo alguna disoluci\u00f3n. Si la soluci\u00f3n de preinmersi\u00f3n y la de inmersi\u00f3n comparten la misma composici\u00f3n, la cantidad arrastrada por la preinmersi\u00f3n es igual a la cantidad arrastrada por el ba\u00f1o de inmersi\u00f3n. Esto evita la acumulaci\u00f3n innecesaria de sustancias org\u00e1nicas en el ba\u00f1o de inmersi\u00f3n.<\/p>

La reacci\u00f3n de inmersi\u00f3n se produce por una reacci\u00f3n de desplazamiento entre iones de cobre y plata. Si la superficie de cobre est\u00e1 micrograbada por una soluci\u00f3n de micrograbado AlphaSTAR, el resultado es una superficie de cobre que puede desarrollar lentamente una capa de plata uniforme bajo una velocidad de inmersi\u00f3n controlada. Una velocidad de inmersi\u00f3n lenta ayuda a formar estructuras cristalinas densas y evita el crecimiento de part\u00edculas que se produce por precipitaci\u00f3n y aglomeraci\u00f3n r\u00e1pidas. As\u00ed se obtiene una capa de plata de alta densidad.<\/p>

Esta densa estructura, con un grosor moderado de unas 6-12 \u00b5in (micropulgadas), no s\u00f3lo proporciona una buena resistencia a la corrosi\u00f3n, sino tambi\u00e9n una muy buena conductividad. El ba\u00f1o de plata por inmersi\u00f3n es estable y tiene una larga vida \u00fatil. No es muy sensible a la luz ni a las trazas de haluros.<\/p>

Comparaci\u00f3n de prestaciones: Immersion Silver frente a Immersion Gold (ENIG)<\/h2>

El oro por inmersi\u00f3n, que es n\u00edquel qu\u00edmico con oro por inmersi\u00f3n, es un acabado superficial de PCB de gama alta muy com\u00fan. Las principales diferencias entre el oro por inmersi\u00f3n y la plata por inmersi\u00f3n radican en el rendimiento y el coste.<\/p>

Resistencia a la corrosi\u00f3n<\/h3>

Una pila de oro por inmersi\u00f3n suele utilizar una capa de n\u00edquel de 5-10 \u03bcm m\u00e1s una capa de oro de 0,05-0,1 \u03bcm. La capa de n\u00edquel a\u00edsla el cobre y ofrece una resistencia a la corrosi\u00f3n mucho mayor que la plata de inmersi\u00f3n. Tras una prueba de calor h\u00famedo de 1000 horas, la capa de oro de inmersi\u00f3n muestra pocos cambios, mientras que la capa de plata de inmersi\u00f3n puede mostrar una ligera oxidaci\u00f3n. En entornos muy h\u00famedos y contaminados, como el control industrial, el oro de inmersi\u00f3n muestra claras ventajas de fiabilidad. En entornos normales, como la electr\u00f3nica de consumo, la plata de inmersi\u00f3n puede cumplir los requisitos. La vida \u00fatil del rendimiento de la plata de inmersi\u00f3n es estable durante unos 12 meses en condiciones normales de almacenamiento.<\/p>

Rendimiento de soldadura<\/h3>

La plata de inmersi\u00f3n tiene una humectaci\u00f3n (dispersi\u00f3n) de la soldadura de aproximadamente 80-85%. Este valor es ligeramente superior al del oro de inmersi\u00f3n (75-80%), ya que la plata tiene mayor afinidad con la soldadura. Sin embargo, la resistencia de la uni\u00f3n soldada del oro por inmersi\u00f3n es de 6-7 N de media, superior a la de la plata por inmersi\u00f3n, que es de 5-6 N. Esto se debe a que la capa de n\u00edquel se adhiere mejor al cobre. Para juntas de soldadura de paso fino (menos de 0,2 mm), la uniformidad de la plata de inmersi\u00f3n puede ser m\u00e1s \u00fatil para la impresi\u00f3n de pasta de soldadura. Para juntas de soldadura grandes (m\u00e1s de 1 mm), el oro de inmersi\u00f3n muestra una mayor fiabilidad a largo plazo.<\/p>

Coste y proceso<\/h3>

La plata de inmersi\u00f3n cuesta alrededor de 50-60% del oro de inmersi\u00f3n. Esto se debe principalmente a que las sales de oro cuestan mucho m\u00e1s que las sales de plata. La plata de inmersi\u00f3n tambi\u00e9n necesita menos pasos de proceso porque no es necesario niquelar. La eficacia de la producci\u00f3n es mayor y el tiempo de procesamiento de un solo lote puede ser 30% m\u00e1s corto. Pero la plata de inmersi\u00f3n tiene una ventana de proceso m\u00e1s amplia y tolera mejor la variaci\u00f3n de los par\u00e1metros. La plata de inmersi\u00f3n requiere un control m\u00e1s estricto de la composici\u00f3n de la soluci\u00f3n. Por ejemplo, la desviaci\u00f3n de la concentraci\u00f3n de iones de plata debe ser inferior a 1 g\/L.<\/p>

Precauciones de uso de Chemical Silver<\/h2>

A continuaci\u00f3n figuran las recomendaciones de funcionamiento y manipulaci\u00f3n de la plata de inmersi\u00f3n.<\/p>

1. Recomendaciones de manipulaci\u00f3n<\/h3>

  1. En todas las etapas posteriores al tratamiento de plata por inmersi\u00f3n, utilice guantes limpios y sin azufre para manipular las planchas.<\/p><\/li>

  2. Cuando inspeccione las planchas despu\u00e9s de la plata de inmersi\u00f3n, col\u00f3quelas sobre papel sin azufre.<\/p><\/li>

  3. Evite exponer la capa de plata a compuestos de azufre o cloro en todas las fases.<\/p><\/li>

  4. La capa de plata es fina y puede rayarse f\u00e1cilmente. Manipule las tablas con cuidado.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

    2. Recomendaciones de punzonado y fresado<\/h3>

    1. El proceso de plateado por inmersi\u00f3n suele establecerse como un paso tard\u00edo en la producci\u00f3n de PCB. No se recomienda realizar la plata por inmersi\u00f3n antes del fresado o el conformado final.<\/p><\/li>

    2. Despu\u00e9s de la plata de inmersi\u00f3n y antes del fresado, coloque papel sin azufre entre las capas y entre los tableros superior e inferior para evitar ara\u00f1azos.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

      3. Recomendaciones de limpieza para placas plateadas<\/h3>

      1. No utilice tensioactivos ni limpiadores \u00e1cidos en la superficie de plata.<\/p><\/li>

      2. No frote la superficie plateada con ninguna goma de borrar.<\/p><\/li>

      3. Limpie la superficie de plata s\u00f3lo con agua pura o utilizando m\u00e9todos de limpieza electrost\u00e1tica.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

        4. Recomendaciones de envasado y almacenamiento<\/h3>

        1. Despu\u00e9s de que las placas salgan de la l\u00ednea, trasl\u00e1delas r\u00e1pidamente a un entorno no corrosivo con control de temperatura y humedad. Mantenga la temperatura de almacenamiento por debajo de 30\u00b0C y la humedad relativa por debajo de 50%.<\/p><\/li>

        2. Tras la inspecci\u00f3n, selle las tablas al vac\u00edo lo antes posible. Termine el envasado al vac\u00edo en un plazo de 8 horas y no m\u00e1s de 24 horas.<\/p><\/li>

        3. Opciones de envasado:
          A. Empaquete de 10 a 20 tablas como una unidad. Utilice papel sin azufre ni cloro entre cada tabla. Cubrir la parte superior e inferior con 2-3 hojas de papel sin azufre. Selle al vac\u00edo. Esto puede conservar las tablas hasta seis meses.
          B. Empaquete 10-20 placas como una unidad sin separadores de papel. Las placas superior e inferior tocan el lado de la soldadura con la pel\u00edcula de embalaje. Este m\u00e9todo s\u00f3lo puede almacenarse durante unos 2 meses. Util\u00edcelo s\u00f3lo previo acuerdo con el cliente.<\/p><\/li>

        4. No ponga desecante en envases de plata de inmersi\u00f3n porque muchos desecantes contienen azufre.<\/p><\/li>

        5. No utilice cinta adhesiva, etiquetas adhesivas, marcas de tinta ni gomas el\u00e1sticas en las placas de plata de inmersi\u00f3n ni en el papel sin azufre. Estos elementos pueden contener azufre.<\/p><\/li>

        6. Elija bolsas de vac\u00edo que eviten la contaminaci\u00f3n y resistan la concentraci\u00f3n y la entrada de humedad.<\/p><\/li>

        7. Tras el envasado al vac\u00edo, almacenar el envase a temperatura inferior a 30\u00b0C y humedad relativa inferior a 50%.<\/p><\/li>

        8. Despu\u00e9s de abrir los envases al vac\u00edo para el montaje, intente terminar el montaje en un d\u00eda.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

          5. Recomendaciones para hornear<\/h3>

          1. Para placas de circuito impreso alabeadas o dobladas, realice el horneado y aplanado antes de la plata de inmersi\u00f3n.<\/p><\/li>

          2. Si las tablas de plata de inmersi\u00f3n est\u00e1n alabeadas, horn\u00e9elas y apl\u00e1nelas. Envuelva bien las tablas en papel de aluminio para reducir la oxidaci\u00f3n de la plata durante el horneado.<\/p><\/li>

          3. Utilice un horno especial para la cocci\u00f3n. Si no dispone de un horno espec\u00edfico, l\u00edmpielo a fondo para evitar la contaminaci\u00f3n de la superficie plateada.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

            6. Recomendaciones para la manipulaci\u00f3n de la placa de pruebas<\/h3>

            1. Al tomar las placas de prueba despu\u00e9s de la plata de inmersi\u00f3n, use guantes limpios sin azufre.<\/p><\/li>

            2. Coloque la plata de inmersi\u00f3n como un paso tard\u00edo en la producci\u00f3n de PCB.<\/p><\/li>

            3. Envuelva cada tabla de plata de inmersi\u00f3n en dos hojas de papel de aluminio del mismo tama\u00f1o y env\u00e1selas al vac\u00edo.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

              7. Ensayos de materiales y envases sin azufre<\/h3>

              1. El papel sin azufre, los guantes sin azufre y la pel\u00edcula de embalaje necesitan comprobaciones de elementos superficiales. Utilice EDX a 100\u00d7 y escaneado a doble cara.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

                8. Notas de producci\u00f3n para placas de plata de inmersi\u00f3n<\/h3>

                1. Si quedan residuos de pasos anteriores (m\u00e1scara de soldadura verde, pel\u00edcula residual, etc.), pueden causar problemas de cobre expuesto.<\/p><\/li>

                2. Si existen residuos, elim\u00ednelos o ev\u00edtelos antes de la plata de inmersi\u00f3n. El pretratamiento antes de la plata de inmersi\u00f3n no siempre puede eliminar los residuos en las almohadillas.<\/p><\/li>

                3. En el momento de la recepci\u00f3n, inspeccione visualmente las placas de plata de inmersi\u00f3n. Si se encuentran muchos puntos de cobre expuesto o decoloraci\u00f3n de la superficie de plata, detenga la producci\u00f3n para ese n\u00famero de lote y manip\u00falelo. De este modo se evitan grandes desechos de cobre expuesto a gran escala.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

                  9. Necesidades de agua desionizada<\/h3>

                  1. La calidad del agua de aclarado despu\u00e9s de la plata de inmersi\u00f3n afecta directamente a la limpieza i\u00f3nica de la placa acabada. Por lo tanto, a\u00f1ada un medidor de conductividad a la etapa de aclarado despu\u00e9s de la plata de inmersi\u00f3n.<\/p><\/li>

                  2. Antes de rellenar cualquier dep\u00f3sito de plata de inmersi\u00f3n, confirme la calidad del agua. El personal no debe ausentarse al a\u00f1adir agua.<\/p><\/li>

                  3. Requisitos de calidad del agua para las l\u00edneas de plata de inmersi\u00f3n:<\/p>

                    • S.S (s\u00f3lidos en suspensi\u00f3n): inferior a 5 PPM<\/p><\/li>

                    • T.D.S (s\u00f3lidos disueltos totales): por debajo de 10 PPM<\/p><\/li>

                    • Dureza total: inferior a 20 PPM<\/p><\/li>

                    • No se detectan iones met\u00e1licos<\/p><\/li>

                    • No se detecta ion cloruro<\/p><\/li>

                    • Conductividad inferior a 10 \u03bcS<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol>

                      10. Adiciones qu\u00edmicas<\/h3>

                      1. A\u00f1ada los productos qu\u00edmicos en cada dep\u00f3sito de plata de inmersi\u00f3n utilizando vasos dosificadores espec\u00edficos para evitar la contaminaci\u00f3n cruzada.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

                        11. Recomendaciones de reprocesado<\/h3>

                        1. El retrabajo en el proceso de plata de inmersi\u00f3n s\u00f3lo se permite una vez. Registre e inspeccione completamente las placas retrabajadas.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

                          Se trata del proceso de plata de inmersi\u00f3n d\u00e9bilmente alcalina. Est\u00e1 dise\u00f1ado principalmente para resolver el efecto galv\u00e1nico en l\u00edneas finas de PCB.<\/p>

                          C\u00f3mo afecta el pretratamiento a la calidad de la capa de plata<\/h2>

                          La calidad del pretratamiento del cobre de la placa de circuito impreso es la base de una capa de plata uniforme. Pasos como el desengrasado, el micrograbado y el lavado con \u00e1cido garantizan que el cobre est\u00e9 limpio y activado.<\/p>

                          Desengrasante<\/h3>

                          Utilice un desengrasante alcalino (pH 10-12) para eliminar el aceite y la suciedad del cobre, como huellas dactilares y l\u00edquido de corte. La temperatura t\u00edpica es de 50-60\u00b0C y el tiempo de 1-2 minutos. Si el desengrase no es completo, puede que la capa de plata no se deposite en algunos puntos, provocando puntos de cobre expuestos. Puede comprobarlo mediante la prueba de la pel\u00edcula de agua. Despu\u00e9s del desengrase, la pel\u00edcula de agua debe permanecer continua durante al menos 30 segundos.<\/p>

                          Micrograbado<\/h3>

                          Utilice persulfato s\u00f3dico o un sistema de \u00e1cido sulf\u00farico + per\u00f3xido de hidr\u00f3geno para micrograbar el cobre. Esto elimina los \u00f3xidos y crea una rugosidad microsc\u00f3pica (Ra 0,1-0,3 \u03bcm). Controlar la eliminaci\u00f3n del micrograbado a 0,5-1 \u03bcm. Si el micrograbado es insuficiente y queda \u00f3xido, la fuerza de adhesi\u00f3n de la capa de plata disminuye (resistencia al pelado < 0,5 N\/cm). Si el micrograbado es demasiado profundo (m\u00e1s de 1,5 \u03bcm), el cobre se vuelve demasiado rugoso y la capa de plata puede atrapar contaminantes y disminuir la fiabilidad de la soldadura.<\/p>

                          Lavado \u00e1cido<\/h3>

                          Despu\u00e9s del micrograbado, neutralice el grabador residual con \u00e1cido sulf\u00farico 5-10% durante 30-60 segundos. Aseg\u00farese de que el pH de la superficie de cobre es inferior a 4. Si el lavado con \u00e1cido no es suficiente, los oxidantes residuales (como el persulfato) pueden contaminar el ba\u00f1o de inmersi\u00f3n y hacer que la capa de plata se vuelva negra debido a la oxidaci\u00f3n de la plata.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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                          Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfQu\u00e9 pruebas debo solicitar para las placas de plata de inmersi\u00f3n?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

                          Solicite pruebas de soldabilidad, XRF o comprobaciones puntuales de grosor, inspecci\u00f3n visual para detectar manchas o residuos y, si la exposici\u00f3n es motivo de preocupaci\u00f3n, pruebas de migraci\u00f3n electroqu\u00edmica o humedad antes de la producci\u00f3n en serie.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfC\u00f3mo debo especificar la plata de inmersi\u00f3n en las notas de fabricaci\u00f3n?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

                          Especifique el acabado como \u201cImmersion Silver (ImAg)\u201d, solicite cualquier espesor\/aceptaci\u00f3n de Ag requerida, anote las expectativas de almacenamiento\/envasado (vac\u00edo\/desecante) e indique las preferencias de pasta\/flujo de montaje y cualquier requisito de revestimiento. Unas especificaciones claras evitan sorpresas.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                          \n\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfCu\u00e1ndo es la plata de inmersi\u00f3n la mejor opci\u00f3n?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

                          Utilice ImAg cuando necesite un acabado plano y soldable para ensamblajes de paso fino y pueda controlar los entornos de almacenamiento\/ensamblaje, o cuando desee una alternativa rentable a ENIG sin requisitos de contacto\/acoplamiento de bordes.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                          \n\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfC\u00f3mo se comporta la plata de inmersi\u00f3n en la soldadura y el montaje?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

                          La plata de inmersi\u00f3n ofrece generalmente muy buena soldabilidad (incluido el reflujo sin plomo), pero puede requerir pastas de baja actividad\/sin limpieza y un buen control del proceso; valide siempre la compatibilidad pasta\/flujo con su ensamblador.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                          \n\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfEs adecuada la plata de inmersi\u00f3n para BGA de paso fino y microcomponentes?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

                          S\u00ed, debido a su superficie plana, la plata por inmersi\u00f3n es una buena opci\u00f3n para aplicaciones SMD de paso fino y muchas aplicaciones BGA (cuando el proceso est\u00e1 controlado y el montaje coordinado).<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          What is Immersion Silver Immersion silver is a surface finish that sits between organic coatings and electroless nickel\/immersion gold. The 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                          What is Immersion Silver<\\\/h2>

                          Immersion silver is a surface finish that sits between organic coatings and electroless nickel\\\/immersion gold. The process is simple and fast. Even when boards see heat, humidity, or contamination, silver keeps good solderability. The silver layer can lose shine though. Immersion silver does not have the physical strength that electroless nickel\\\/immersion gold has. This is because there is no nickel layer under the silver.<\\\/p>

                          Core Components of the Immersion Silver Bath and Their Roles<\\\/h2>

                          The formula of the immersion silver bath directly decides the quality of the silver layer. The main components include silver salt, complexing agent, acid regulator, and additives. These parts work together to control the reaction rate and the silver layer shape.<\\\/p>

                          Silver salt<\\\/h3>

                          Silver salt gives the silver ions. Silver nitrate (AgNO\\u2083) is commonly used. Typical concentration is 5\\u201315 g\\\/L. If the concentration is too low, the silver layer is too thin (less than 0.1 \\u03bcm) and cannot protect the copper well. If the concentration is too high, the reaction can be too strong and the silver may grow as dendrites. That makes the surface rough (surface roughness Ra > 0.5 \\u03bcm).<\\\/p>

                          Complexing agent<\\\/h3>

                          Common complexers are ammonia or organic amines. They form a stable complex with silver ions, for example [Ag(NH\\u2083)\\u2082]\\u207a. This lowers the free silver ion level and slows the reaction. The molar ratio of complexing agent to silver ion should be controlled at about 2:1 to 3:1. If the ratio is too high, the deposition rate becomes too slow (less than 0.05 \\u03bcm\\\/min). If the ratio is too low, the reaction cannot be controlled well and the silver layer can have pinholes.<\\\/p>

                          Acid regulator<\\\/h3>

                          Formic acid or acetic acid are commonly used to set the bath pH to about 3.5\\u20135.5. If pH is less than 3.5, complex stability drops and more free silver ion appears, so the reaction becomes violent. If pH is more than 5.5, copper ions can form copper hydroxide precipitate and contaminate the silver layer. That can make black spots appear.<\\\/p>

                          Additives<\\\/h3>

                          Additives include surfactants (for example sodium dodecyl sulfate) and corrosion inhibitors (for example benzotriazole). Surfactants reduce the solution surface tension to below 30 mN\\\/m and help the silver cover evenly, especially inside via holes and at corner areas. Corrosion inhibitors suppress excessive copper dissolution. Copper ion level should be kept below 2 g\\\/L to avoid voids in the silver layer.<\\\/p>

                          Immersion Silver Process Steps<\\\/h2>

                          Immersion silver has three main steps: pre-dip, immersion, and final deionized water rinse.<\\\/p>

                          A pre-dip has three purposes. First, it acts as a sacrificial solution. It prevents copper and other contaminants from being carried into the immersion bath from the micro-etch tank. Second, it gives a clean copper surface for the displacement reaction. The copper surface in the pre-dip obtains the same chemical environment and pH as the immersion bath. Third, because the pre-dip has the same composition as the immersion bath except for metallic silver, it automatically makes up the immersion tank. In the immersion reaction the only consumed material is metallic silver. The organic parts in the bath change only because some solution is carried out by the boards. If the pre-dip and the immersion solution share the same composition, the amount carried in by the pre-dip equals the amount carried out by the immersion bath. This prevents unnecessary build-up of organics in the immersion bath.<\\\/p>

                          The immersion reaction occurs by a displacement reaction between copper and silver ions. If the copper surface is micro-etched by an AlphaSTAR micro-etch solution, the result is a copper surface that can slowly develop a uniform silver layer under a controlled immersion rate. A slow immersion rate helps form dense crystal structures and avoids particle growth that comes from fast precipitation and agglomeration. That yields a high-density silver layer.<\\\/p>

                          This dense structure, at a moderate thickness of about 6\\u201312 \\u00b5in (microinches), not only gives good corrosion resistance but also very good conductivity. The immersion silver bath is stable and has a long service life. It is not very sensitive to light or trace halides.<\\\/p>

                          Performance Comparison: Immersion Silver vs. Immersion Gold (ENIG)<\\\/h2>

                          Immersion gold, which is electroless nickel with immersion gold, is a common high-end PCB surface finish. The core differences between immersion gold and immersion silver sit in performance and cost.<\\\/p>

                          Corrosion resistance<\\\/h3>

                          An immersion gold stack often uses a nickel layer of 5\\u201310 \\u03bcm plus a gold layer of 0.05\\u20130.1 \\u03bcm. The nickel layer isolates copper and gives much better corrosion resistance than immersion silver. After a 1000-hour damp heat test, the immersion gold layer shows little change, while the immersion silver layer may display slight oxidation. In very humid and polluted environments, like industrial control, immersion gold shows clear reliability advantages. In normal environments, such as consumer electronics, immersion silver can meet requirements. The shelf life of immersion silver performance is stable for about 12 months under normal storage.<\\\/p>

                          Soldering performance<\\\/h3>

                          Immersion silver has solder wetting (spread) of about 80\\u201385%. That is slightly better than immersion gold at 75\\u201380% because silver has higher affinity to solder. But the solder joint strength of immersion gold averages 6\\u20137 N, which is higher than immersion silver at 5\\u20136 N. That is because the nickel layer bonds better with copper. For fine pitch solder joints (less than 0.2 mm), the uniformity of immersion silver can be more helpful for solder paste printing. For large solder joints (greater than 1 mm), immersion gold shows better long-term reliability.<\\\/p>

                          Cost and process<\\\/h3>

                          Immersion silver costs about 50\\u201360% of immersion gold. This is mainly because gold salts cost much more than silver salts. Immersion silver also needs fewer process steps because you do not need to plate nickel. The production efficiency is higher and a single batch processing time can be about 30% shorter. But immersion gold has a wider process window and tolerates parameter variation better. Immersion silver requires stricter control of solution composition. For example, silver ion concentration deviation should be less than 1 g\\\/L.<\\\/p>

                          Chemical Silver Operation Precautions<\\\/h2>

                          Below are operation and handling recommendations for immersion silver.<\\\/p>

                          1. Handling recommendations<\\\/h3>

                          1. At every step after immersion silver treatment, wear clean, sulfur-free gloves when handling the boards.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                          2. When you inspect boards after immersion silver, place them on sulfur-free paper.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                          3. Avoid exposing the silver layer to sulfur or chlorine compounds at every stage.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                          4. The silver layer is thin and can scratch easily. Handle boards gently.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                            2. Punching and routing recommendations<\\\/h3>

                            1. The immersion silver process is usually set as a late step in PCB production. It is not recommended to do immersion silver before routing or final shaping.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                            2. After immersion silver and before routing, place sulfur-free paper between layers and between top and bottom boards to prevent scratches.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                              3. Cleaning recommendations for silver-plated boards<\\\/h3>

                              1. Do not use surfactants or acidic cleaners on the silver surface.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                              2. Do not rub the silver surface with any eraser.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                              3. Clean the silver surface only with pure water or by using electrostatic cleaning methods.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                                4. Packaging and storage recommendations<\\\/h3>

                                1. After boards come off the line, move them quickly to a noncorrosive environment with temperature and humidity control. Keep the storage temperature below 30\\u00b0C and relative humidity below 50%.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                2. After inspection, vacuum-seal the boards as soon as possible. Finish vacuum packing within 8 hours and not more than 24 hours.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                3. Packaging options:
                                  A. Pack 10\\u201320 boards as a unit. Use sulfur-free and chlorine-free paper between each board. Cover top and bottom with 2\\u20133 sheets of sulfur-free paper. Vacuum-seal. This can keep boards for up to six months.
                                  B. Pack 10\\u201320 boards as a unit without paper separators. The top and bottom boards touch solder side to packaging film. This method can only store for about 2 months. Use this only after agreement with the customer.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                4. Do not put desiccant into immersion silver packaging because many desiccants contain sulfur.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                5. Do not use adhesive tape, sticky labels, ink marks, or rubber bands on immersion silver boards or on sulfur-free paper. These items may contain sulfur.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                6. Choose vacuum bags that prevent contamination and resist concentration and moisture ingress.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                7. After vacuum packing, store the package at temperature below 30\\u00b0C and relative humidity below 50%.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                8. After opening vacuum packages for assembly, aim to finish assembly within one day.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                                  5. Baking recommendations<\\\/h3>

                                  1. For warped or bent PCBs, do baking and flattening before immersion silver.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                  2. If immersion silver boards are warped, do baking and flattening. Wrap boards tightly in aluminum foil to reduce silver oxidation during baking.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                  3. Use a dedicated oven for baking. If no dedicated oven is available, clean the oven thoroughly to avoid silver surface contamination.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                                    6. Test board handling recommendations<\\\/h3>

                                    1. When taking test boards after immersion silver, wear clean sulfur-free gloves.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                    2. Place immersion silver as a late-stage step in PCB production.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                    3. Wrap each immersion silver board in two sheets of the same size aluminum foil and then vacuum-pack.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                                      7. Sulfur-free materials and packaging testing<\\\/h3>

                                      1. Sulfur-free paper, sulfur-free gloves, and packaging film need surface element checks. Use EDX at 100\\u00d7 and double-sided scanning.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                                        8. Production notes for immersion silver boards<\\\/h3>

                                        1. If residues from earlier steps (green solder mask, residual film, etc.) remain, they can cause exposed copper issues.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                        2. If residues exist, remove or prevent them before immersion silver. Pre-treatment before immersion silver cannot always remove residues on pads.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                        3. On receipt, visually inspect immersion silver boards. If many exposed copper points or silver surface discoloration are found, stop production for that lot number and handle it. This prevents large scrap from large-scale exposed copper.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                                          9. Deionized water requirements<\\\/h3>

                                          1. The quality of rinse water after immersion silver directly affects the ion cleanliness of the finished board. Therefore, add a conductivity meter to the rinse stage after immersion silver.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                          2. Before topping up any immersion silver tanks, confirm water quality. Personnel must not leave when adding water.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                          3. Water quality requirements for immersion silver lines:<\\\/p>

                                            • S.S (suspended solids): below 5 PPM<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                            • T.D.S (total dissolved solids): below 10 PPM<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                            • Total hardness: below 20 PPM<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                            • No detectable metal ions<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                            • No detectable chloride ion<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                                            • Conductivity below 10 \\u03bcS<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                                              10. Chemical additions<\\\/h3>

                                              1. Add chemicals into each immersion silver tank using dedicated measuring cups to prevent cross-contamination.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                                                11. Rework recommendations<\\\/h3>

                                                1. Rework in the immersion silver process is allowed only once. Record and fully inspect reworked boards.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                                                  This is the weakly alkaline immersion silver process. It is mainly designed to solve the galvanic effect on fine PCB lines.<\\\/p>

                                                  How Pre-treatment Affects Silver Layer Quality<\\\/h2>

                                                  The quality of pre-treatment on the PCB copper is the basis for a uniform silver layer. Steps like degreasing, micro-etch, and acid wash ensure the copper is clean and activated.<\\\/p>

                                                  Degreasing<\\\/h3>

                                                  Use an alkaline degreaser (pH 10\\u201312) to remove oil and dirt from copper, such as fingerprints and cutting fluid. Typical temperature is 50\\u201360\\u00b0C and time is 1\\u20132 minutes. If degreasing is not complete, the silver layer may not deposit in some spots, causing exposed copper points. You can check by the water film test. After degreasing, the water film should stay continuous for at least 30 seconds.<\\\/p>

                                                  Micro-etch<\\\/h3>

                                                  Use sodium persulfate or a sulfuric acid + hydrogen peroxide system to micro-etch the copper. This removes oxides and creates a microscopic roughness (Ra 0.1\\u20130.3 \\u03bcm). Control micro-etch removal at 0.5\\u20131 \\u03bcm. If micro-etch is insufficient and oxide remains, the bonding strength of the silver layer drops (peel strength < 0.5 N\\\/cm). If micro-etch is too deep (more than 1.5 \\u03bcm), the copper becomes too rough and the silver layer can trap contaminants and lower soldering reliability.<\\\/p>

                                                  Acid wash<\\\/h3>

                                                  After micro-etch, neutralize residual etchant with 5\\u201310% sulfuric acid for 30\\u201360 seconds. Make sure the copper surface pH is less than 4. If acid wash is not enough, residual oxidants (like persulfate) can contaminate the immersion bath and make the silver layer turn black due to silver oxidation.<\\\/p>\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"0df8291\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":false},{\"id\":\"swkwxsy\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"settings\":{\"gap\":\"no\",\"content_position\":\"top\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"background_position\":\"bottom center\",\"background_attachment\":\"scroll\",\"background_repeat\":\"no-repeat\",\"background_size\":\"cover\",\"background_size_mobile\":\"cover\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"classic\",\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0)\",\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"80\",\"right\":\"40\",\"bottom\":\"80\",\"left\":\"40\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"cd3a0cb\"}],\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7882748\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"settings\":{\"_column_size\":100,\"_inline_size\":null,\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"space_between_widgets\":40,\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"7ad0a53\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9fc6712\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Frequently Asked Questions\",\"align\":\"center\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"0c3dafb\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"631b990\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"tab_title\":\"What tests should I request for immersion silver boards?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                                                  Ask for solderability tests, XRF or thickness spot checks, visual inspection for tarnish or residues, and\\u2014if exposure is a concern\\u2014electrochemical migration or humidity testing before mass production.<\\\/p>\",\"_id\":\"1f7b19c\"},{\"_id\":\"ac73f1c\",\"tab_title\":\"How should I specify immersion silver in fabrication notes?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                                                  Specify finish as \\u201cImmersion Silver (ImAg)\\u201d, request any required Ag thickness\\\/acceptance, note storage\\\/packing expectations (vacuum\\\/desiccant), and call out assembly paste\\\/flux preferences and any coating requirements. Clear specs avoid surprises.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"6daa087\",\"tab_title\":\"When is immersion silver the best choice?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                                                  Use ImAg when you need a planar, solderable finish for fine-pitch assemblies and you can control storage\\\/assembly environments\\u2014or when you want a cost-effective alternative to ENIG without edge-contact\\\/mating requirements.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"db05041\",\"tab_title\":\"How does immersion silver behave in soldering and assembly?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                                                  Immersion silver generally offers very good solderability (including lead-free reflow) but may require low-activity\\\/no-clean pastes and good process control; always validate paste\\\/flux compatibility with your assembler.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"efbefeb\",\"tab_title\":\"Is immersion silver suitable for fine-pitch BGAs and microcomponents?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                                                  Yes\\u2014because of its planar surface, immersion silver is a good option for fine-pitch SMD and many BGA applications (when the process is controlled and assembly is coordinated).<\\\/p>\"}],\"border_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":1,\"sizes\":[]},\"border_color\":\"#F5F5F5\",\"selected_icon\":{\"value\":\"fas fa-plus-circle\",\"library\":\"fa-solid\"},\"selected_active_icon\":{\"value\":\"fas fa-minus-circle\",\"library\":\"fa-solid\"},\"tab_active_color\":\"rgba(0, 124, 186, 0.97)\",\"_border_radius\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"_box_shadow_box_shadow\":{\"horizontal\":0,\"vertical\":3,\"blur\":12,\"spread\":4,\"color\":\"rgba(0, 0, 0, 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                                                  \\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"4082dee","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"26\">What is Immersion Silver<\/h2><p data-start=\"28\" data-end=\"454\">Immersion silver is a surface finish that sits between organic coatings and electroless nickel\/immersion gold. The process is simple and fast. Even when boards see heat, humidity, or contamination, silver keeps good solderability. The silver layer can lose shine though. Immersion silver does not have the physical strength that electroless nickel\/immersion gold has. This is because there is no nickel layer under the silver.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"518\">Core Components of the Immersion Silver Bath and Their Roles<\/h2><p data-start=\"520\" data-end=\"783\">The formula of the immersion silver bath directly decides the quality of the silver layer. The main components include silver salt, complexing agent, acid regulator, and additives. These parts work together to control the reaction rate and the silver layer shape.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"785\" data-end=\"799\">Silver salt<\/h3><p data-start=\"800\" data-end=\"1192\">Silver salt gives the silver ions. Silver nitrate (AgNO\u2083) is commonly used. Typical concentration is 5\u201315 g\/L. If the concentration is too low, the silver layer is too thin (less than 0.1 \u03bcm) and cannot protect the copper well. If the concentration is too high, the reaction can be too strong and the silver may grow as dendrites. That makes the surface rough (surface roughness Ra &gt; 0.5 \u03bcm).<\/p><h3 data-start=\"1194\" data-end=\"1213\">Complexing agent<\/h3><p data-start=\"1214\" data-end=\"1678\">Common complexers are ammonia or organic amines. They form a stable complex with silver ions, for example [Ag(NH\u2083)\u2082]\u207a. This lowers the free silver ion level and slows the reaction. The molar ratio of complexing agent to silver ion should be controlled at about 2:1 to 3:1. If the ratio is too high, the deposition rate becomes too slow (less than 0.05 \u03bcm\/min). If the ratio is too low, the reaction cannot be controlled well and the silver layer can have pinholes.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"1680\" data-end=\"1697\">Acid regulator<\/h3><p data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"2036\">Formic acid or acetic acid are commonly used to set the bath pH to about 3.5\u20135.5. If pH is less than 3.5, complex stability drops and more free silver ion appears, so the reaction becomes violent. If pH is more than 5.5, copper ions can form copper hydroxide precipitate and contaminate the silver layer. That can make black spots appear.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"2038\" data-end=\"2050\">Additives<\/h3><p data-start=\"2051\" data-end=\"2459\">Additives include surfactants (for example sodium dodecyl sulfate) and corrosion inhibitors (for example benzotriazole). Surfactants reduce the solution surface tension to below 30 mN\/m and help the silver cover evenly, especially inside via holes and at corner areas. Corrosion inhibitors suppress excessive copper dissolution. Copper ion level should be kept below 2 g\/L to avoid voids in the silver layer.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"2461\" data-end=\"2493\">Immersion Silver Process Steps<\/h2><p data-start=\"2495\" data-end=\"2586\">Immersion silver has three main steps: pre-dip, immersion, and final deionized water rinse.<\/p><p data-start=\"2588\" data-end=\"3488\">A pre-dip has three purposes. First, it acts as a sacrificial solution. It prevents copper and other contaminants from being carried into the immersion bath from the micro-etch tank. Second, it gives a clean copper surface for the displacement reaction. The copper surface in the pre-dip obtains the same chemical environment and pH as the immersion bath. Third, because the pre-dip has the same composition as the immersion bath except for metallic silver, it automatically makes up the immersion tank. In the immersion reaction the only consumed material is metallic silver. The organic parts in the bath change only because some solution is carried out by the boards. If the pre-dip and the immersion solution share the same composition, the amount carried in by the pre-dip equals the amount carried out by the immersion bath. This prevents unnecessary build-up of organics in the immersion bath.<\/p><p data-start=\"3490\" data-end=\"3946\">The immersion reaction occurs by a displacement reaction between copper and silver ions. If the copper surface is micro-etched by an AlphaSTAR micro-etch solution, the result is a copper surface that can slowly develop a uniform silver layer under a controlled immersion rate. A slow immersion rate helps form dense crystal structures and avoids particle growth that comes from fast precipitation and agglomeration. That yields a high-density silver layer.<\/p><p data-start=\"3948\" data-end=\"4217\">This dense structure, at a moderate thickness of about 6\u201312 \u00b5in (microinches), not only gives good corrosion resistance but also very good conductivity. The immersion silver bath is stable and has a long service life. It is not very sensitive to light or trace halides.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"4219\" data-end=\"4287\">Performance Comparison: Immersion Silver vs. Immersion Gold (ENIG)<\/h2><p data-start=\"4289\" data-end=\"4488\">Immersion gold, which is electroless nickel with immersion gold, is a common high-end PCB surface finish. The core differences between immersion gold and immersion silver sit in performance and cost.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"4490\" data-end=\"4513\">Corrosion resistance<\/h3><p data-start=\"4514\" data-end=\"5160\">An immersion gold stack often uses a nickel layer of 5\u201310 \u03bcm plus a gold layer of 0.05\u20130.1 \u03bcm. The nickel layer isolates copper and gives much better corrosion resistance than immersion silver. After a 1000-hour damp heat test, the immersion gold layer shows little change, while the immersion silver layer may display slight oxidation. In very humid and polluted environments, like industrial control, immersion gold shows clear reliability advantages. In normal environments, such as consumer electronics, immersion silver can meet requirements. The shelf life of immersion silver performance is stable for about 12 months under normal storage.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"5162\" data-end=\"5186\">Soldering performance<\/h3><p data-start=\"5187\" data-end=\"5746\">Immersion silver has solder wetting (spread) of about 80\u201385%. That is slightly better than immersion gold at 75\u201380% because silver has higher affinity to solder. But the solder joint strength of immersion gold averages 6\u20137 N, which is higher than immersion silver at 5\u20136 N. That is because the nickel layer bonds better with copper. For fine pitch solder joints (less than 0.2 mm), the uniformity of immersion silver can be more helpful for solder paste printing. For large solder joints (greater than 1 mm), immersion gold shows better long-term reliability.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"5748\" data-end=\"5767\">Cost and process<\/h3><p data-start=\"5768\" data-end=\"6307\">Immersion silver costs about 50\u201360% of immersion gold. This is mainly because gold salts cost much more than silver salts. Immersion silver also needs fewer process steps because you do not need to plate nickel. The production efficiency is higher and a single batch processing time can be about 30% shorter. But immersion gold has a wider process window and tolerates parameter variation better. Immersion silver requires stricter control of solution composition. For example, silver ion concentration deviation should be less than 1 g\/L.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"6309\" data-end=\"6348\">Chemical Silver Operation Precautions<\/h2><p data-start=\"6350\" data-end=\"6420\">Below are operation and handling recommendations for immersion silver.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"6422\" data-end=\"6452\">1. Handling recommendations<\/h3><ol data-start=\"6453\" data-end=\"6801\"><li data-start=\"6453\" data-end=\"6560\"><p data-start=\"6456\" data-end=\"6560\">At every step after immersion silver treatment, wear clean, sulfur-free gloves when handling the boards.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6561\" data-end=\"6644\"><p data-start=\"6564\" data-end=\"6644\">When you inspect boards after immersion silver, place them on sulfur-free paper.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6645\" data-end=\"6727\"><p data-start=\"6648\" data-end=\"6727\">Avoid exposing the silver layer to sulfur or chlorine compounds at every stage.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6728\" data-end=\"6801\"><p data-start=\"6731\" data-end=\"6801\">The silver layer is thin and can scratch easily. Handle boards gently.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h3>2. Punching and routing recommendations<\/h3><ol data-start=\"6846\" data-end=\"7145\"><li data-start=\"6846\" data-end=\"7004\"><p data-start=\"6849\" data-end=\"7004\">The immersion silver process is usually set as a late step in PCB production. It is not recommended to do immersion silver before routing or final shaping.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7005\" data-end=\"7145\"><p data-start=\"7008\" data-end=\"7145\">After immersion silver and before routing, place sulfur-free paper between layers and between top and bottom boards to prevent scratches.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h3 data-start=\"7147\" data-end=\"7202\">3. Cleaning recommendations for silver-plated boards<\/h3><ol data-start=\"7203\" data-end=\"7413\"><li data-start=\"7203\" data-end=\"7270\"><p data-start=\"7206\" data-end=\"7270\">Do not use surfactants or acidic cleaners on the silver surface.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7271\" data-end=\"7320\"><p data-start=\"7274\" data-end=\"7320\">Do not rub the silver surface with any eraser.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7321\" data-end=\"7413\"><p data-start=\"7324\" data-end=\"7413\">Clean the silver surface only with pure water or by using electrostatic cleaning methods.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h3>4. Packaging and storage recommendations<\/h3><ol data-start=\"7459\" data-end=\"8769\"><li data-start=\"7459\" data-end=\"7653\"><p data-start=\"7462\" data-end=\"7653\">After boards come off the line, move them quickly to a noncorrosive environment with temperature and humidity control. Keep the storage temperature below 30\u00b0C and relative humidity below 50%.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7654\" data-end=\"7783\"><p data-start=\"7657\" data-end=\"7783\">After inspection, vacuum-seal the boards as soon as possible. Finish vacuum packing within 8 hours and not more than 24 hours.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7784\" data-end=\"8234\"><p data-start=\"7787\" data-end=\"8234\">Packaging options:<br \/>A. Pack 10\u201320 boards as a unit. Use sulfur-free and chlorine-free paper between each board. Cover top and bottom with 2\u20133 sheets of sulfur-free paper. Vacuum-seal. This can keep boards for up to six months.<br \/>B. Pack 10\u201320 boards as a unit without paper separators. The top and bottom boards touch solder side to packaging film. This method can only store for about 2 months. Use this only after agreement with the customer.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8235\" data-end=\"8330\"><p data-start=\"8238\" data-end=\"8330\">Do not put desiccant into immersion silver packaging because many desiccants contain sulfur.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8331\" data-end=\"8485\"><p data-start=\"8334\" data-end=\"8485\">Do not use adhesive tape, sticky labels, ink marks, or rubber bands on immersion silver boards or on sulfur-free paper. These items may contain sulfur.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8486\" data-end=\"8581\"><p data-start=\"8489\" data-end=\"8581\">Choose vacuum bags that prevent contamination and resist concentration and moisture ingress.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8582\" data-end=\"8683\"><p data-start=\"8585\" data-end=\"8683\">After vacuum packing, store the package at temperature below 30\u00b0C and relative humidity below 50%.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8684\" data-end=\"8769\"><p data-start=\"8687\" data-end=\"8769\">After opening vacuum packages for assembly, aim to finish assembly within one day.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h3 data-start=\"8771\" data-end=\"8799\">5. Baking recommendations<\/h3><ol data-start=\"8800\" data-end=\"9160\"><li data-start=\"8800\" data-end=\"8877\"><p data-start=\"8803\" data-end=\"8877\">For warped or bent PCBs, do baking and flattening before immersion silver.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"8878\" data-end=\"9024\"><p data-start=\"8881\" data-end=\"9024\">If immersion silver boards are warped, do baking and flattening. Wrap boards tightly in aluminum foil to reduce silver oxidation during baking.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"9025\" data-end=\"9160\"><p data-start=\"9028\" data-end=\"9160\">Use a dedicated oven for baking. If no dedicated oven is available, clean the oven thoroughly to avoid silver surface contamination.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h3 data-start=\"9162\" data-end=\"9203\">6. Test board handling recommendations<\/h3><ol data-start=\"9204\" data-end=\"9454\"><li data-start=\"9204\" data-end=\"9285\"><p data-start=\"9207\" data-end=\"9285\">When taking test boards after immersion silver, wear clean sulfur-free gloves.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"9286\" data-end=\"9351\"><p data-start=\"9289\" data-end=\"9351\">Place immersion silver as a late-stage step in PCB production.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"9352\" data-end=\"9454\"><p data-start=\"9355\" data-end=\"9454\">Wrap each immersion silver board in two sheets of the same size aluminum foil and then vacuum-pack.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h3 data-start=\"9456\" data-end=\"9505\">7. Sulfur-free materials and packaging testing<\/h3><ol data-start=\"9506\" data-end=\"9638\"><li data-start=\"9506\" data-end=\"9638\"><p data-start=\"9509\" data-end=\"9638\">Sulfur-free paper, sulfur-free gloves, and packaging film need surface element checks. Use EDX at 100\u00d7 and double-sided scanning.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h3 data-start=\"9640\" data-end=\"9690\">8. Production notes for immersion silver boards<\/h3><ol data-start=\"9691\" data-end=\"10198\"><li data-start=\"9691\" data-end=\"9811\"><p data-start=\"9694\" data-end=\"9811\">If residues from earlier steps (green solder mask, residual film, etc.) remain, they can cause exposed copper issues.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"9812\" data-end=\"9958\"><p data-start=\"9815\" data-end=\"9958\">If residues exist, remove or prevent them before immersion silver. Pre-treatment before immersion silver cannot always remove residues on pads.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"9959\" data-end=\"10198\"><p data-start=\"9962\" data-end=\"10198\">On receipt, visually inspect immersion silver boards. If many exposed copper points or silver surface discoloration are found, stop production for that lot number and handle it. This prevents large scrap from large-scale exposed copper.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h3 data-start=\"10200\" data-end=\"10234\">9. Deionized water requirements<\/h3><ol data-start=\"10235\" data-end=\"10817\"><li data-start=\"10235\" data-end=\"10426\"><p data-start=\"10238\" data-end=\"10426\">The quality of rinse water after immersion silver directly affects the ion cleanliness of the finished board. Therefore, add a conductivity meter to the rinse stage after immersion silver.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"10427\" data-end=\"10542\"><p data-start=\"10430\" data-end=\"10542\">Before topping up any immersion silver tanks, confirm water quality. Personnel must not leave when adding water.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"10543\" data-end=\"10817\"><p data-start=\"10546\" data-end=\"10600\">Water quality requirements for immersion silver lines:<\/p><ul data-start=\"10604\" data-end=\"10817\"><li data-start=\"10604\" data-end=\"10641\"><p data-start=\"10606\" data-end=\"10641\">S.S (suspended solids): below 5 PPM<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"10645\" data-end=\"10691\"><p data-start=\"10647\" data-end=\"10691\">T.D.S (total dissolved solids): below 10 PPM<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"10695\" data-end=\"10725\"><p data-start=\"10697\" data-end=\"10725\">Total hardness: below 20 PPM<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"10729\" data-end=\"10755\"><p data-start=\"10731\" data-end=\"10755\">No detectable metal ions<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"10759\" data-end=\"10787\"><p data-start=\"10761\" data-end=\"10787\">No detectable chloride ion<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"10791\" data-end=\"10817\"><p data-start=\"10793\" data-end=\"10817\">Conductivity below 10 \u03bcS<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ol><h3 data-start=\"10819\" data-end=\"10844\">10. Chemical additions<\/h3><ol data-start=\"10845\" data-end=\"10956\"><li data-start=\"10845\" data-end=\"10956\"><p data-start=\"10848\" data-end=\"10956\">Add chemicals into each immersion silver tank using dedicated measuring cups to prevent cross-contamination.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h3 data-start=\"10958\" data-end=\"10987\">11. Rework recommendations<\/h3><ol data-start=\"10988\" data-end=\"11093\"><li data-start=\"10988\" data-end=\"11093\"><p data-start=\"10991\" data-end=\"11093\">Rework in the immersion silver process is allowed only once. Record and fully inspect reworked boards.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p data-start=\"11095\" data-end=\"11218\">This is the weakly alkaline immersion silver process. It is mainly designed to solve the galvanic effect on fine PCB lines.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"11220\" data-end=\"11268\">How Pre-treatment Affects Silver Layer Quality<\/h2><p data-start=\"11270\" data-end=\"11448\">The quality of pre-treatment on the PCB copper is the basis for a uniform silver layer. Steps like degreasing, micro-etch, and acid wash ensure the copper is clean and activated.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"11450\" data-end=\"11463\">Degreasing<\/h3><p data-start=\"11464\" data-end=\"11861\">Use an alkaline degreaser (pH 10\u201312) to remove oil and dirt from copper, such as fingerprints and cutting fluid. Typical temperature is 50\u201360\u00b0C and time is 1\u20132 minutes. If degreasing is not complete, the silver layer may not deposit in some spots, causing exposed copper points. You can check by the water film test. After degreasing, the water film should stay continuous for at least 30 seconds.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"11863\" data-end=\"11876\">Micro-etch<\/h3><p data-start=\"11877\" data-end=\"12358\">Use sodium persulfate or a sulfuric acid + hydrogen peroxide system to micro-etch the copper. This removes oxides and creates a microscopic roughness (Ra 0.1\u20130.3 \u03bcm). Control micro-etch removal at 0.5\u20131 \u03bcm. If micro-etch is insufficient and oxide remains, the bonding strength of the silver layer drops (peel strength &lt; 0.5 N\/cm). If micro-etch is too deep (more than 1.5 \u03bcm), the copper becomes too rough and the silver layer can trap contaminants and lower soldering reliability.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"12360\" data-end=\"12372\">Acid wash<\/h3><p data-start=\"12373\" data-end=\"12671\">After micro-etch, neutralize residual etchant with 5\u201310% sulfuric acid for 30\u201360 seconds. Make sure the copper surface pH is less than 4. If acid wash is not enough, residual oxidants (like persulfate) can contaminate the immersion bath and make the silver layer turn black due to silver oxidation.<\/p>","display_condition_list":[{"display_condition_login_status":"subscriber","_id":"0df8291"}]},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                                                  Frequently Asked Questions<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                                                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat tests should I request for immersion silver boards?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                                                  Ask for solderability tests, XRF or thickness spot checks, visual inspection for tarnish or residues, and\\u2014if exposure is a concern\\u2014electrochemical migration or humidity testing before mass production.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                                                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tHow should I specify immersion silver in fabrication notes?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                                                  Specify finish as \\u201cImmersion Silver (ImAg)\\u201d, request any required Ag thickness\\\/acceptance, note storage\\\/packing expectations (vacuum\\\/desiccant), and call out assembly paste\\\/flux preferences and any coating requirements. Clear specs avoid surprises.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                                                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhen is immersion silver the best choice?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                                                  Use ImAg when you need a planar, solderable finish for fine-pitch assemblies and you can control storage\\\/assembly environments\\u2014or when you want a cost-effective alternative to ENIG without edge-contact\\\/mating requirements.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                                                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tHow does immersion silver behave in soldering and assembly?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                                                  Immersion silver generally offers very good solderability (including lead-free reflow) but may require low-activity\\\/no-clean pastes and good process control; always validate paste\\\/flux compatibility with your assembler.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                                                  \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tIs immersion silver suitable for fine-pitch BGAs and microcomponents?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                                                  Yes\\u2014because of its planar surface, immersion silver is a good option for fine-pitch SMD and many BGA applications (when the process is controlled and assembly is coordinated).<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-2423.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-2423.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"What is Immersion Silver Immersion silver is a surface finish that sits between organic coatings and electroless nickel\/immersion gold. The […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2423"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2423\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3442,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2423\/revisions\/3442"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}