{"id":2625,"date":"2025-09-11T02:44:18","date_gmt":"2025-09-11T02:44:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?page_id=2625"},"modified":"2025-09-26T05:34:01","modified_gmt":"2025-09-26T05:34:01","slug":"single-sided-pcb","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/pcb-manufacturer\/single-sided-pcb\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es una placa de circuito impreso de una cara?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Una placa de circuito impreso de una sola cara es la placa de circuito impreso m\u00e1s b\u00e1sica. Todas las piezas est\u00e1n en una cara. Todas las pistas est\u00e1n en la otra cara. Como s\u00f3lo tiene trazas en una cara, la llamamos placa de una cara. Es f\u00e1cil de fabricar y cuesta menos. Por eso, los productos electr\u00f3nicos sencillos suelen utilizar placas de circuito impreso de una sola cara.<\/p>

\"Single-sided<\/p>

Cu\u00e1ndo utilizar una placa de circuito impreso de doble cara<\/h2>

Una placa de circuito impreso de doble cara es un paso adelante con respecto a una placa de una sola cara. Cuando una sola capa de enrutamiento no puede satisfacer las necesidades de un producto, los dise\u00f1adores utilizan una placa de doble cara. Ambas caras tienen cobre y trazas. Las dos caras pueden conectarse mediante unos orificios chapados llamados v\u00edas. Las v\u00edas permiten que las se\u00f1ales pasen de una capa a otra. De este modo, la placa puede formar la red de circuitos necesaria.<\/p>

Similitudes y diferencias entre las placas de circuito impreso de una cara y las de doble cara<\/h2>

Materiales y proceso base<\/h3>

Las placas de circuito impreso de una cara y de doble cara comparten el mismo material b\u00e1sico. La mayor\u00eda de las placas modernas utilizan fr4. El fr4 es una mezcla de fibra de vidrio y epoxi. En la fabricaci\u00f3n moderna, solemos recubrir la placa con cobre para obtener una buena conductividad. A continuaci\u00f3n, a\u00f1adimos una m\u00e1scara de soldadura para darle un aspecto limpio y protegerla. Una serigraf\u00eda a\u00f1ade etiquetas y marcas. Las m\u00e1quinas imprimen las marcas en un proceso llamado serigraf\u00eda.<\/p>

Fabricaci\u00f3n antigua y l\u00edmites<\/h3>

La fabricaci\u00f3n moderna de placas no siempre ha sido as\u00ed. En el pasado, ingenieros y aficionados expon\u00edan dise\u00f1os en placas y luego los grababan a mano con ba\u00f1os qu\u00edmicos. Exist\u00edan muchos m\u00e9todos. La mayor\u00eda ten\u00edan los mismos l\u00edmites. No se pod\u00edan grabar f\u00e1cilmente muchas capas en una misma placa. Eso obligaba a que los dise\u00f1os fueran m\u00e1s grandes y necesitaran una gran optimizaci\u00f3n.<\/p>

En los a\u00f1os sesenta esto estaba bien. Las piezas grandes con orificios pasantes eran la norma. Los chips rectangulares grandes ten\u00edan patillas anchas. Se trataba de paquetes DIP. Las piezas discretas con orificios pasantes, como resistencias y condensadores, tambi\u00e9n eran grandes. Las piezas se colocaban muy juntas, lo que facilitaba el trazado corto. Esto hac\u00eda que los dise\u00f1os de una sola cara fueran sencillos y claros.<\/p>

El auge de los dispositivos de montaje superficial (SMD)<\/h3>

La d\u00e9cada de 1980 cambi\u00f3 el sector. Los dispositivos de montaje superficial (SMD) se convirtieron en las piezas preferidas de los ingenieros. Los paquetes planos cuadrados se hicieron comunes. Las piezas discretas SMD dificultaban el enrutamiento por debajo de las piezas. Las placas tuvieron que hacerse m\u00e1s peque\u00f1as. Las placas de una sola cara se volvieron m\u00e1s dif\u00edciles de usar. Esto impuls\u00f3 el crecimiento de las t\u00e9cnicas de placas de doble cara. Con las v\u00edas, ya no era necesario mantener todo el cobre en la misma cara. Se pod\u00eda enrutar por ambas caras con agujeros chapados que conectaban las capas.<\/p>

\"surface-mount<\/p>

Circuitos impresos de doble cara<\/h2>

Los ingenieros se pasaron a las placas de doble cara principalmente por facilidad. Cuando los l\u00edmites de dise\u00f1o obligan a limitar las piezas a un \u00e1rea determinada, los dise\u00f1os de doble cara son m\u00e1s sencillos que los de una sola cara. Las placas de doble cara tambi\u00e9n permiten hacer grandes planos de tierra o alimentaci\u00f3n. Si observas una placa de cerca, ver\u00e1s grandes cortes de cobre en lugar de muchas trazas finas. Estas grandes zonas de cobre ayudan con la EMI, el calor, la fabricaci\u00f3n y, sobre todo, reducen el trabajo de enrutamiento.<\/p>

Por qu\u00e9 siguen existiendo las pizarras de una sola cara<\/h2>

Aunque las placas de doble cara tienen claras ventajas, los dise\u00f1os de una sola cara siguen apareciendo en muchos productos hoy en d\u00eda. El coste es el principal factor. Las placas de circuito impreso de una cara suelen costar un poco menos y a veces tienen plazos de entrega m\u00e1s cortos. Para un dise\u00f1o sencillo, es una clara ventaja. En la producci\u00f3n en serie de productos sencillos, ahorrar unos c\u00e9ntimos por placa puede ser muy importante. Adem\u00e1s, para trazas de alta corriente que necesitan cobre ancho, los dise\u00f1os de una sola cara pueden ser una buena opci\u00f3n. Permiten utilizar grandes superficies de cobre y un enrutado sencillo para las v\u00edas de gran intensidad de corriente.<\/p>

Ventajas e inconvenientes de las placas de circuito impreso de una cara<\/h3>

Pros<\/h3>

  • Menor coste.<\/p><\/li>

  • Dise\u00f1o y fabricaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s sencillos.<\/p><\/li>

  • Plazos de entrega m\u00e1s cortos en muchos casos.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>

    Contras<\/h3>

    • No sirve para dise\u00f1os complejos con muchas piezas.<\/p><\/li>

    • Dif\u00edcil satisfacer las necesidades de tama\u00f1o peque\u00f1o.<\/p><\/li>

    • Menor capacidad de enrutamiento.<\/p><\/li>

    • Podr\u00eda ser m\u00e1s pesado y m\u00e1s grande para la misma funci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>

      Aplicaciones t\u00edpicas de las placas de circuito impreso de una cara<\/h2>

      Las placas de una sola cara son habituales en muchos productos de bajo coste. Aparecen en dispositivos con funciones sencillas que no necesitan gran memoria ni enlaces de red. Algunos ejemplos son los peque\u00f1os electrodom\u00e9sticos, como las cafeteras. Tambi\u00e9n aparecen en muchas calculadoras, radios sencillas, impresoras y l\u00e1mparas LED. Los dispositivos de almacenamiento sencillos, como las unidades de estado s\u00f3lido b\u00e1sicas, pueden utilizar placas de una sola cara. Las fuentes de alimentaci\u00f3n y muchos tipos de sensores tambi\u00e9n suelen utilizar placas de circuito impreso de una cara.<\/p>

      C\u00f3mo distinguir los tableros de una cara, de dos caras y de varias capas<\/h2>

      1. Acerque la placa a la luz. Si el n\u00facleo interno es totalmente opaco y no puede ver la luz a trav\u00e9s de las capas internas, se trata de una placa multicapa. Si s\u00f3lo puede ver una capa de cobre, se trata de una placa de una sola cara.<\/p><\/li>

      2. F\u00edjate en los agujeros. Las placas de una cara tienen agujeros no chapados. No tienen chapado en las paredes de los agujeros y se saltan el proceso de galvanoplastia. Las placas de doble cara tienen agujeros pasantes o v\u00edas chapados. Esto significa que ver\u00e1 cobre dentro del agujero.<\/p><\/li>

      3. La diferencia b\u00e1sica es el n\u00famero de capas de cobre: simple tiene una capa de cobre, doble tiene dos capas de cobre y multicapa tiene tres capas o m\u00e1s. En la fabricaci\u00f3n multicapa, se a\u00f1aden capas interiores y luego se lamina la pila. Si es necesario, puede cortar una secci\u00f3n transversal para comprobar las capas.<\/p><\/li><\/ol>

        \"double-sided<\/p>

        C\u00f3mo reducir la EMI en placas de circuito impreso de una o dos caras<\/h2>

        Por razones de coste, muchos dispositivos de consumo utilizan placas de una o dos caras. A medida que se generalizan los circuitos digitales de impulsos, aumentan los problemas de EMI. La causa principal es la gran \u00e1rea de bucle de se\u00f1al. Las grandes \u00e1reas de bucle no s\u00f3lo emiten una radiaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s intensa, sino que tambi\u00e9n hacen que el circuito sea m\u00e1s sensible al ruido exterior. Para mejorar la compatibilidad electromagn\u00e9tica, lo m\u00e1s sencillo es reducir el \u00e1rea de bucle de las se\u00f1ales cr\u00edticas.<\/p>

        Identificar las se\u00f1ales clave<\/h3>

        Desde el punto de vista de la CEM, las se\u00f1ales clave son las que emiten fuertes radiaciones y las que son sensibles al ruido exterior. Los radiadores fuertes suelen ser se\u00f1ales peri\u00f3dicas como relojes y l\u00edneas de direcci\u00f3n de bajo orden. Las se\u00f1ales sensibles suelen ser l\u00edneas anal\u00f3gicas de bajo nivel.<\/p>

        M\u00e9todos para reducir el \u00e1rea del bucle<\/h3>

        Un m\u00e9todo sencillo es colocar una traza de tierra junto a la traza de se\u00f1al. Ponga la tierra lo m\u00e1s cerca posible. Ese trazado crea un \u00e1rea de bucle muy peque\u00f1a y reduce la radiaci\u00f3n diferencial y la sensibilidad. Cuando a\u00f1ades una traza de tierra junto a la se\u00f1al, la corriente de se\u00f1al fluir\u00e1 principalmente por ese peque\u00f1o bucle, no por otros caminos de tierra.<\/p>

        Si utilizas una placa de doble cara, coloca una traza de tierra en el otro lado justo debajo de la l\u00ednea de se\u00f1al. Si es posible, que sea ancha. El \u00e1rea del bucle es igual al grosor de la placa multiplicado por la longitud de la l\u00ednea de se\u00f1al. Esa \u00e1rea es mucho menor que un bucle abierto largo y ayuda a reducir la radiaci\u00f3n.<\/p>

        Adem\u00e1s, utilice siempre una malla de cobre de tierra en las placas de doble cara. Una malla de tierra reduce la impedancia de tierra. Con una malla de tierra, una l\u00ednea de se\u00f1al casi siempre tiene una l\u00ednea de tierra cerca y forma un \u00e1rea de bucle m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a. Al trazar las rutas, mantenga las l\u00edneas clave cerca de tierra. S\u00f3lo las l\u00edneas m\u00e1s cr\u00edticas necesitan una toma de tierra cerca.<\/p>

        Otros consejos b\u00e1sicos:<\/p>

        • Utilice trazas cortas para las se\u00f1ales de alta velocidad.<\/p><\/li>

        • Utilice condensadores de desacoplamiento adecuados cerca de los pines de alimentaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/li>

        • Mantenga separadas las masas anal\u00f3gica y digital y, si es necesario, \u00fanalas en un \u00fanico punto.<\/p><\/li>

        • Evite los bucles largos. Dirija las rutas de retorno cerca de la ruta de se\u00f1al.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>

          Peque\u00f1os ejemplos pr\u00e1cticos<\/h2>

          • Para una traza de reloj en una placa de doble cara, coloque una traza de tierra ancha debajo de ella en el otro lado. Si el grosor de la placa es de 1,6 mm y la traza del reloj mide 50 mm, el \u00e1rea del bucle es de aproximadamente 1,6 mm \u00d7 50 mm. Si puedes acortar la traza a 20 mm, el \u00e1rea disminuye mucho.<\/p><\/li>

          • Para una se\u00f1al anal\u00f3gica que sea sensible, coloque una traza de tierra justo al lado en el mismo lado. As\u00ed, el par forma un bucle apretado y disminuye la captaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>

            Resumen<\/h2>

            Las placas de circuito impreso de una cara son sencillas y baratas. Colocan todas las piezas en una cara y todas las pistas en la otra. Las placas de doble cara a\u00f1aden una segunda capa y utilizan v\u00edas para conectar ambas caras. El fr4 es el material com\u00fan para ambas. El paso de las piezas con orificios pasantes a las de montaje en superficie impuls\u00f3 la necesidad de placas de doble cara y multicapa. Sin embargo, las placas de una sola cara siguen teniendo sentido para muchos productos sencillos por su coste y facilidad. Para reducir la EMI en placas de una o dos caras, reduzca el \u00e1rea de bucle, a\u00f1ada trazas de tierra cercanas, utilice malla de tierra y mantenga las trazas cortas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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            Preguntas frecuentes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfCu\u00e1les son las principales ventajas de las placas de circuito impreso de una cara?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            Son baratos, f\u00e1ciles de dise\u00f1ar y fabricar, f\u00e1ciles de probar y reparar e ideales para productos de gran volumen y baja complejidad.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfSon m\u00e1s baratas las placas de circuito impreso de una cara que las de doble cara o multicapa?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            S\u00ed: la complejidad del material y del proceso es menor, por lo que el coste unitario y el plazo de entrega suelen ser significativamente inferiores a los de las placas de circuito impreso de doble cara o multicapa.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfAlguna nota especial de montaje para las placas de una sola cara?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            Dado que los componentes est\u00e1n en un lado, planifique la colocaci\u00f3n de las piezas para la soldadura por reflujo\/onda y aseg\u00farese de que no haya componentes que obstruyan el lado de la soldadura; comente el proceso de soldadura con su montador.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfC\u00f3mo se comprueban las placas de circuito impreso de una cara antes de su env\u00edo?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            El control de calidad t\u00edpico incluye inspecci\u00f3n visual, AOI (si procede), pruebas de continuidad\/cortocircuito el\u00e9ctrico y pruebas funcionales cuando lo requiera el cliente.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u00bfQu\u00e9 reglas de dise\u00f1o son importantes para los dise\u00f1os monocapa?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

            Siga las reglas est\u00e1ndar de holgura y anchura de trazado, realice el trazado para minimizar los cruces (ya que no existe una segunda capa) y deje espacio para los orificios pasantes y las almohadillas; confirme el DRC y los m\u00ednimos de la f\u00e1brica.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            A single-sided PCB is the most basic printed circuit board. All parts sit on one side. All traces sit on […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1898,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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            A single-sided PCB is the most basic printed circuit board. All parts sit on one side. All traces sit on the other side. Because only one side has traces, we call it a single-sided board. It is easy to make and it costs less. For that reason, simple electronic products often use single-sided PCBs.<\\\/p>

            \\\"Single-sided<\\\/p>

            When to use a double-sided PCB<\\\/h2>

            A double-sided PCB is a step up from a single-sided board. When one layer of routing cannot meet the needs of a product, designers use a double-sided board. Both sides have copper and traces. The two sides can connect with plated holes called vias. Vias let signals move from one layer to the other. That way the board can form the needed circuit network.<\\\/p>

            Similarities and differences between single-sided and double-sided PCBs<\\\/h2>

            Materials and base process<\\\/h3>

            Single-sided and double-sided PCBs share the same basic material. Most modern boards use fr4. fr4 is a mix of glass fiber and epoxy. In modern making, we usually plate the board with copper for good conductivity. Then we add a solder mask for a neat look and for protection. A silkscreen or screen print adds labels and marks. Machines print the marks in a process called silkscreen.<\\\/p>

            Old manufacturing and limits<\\\/h3>

            Modern board making was not always like this. In the past, engineers and hobbyists exposed designs on boards and then etched them by hand with chemical baths. Many methods existed. Most had the same limits. You could not etch many layers on one board easily. That forced layouts to be larger and to need heavy optimization.<\\\/p>

            In the 1960s this was fine. Large through-hole parts were the norm. Big rectangular chips had wide pins. These were DIP packages. Discrete through-hole parts like resistors and capacitors were large too. Parts laid close together so short traces were easy. That made single-sided layouts simple and clear.<\\\/p>

            The rise of surface-mount devices (SMD)<\\\/h3>

            The 1980s changed the field. Surface-mount devices (SMD) became the preferred parts for engineers. Square flat packages grew common. SMD discrete parts made it hard to route under parts. Boards had to get smaller. Single-sided boards became harder to use. This pushed the growth of double-sided board techniques. With vias, you no longer had to keep all copper on the same side. You could route on both sides with plated holes that connect layers.<\\\/p>

            \\\"surface-mount<\\\/p>

            Double-sided printed circuit boards<\\\/h2>

            Engineers moved to double-sided boards mainly for ease. When design limits force parts to a certain area, double-sided layouts are easier than single-sided ones. Double-sided boards also let you make large ground or power planes. If you look at a board closely, you may see large cuts of copper instead of many thin traces. These large copper zones help with EMI, heat, manufacturability, and most of all, they cut the routing work.<\\\/p>

            Why single-sided boards still exist<\\\/h2>

            Even though double-sided boards have clear benefits, single-sided designs still appear in many products today. Cost is the main driver. Single-sided PCBs usually cost a little less to buy and sometimes have shorter lead times. For a simple design, that is a clear plus. In mass production of simple products, saving a few cents per board can matter a lot. Also, for high current traces that need wide copper, single-sided layouts can be a good fit. They let you use large copper areas and simple routing for heavy current paths.<\\\/p>

            Pros and cons of single-sided PCBs<\\\/h3>

            Pros<\\\/h3>

            • Lower cost.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            • Simpler design and manufacture.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

            • Shorter lead time in many cases.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul>

              Cons<\\\/h3>

              • Not good for complex designs with many parts.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              • Hard to meet small size needs.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              • Lower routing capacity.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

              • Might be heavier and larger for the same function.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                Typical applications of single-sided PCBs<\\\/h2>

                Single-sided boards are common in many low-cost products. They appear in devices with simple functions that do not need large memory or network links. Examples include small home appliances like coffee machines. They also show up in many calculators, simple radios, printers, and LED lamps. Simple storage devices like basic solid-state drives may use single-sided boards. Power supplies and many kinds of sensors often use single-sided PCBs too.<\\\/p>

                How to tell single-sided, double-sided and multi-layer boards<\\\/h2>

                1. Hold the board to a light. If the inner core is fully opaque and you cannot see light through inner layers, it is a multi-layer board. If you can see only one copper layer, it is a single-sided board.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                2. Look at the holes. Single-sided boards have non-plated holes. They do not have plating on hole walls and they skip the electroplating process. Double-sided boards have plated through-holes or vias. That means you will see copper inside the hole.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                3. The basic difference is the number of copper layers: single has one copper layer, double has two copper layers, and multi-layer has three layers or more. In multi-layer making, inner layers are added and then the stack is laminated. You can cut a cross-section to check layers if needed.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ol>

                  \\\"double-sided<\\\/p>

                  How to reduce EMI on single or double-sided PCBs<\\\/h2>

                  For cost reasons, many consumer devices use single or double-sided boards. As digital pulse circuits become common, EMI issues rise. The main cause is large signal loop area. Large loop areas not only emit stronger radiation, they also make the circuit more sensitive to outside noise. To improve EMC, the simplest approach is to reduce the loop area of critical signals.<\\\/p>

                  Identify key signals<\\\/h3>

                  From an EMC view, key signals include those that make strong radiation and those that are sensitive to outside noise. Strong radiators are often periodic signals such as clocks and low-order address lines. Sensitive signals are often low-level analog lines.<\\\/p>

                  Methods to reduce loop area<\\\/h3>

                  One simple method is to route a ground trace next to the signal trace. Put the ground as close as you can. That layout makes a very small loop area and cuts differential radiation and sensitivity. When you add a ground trace next to the signal, the signal current will mainly flow in that small loop, not in other ground paths.<\\\/p>

                  If you use a double-sided board, place a ground trace on the other side right under the signal line. Make that ground trace wide if you can. The loop area then equals board thickness times the signal line length. That area is much smaller than a long open loop and helps cut radiation.<\\\/p>

                  Also, always use a ground copper mesh on double-sided boards. A ground mesh lowers ground impedance. With a ground mesh, a signal line almost always has a ground line nearby and forms a smaller loop area. When routing, keep key lines close to ground. Only the most critical lines need a ground right next to them.<\\\/p>

                  Other basic tips:<\\\/p>

                  • Use short traces for high-speed signals.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                  • Use proper decoupling capacitors near power pins.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                  • Keep analog and digital grounds separated and then join them at a single point if needed.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                  • Avoid long loops. Route return paths near the signal path.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                    Small practical examples<\\\/h2>

                    • For a clock trace on a double-sided board, put a wide ground trace under it on the other side. If the board thickness is 1.6 mm and the clock trace is 50 mm long, the loop area is roughly 1.6 mm \\u00d7 50 mm. If you can shorten the trace to 20 mm, the area drops a lot.<\\\/p><\\\/li>

                    • For an analog signal that is sensitive, run a ground trace right beside it on the same side. Then the pair forms a tight loop and lowers pickup.<\\\/p><\\\/li><\\\/ul>

                      Summary<\\\/h2>

                      Single-sided PCBs are simple and cheap. They place all parts on one side and all traces on the other. Double-sided boards add a second layer and use vias to connect both sides. fr4 is the common material for both. The move from through-hole parts to surface-mount parts drove the need for double-sided and multi-layer boards. Yet single-sided boards still make sense for many simple products because of cost and ease. To lower EMI on single or double-sided boards, reduce loop area, add nearby ground traces, use ground mesh, and keep traces short.<\\\/p>\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"20bc943\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"text-editor\"}],\"isInner\":false},{\"id\":\"4atp7ws\",\"elType\":\"section\",\"settings\":{\"gap\":\"no\",\"content_position\":\"top\",\"background_background\":\"classic\",\"background_color\":\"#FFFFFF00\",\"background_position\":\"bottom center\",\"background_attachment\":\"scroll\",\"background_repeat\":\"no-repeat\",\"background_size\":\"cover\",\"background_size_mobile\":\"cover\",\"background_overlay_background\":\"classic\",\"background_overlay_color_b\":\"rgba(255,255,255,0)\",\"background_overlay_opacity\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":\"\",\"sizes\":[]},\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_tablet\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"80\",\"right\":\"40\",\"bottom\":\"80\",\"left\":\"40\",\"isLinked\":false},\"padding_mobile\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"50\",\"right\":\"25\",\"bottom\":\"50\",\"left\":\"25\",\"isLinked\":false},\"content_width\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"size\":800,\"sizes\":[]},\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"7965ef2\"}],\"margin\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":0,\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":0,\"isLinked\":true}},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"7882748\",\"elType\":\"column\",\"settings\":{\"_column_size\":100,\"_inline_size\":null,\"padding\":{\"unit\":\"px\",\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\",\"isLinked\":true},\"space_between_widgets\":40,\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"9b127ef\"}]},\"elements\":[{\"id\":\"9fc6712\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"title\":\"Frequently Asked Questions\",\"align\":\"center\",\"display_condition_list\":[{\"display_condition_login_status\":\"subscriber\",\"_id\":\"90c9854\"}]},\"elements\":[],\"widgetType\":\"heading\"},{\"id\":\"631b990\",\"elType\":\"widget\",\"settings\":{\"tabs\":[{\"_id\":\"a2a8268\",\"tab_title\":\"What are the main advantages of single-sided PCBs?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                      They are low cost, simple to design and manufacture, easy to test\\\/repair, and ideal for large-volume, low-complexity products.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"c04905e\",\"tab_title\":\"Are single-sided PCBs cheaper than double-sided or multilayer boards?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                      Yes\\u2014material and process complexity are lower, so unit cost and lead time are usually significantly less than for double-sided or multilayer PCBs.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"bd39d67\",\"tab_title\":\"Any special assembly notes for single-sided boards?\",\"tab_content\":\"

                      Because components are on one side, plan part placement for reflow\\\/wave soldering and ensure no obstructing components on the solder side; discuss solder process with your assembler.<\\\/p>\"},{\"_id\":\"7e12e3e\",\"tab_title\":\"How are single-sided PCBs tested before shipping?\",\"tab_content\":\"

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                      \\n\\t\\t[elementor-element k=\\\"0e46bd9387093ca73b9000e38f18cce4\\\" data=\\\"{"id":"7c49487","elType":"widget","settings":{"editor":"<p data-start=\"50\" data-end=\"348\">A single-sided PCB is the most basic printed circuit board. All parts sit on one side. All traces sit on the other side. Because only one side has traces, we call it a single-sided board. It is easy to make and it costs less. For that reason, simple electronic products often use single-sided PCBs.<\/p><p data-start=\"50\" data-end=\"348\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2779\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Single-sided-PCB.webp\" alt=\"Single-sided PCB\" width=\"600\" height=\"367\" \/><\/p><h2 data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"383\">When to use a double-sided PCB<\/h2><p data-start=\"384\" data-end=\"739\">A double-sided PCB is a step up from a single-sided board. When one layer of routing cannot meet the needs of a product, designers use a double-sided board. Both sides have copper and traces. The two sides can connect with plated holes called vias. Vias let signals move from one layer to the other. That way the board can form the needed circuit network.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"741\" data-end=\"814\">Similarities and differences between single-sided and double-sided PCBs<\/h2><h3 data-start=\"816\" data-end=\"845\">Materials and base process<\/h3><p data-start=\"846\" data-end=\"1229\">Single-sided and double-sided PCBs share the same basic material. Most modern boards use fr4. fr4 is a mix of glass fiber and epoxy. In modern making, we usually plate the board with copper for good conductivity. Then we add a solder mask for a neat look and for protection. A silkscreen or screen print adds labels and marks. Machines print the marks in a process called silkscreen.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"1231\" data-end=\"1262\">Old manufacturing and limits<\/h3><p data-start=\"1263\" data-end=\"1586\">Modern board making was not always like this. In the past, engineers and hobbyists exposed designs on boards and then etched them by hand with chemical baths. Many methods existed. Most had the same limits. You could not etch many layers on one board easily. That forced layouts to be larger and to need heavy optimization.<\/p><p data-start=\"1588\" data-end=\"1893\">In the 1960s this was fine. Large through-hole parts were the norm. Big rectangular chips had wide pins. These were DIP packages. Discrete through-hole parts like resistors and capacitors were large too. Parts laid close together so short traces were easy. That made single-sided layouts simple and clear.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"1895\" data-end=\"1937\">The rise of surface-mount devices (SMD)<\/h3><p data-start=\"1938\" data-end=\"2385\">The 1980s changed the field. Surface-mount devices (SMD) became the preferred parts for engineers. Square flat packages grew common. SMD discrete parts made it hard to route under parts. Boards had to get smaller. Single-sided boards became harder to use. This pushed the growth of double-sided board techniques. With vias, you no longer had to keep all copper on the same side. You could route on both sides with plated holes that connect layers.<\/p><p data-start=\"1938\" data-end=\"2385\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2780\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/surface-mount-devices.webp\" alt=\"surface-mount devices\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" \/><\/p><h2 data-start=\"2387\" data-end=\"2424\">Double-sided printed circuit boards<\/h2><p data-start=\"2426\" data-end=\"2858\">Engineers moved to double-sided boards mainly for ease. When design limits force parts to a certain area, double-sided layouts are easier than single-sided ones. Double-sided boards also let you make large ground or power planes. If you look at a board closely, you may see large cuts of copper instead of many thin traces. These large copper zones help with EMI, heat, manufacturability, and most of all, they cut the routing work.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"2860\" data-end=\"2897\">Why single-sided boards still exist<\/h2><p data-start=\"2899\" data-end=\"3427\">Even though double-sided boards have clear benefits, single-sided designs still appear in many products today. Cost is the main driver. Single-sided PCBs usually cost a little less to buy and sometimes have shorter lead times. For a simple design, that is a clear plus. In mass production of simple products, saving a few cents per board can matter a lot. Also, for high current traces that need wide copper, single-sided layouts can be a good fit. They let you use large copper areas and simple routing for heavy current paths.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"3429\" data-end=\"3465\">Pros and cons of single-sided PCBs<\/h3><h3 data-start=\"3467\" data-end=\"3475\">Pros<\/h3><ul data-start=\"3476\" data-end=\"3564\"><li data-start=\"3476\" data-end=\"3491\"><p data-start=\"3478\" data-end=\"3491\">Lower cost.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3492\" data-end=\"3527\"><p data-start=\"3494\" data-end=\"3527\">Simpler design and manufacture.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3528\" data-end=\"3564\"><p data-start=\"3530\" data-end=\"3564\">Shorter lead time in many cases.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3 data-start=\"3566\" data-end=\"3574\">Cons<\/h3><ul data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3740\"><li data-start=\"3575\" data-end=\"3624\"><p data-start=\"3577\" data-end=\"3624\">Not good for complex designs with many parts.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3625\" data-end=\"3659\"><p data-start=\"3627\" data-end=\"3659\">Hard to meet small size needs.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3660\" data-end=\"3687\"><p data-start=\"3662\" data-end=\"3687\">Lower routing capacity.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3688\" data-end=\"3740\"><p data-start=\"3690\" data-end=\"3740\">Might be heavier and larger for the same function.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-start=\"3742\" data-end=\"3785\">Typical applications of single-sided PCBs<\/h2><p data-start=\"3787\" data-end=\"4233\">Single-sided boards are common in many low-cost products. They appear in devices with simple functions that do not need large memory or network links. Examples include small home appliances like coffee machines. They also show up in many calculators, simple radios, printers, and LED lamps. Simple storage devices like basic solid-state drives may use single-sided boards. Power supplies and many kinds of sensors often use single-sided PCBs too.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"4235\" data-end=\"4298\">How to tell single-sided, double-sided and multi-layer boards<\/h2><ol data-start=\"4300\" data-end=\"5047\"><li data-start=\"4300\" data-end=\"4505\"><p data-start=\"4303\" data-end=\"4505\">Hold the board to a light. If the inner core is fully opaque and you cannot see light through inner layers, it is a multi-layer board. If you can see only one copper layer, it is a single-sided board.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4506\" data-end=\"4756\"><p data-start=\"4509\" data-end=\"4756\">Look at the holes. Single-sided boards have non-plated holes. They do not have plating on hole walls and they skip the electroplating process. Double-sided boards have plated through-holes or vias. That means you will see copper inside the hole.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4757\" data-end=\"5047\"><p data-start=\"4760\" data-end=\"5047\">The basic difference is the number of copper layers: single has one copper layer, double has two copper layers, and multi-layer has three layers or more. In multi-layer making, inner layers are added and then the stack is laminated. You can cut a cross-section to check layers if needed.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2778\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/double-sided-PCB.webp\" alt=\"double-sided PCB\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" \/><\/p><h2 data-start=\"5049\" data-end=\"5099\">How to reduce EMI on single or double-sided PCBs<\/h2><p data-start=\"5101\" data-end=\"5472\">For cost reasons, many consumer devices use single or double-sided boards. As digital pulse circuits become common, EMI issues rise. The main cause is large signal loop area. Large loop areas not only emit stronger radiation, they also make the circuit more sensitive to outside noise. To improve EMC, the simplest approach is to reduce the loop area of critical signals.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"5474\" data-end=\"5497\">Identify key signals<\/h3><p data-start=\"5498\" data-end=\"5755\">From an EMC view, key signals include those that make strong radiation and those that are sensitive to outside noise. Strong radiators are often periodic signals such as clocks and low-order address lines. Sensitive signals are often low-level analog lines.<\/p><h3 data-start=\"5757\" data-end=\"5787\">Methods to reduce loop area<\/h3><p data-start=\"5788\" data-end=\"6115\">One simple method is to route a ground trace next to the signal trace. Put the ground as close as you can. That layout makes a very small loop area and cuts differential radiation and sensitivity. When you add a ground trace next to the signal, the signal current will mainly flow in that small loop, not in other ground paths.<\/p><p data-start=\"6117\" data-end=\"6402\">If you use a double-sided board, place a ground trace on the other side right under the signal line. Make that ground trace wide if you can. The loop area then equals board thickness times the signal line length. That area is much smaller than a long open loop and helps cut radiation.<\/p><p data-start=\"6404\" data-end=\"6717\">Also, always use a ground copper mesh on double-sided boards. A ground mesh lowers ground impedance. With a ground mesh, a signal line almost always has a ground line nearby and forms a smaller loop area. When routing, keep key lines close to ground. Only the most critical lines need a ground right next to them.<\/p><p data-start=\"6719\" data-end=\"6736\">Other basic tips:<\/p><ul data-start=\"6737\" data-end=\"6992\"><li data-start=\"6737\" data-end=\"6781\"><p data-start=\"6739\" data-end=\"6781\">Use short traces for high-speed signals.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6782\" data-end=\"6835\"><p data-start=\"6784\" data-end=\"6835\">Use proper decoupling capacitors near power pins.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6836\" data-end=\"6929\"><p data-start=\"6838\" data-end=\"6929\">Keep analog and digital grounds separated and then join them at a single point if needed.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"6930\" data-end=\"6992\"><p data-start=\"6932\" data-end=\"6992\">Avoid long loops. Route return paths near the signal path.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-start=\"6994\" data-end=\"7020\">Small practical examples<\/h2><ul data-start=\"7022\" data-end=\"7437\"><li data-start=\"7022\" data-end=\"7290\"><p data-start=\"7024\" data-end=\"7290\">For a clock trace on a double-sided board, put a wide ground trace under it on the other side. If the board thickness is 1.6 mm and the clock trace is 50 mm long, the loop area is roughly 1.6 mm \u00d7 50 mm. If you can shorten the trace to 20 mm, the area drops a lot.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"7291\" data-end=\"7437\"><p data-start=\"7293\" data-end=\"7437\">For an analog signal that is sensitive, run a ground trace right beside it on the same side. Then the pair forms a tight loop and lowers pickup.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-start=\"7439\" data-end=\"7448\">Summary<\/h2><p data-start=\"7450\" data-end=\"7998\">Single-sided PCBs are simple and cheap. They place all parts on one side and all traces on the other. Double-sided boards add a second layer and use vias to connect both sides. fr4 is the common material for both. The move from through-hole parts to surface-mount parts drove the need for double-sided and multi-layer boards. Yet single-sided boards still make sense for many simple products because of cost and ease. To lower EMI on single or double-sided boards, reduce loop area, add nearby ground traces, use ground mesh, and keep traces short.<\/p>","display_condition_list":[{"display_condition_login_status":"subscriber","_id":"20bc943"}]},"elements":[],"widgetType":"text-editor"}\\\"]\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                      Frequently Asked Questions<\\\/h2>\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t
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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat are the main advantages of single-sided PCBs?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      They are low cost, simple to design and manufacture, easy to test\\\/repair, and ideal for large-volume, low-complexity products.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tAre single-sided PCBs cheaper than double-sided or multilayer boards?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      Yes\\u2014material and process complexity are lower, so unit cost and lead time are usually significantly less than for double-sided or multilayer PCBs.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tAny special assembly notes for single-sided boards?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      Because components are on one side, plan part placement for reflow\\\/wave soldering and ensure no obstructing components on the solder side; discuss solder process with your assembler.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tHow are single-sided PCBs tested before shipping?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      Typical QA includes visual inspection, AOI (if applicable), electrical continuity\\\/short tests, and functional testing when required by the customer.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

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                      \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/path><\\\/svg><\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/span>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tWhat design rules are important for single-layer layouts?<\\\/a>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t

                      Follow standard clearance and trace-width rules, route to minimize crossovers (since no second layer exists), and leave space for through-holes and pads\\u2014confirm fab DRC and minimums.<\\\/p><\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t<\\\/div>\\n\\t\\t<\\\/section>\\n\\t\\t\",\"scripts\":[],\"styles\":[]}}"],"_uag_css_file_name":["uag-css-2625.css"],"_uag_js_file_name":["uag-js-2625.js"]},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Philifast","author_link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/author\/2475017442jygmail-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"A single-sided PCB is the most basic printed circuit board. All parts sit on one side. All traces sit on […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2625","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2625"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2625\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3406,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2625\/revisions\/3406"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2625"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}