{"id":4666,"date":"2026-01-22T07:41:45","date_gmt":"2026-01-22T07:41:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4666"},"modified":"2026-01-22T07:41:50","modified_gmt":"2026-01-22T07:41:50","slug":"pcb-stackup-design-from-2-to-8-layers-for-emi-control","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/pcb-stackup-design-from-2-to-8-layers-for-emi-control\/","title":{"rendered":"Dise\u00f1o de apilamiento de PCB de 2 a 8 capas para control de EMI"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Principios b\u00e1sicos del dise\u00f1o de pilas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>En general, el dise\u00f1o de pilas debe seguir dos reglas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cada capa de enrutamiento debe tener una capa de referencia cercana. La capa de referencia puede ser un plano de potencia o un plano de tierra.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mant\u00e9n el plano de potencia principal y el plano de tierra lo m\u00e1s cerca posible. As\u00ed se consigue una mayor capacitancia de acoplamiento.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>A continuaci\u00f3n se muestran ejemplos de apilamiento desde placas de dos capas hasta placas de ocho capas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Core-Principles-of-Stackup-Design.webp\" alt=\"Core Principles of Stackup Design\" class=\"wp-image-4667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Core-Principles-of-Stackup-Design.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Core-Principles-of-Stackup-Design-300x188.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Core-Principles-of-Stackup-Design-768x480.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Core-Principles-of-Stackup-Design-18x12.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Esquemas de apilamiento por n\u00famero de capas de PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.1 Apilamiento de placas de una y dos capas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>En las placas de dos capas, el n\u00famero de capas es bajo. Los problemas de apilamiento no existen del mismo modo que en las placas de varias capas. El control de la radiaci\u00f3n EMI debe provenir del enrutamiento y el dise\u00f1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/pcb-manufacturer\/single-sided-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"2625\">Monocapa<\/a> y las placas de doble capa tienen cada vez m\u00e1s problemas de compatibilidad electromagn\u00e9tica. La causa principal es que las \u00e1reas de bucle de se\u00f1al pueden llegar a ser grandes. Las grandes \u00e1reas de bucle no s\u00f3lo producen una fuerte radiaci\u00f3n, sino que tambi\u00e9n hacen que el circuito sea sensible al ruido exterior. Para mejorar la compatibilidad electromagn\u00e9tica, el paso m\u00e1s sencillo es reducir el \u00e1rea de bucle de las se\u00f1ales clave.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Se\u00f1ales clave: Desde el punto de vista de la CEM, las se\u00f1ales clave son las que emiten radiaciones intensas y las que son sensibles al ruido exterior. Las se\u00f1ales que emiten fuertes radiaciones suelen ser se\u00f1ales peri\u00f3dicas. Entre ellas se encuentran los relojes y las se\u00f1ales de direcci\u00f3n de bajo orden. Las se\u00f1ales sensibles al ruido suelen ser se\u00f1ales anal\u00f3gicas de bajo nivel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Las placas de una o dos capas suelen utilizarse en dise\u00f1os anal\u00f3gicos de baja frecuencia por debajo de 10 kHz. Utilice estas reglas b\u00e1sicas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Enruta la alimentaci\u00f3n en la misma capa de forma radial siempre que puedas. Intenta que la longitud total de las trazas sea peque\u00f1a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mant\u00e9n cerca las trazas de alimentaci\u00f3n y tierra. Coloca una traza de tierra junto a una se\u00f1al clave. Coloca esa traza de tierra lo m\u00e1s cerca posible de la se\u00f1al. De este modo se crea una peque\u00f1a zona de bucle. Un \u00e1rea de bucle peque\u00f1a disminuye la radiaci\u00f3n en modo com\u00fan y reduce la sensibilidad de la se\u00f1al al ruido exterior. Al colocar una traza de tierra junto a la se\u00f1al, el peque\u00f1o bucle atraer\u00e1 la corriente de retorno de la se\u00f1al. La corriente de la se\u00f1al pasa entonces a trav\u00e9s de este peque\u00f1o bucle y no a trav\u00e9s de otros caminos de tierra.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para una placa de doble cara, coloque una traza de tierra ancha en el otro lado de la placa, justo debajo de la traza de se\u00f1al. Haga este trazo de tierra lo m\u00e1s ancho posible. Esto crea un \u00e1rea de bucle igual al grosor de la placa multiplicado por la longitud de la se\u00f1al.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.2 Apilamiento de placas de cuatro capas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Los apilamientos comunes de cuatro capas incluyen:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SIG - GND (o PWR) - PWR (o GND) - SIG<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>GND - SIG (o PWR) - SIG (o PWR) - GND<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Para ambos apilamientos, existe un problema potencial con un grosor de placa est\u00e1ndar de 1,6 mm (62 mil). La separaci\u00f3n entre capas se hace grande. Un espaciado grande dificulta el control de la impedancia, el acoplamiento de capas y el apantallamiento. En particular, si la separaci\u00f3n entre los planos de potencia y tierra es grande, la capacitancia de la placa disminuye. Una capacitancia de placa baja no es buena para filtrar el ruido.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"445\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Four-Layer-Board-Stackups.webp\" alt=\"Four-Layer Board Stackups\" class=\"wp-image-4668\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Four-Layer-Board-Stackups.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Four-Layer-Board-Stackups-300x167.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Four-Layer-Board-Stackups-768x427.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Four-Layer-Board-Stackups-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Para el primer apilamiento (SIG - GND\/PWR - PWR\/GND - SIG)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Se suele utilizar cuando hay muchos chips en la placa. Este apilamiento proporciona una buena integridad de la se\u00f1al. El rendimiento EMI no es tan bueno. Debes controlar la EMI mediante un enrutamiento cuidadoso y otros detalles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Puntos clave:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Coloque el plano de tierra junto a la capa de se\u00f1al que tenga el enrutamiento m\u00e1s denso. Esto ayuda a absorber y reducir la radiaci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aumente tambi\u00e9n la superficie del tablero. Siga la regla 20H.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Para el segundo apilamiento (GND - SIG\/PWR - SIG\/PWR - GND)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Se utiliza cuando la densidad del chip es baja y cuando el \u00e1rea del chip tiene espacio para vertidos de cobre de potencia. En este dise\u00f1o, las capas exteriores son planos de tierra y las dos interiores son de se\u00f1al o alimentaci\u00f3n. Enrute la potencia en la capa de se\u00f1al con trazas anchas. Los trazados anchos hacen que la impedancia de la ruta de potencia sea baja y la impedancia de la se\u00f1al microstrip sea baja. Las capas exteriores de tierra pueden proteger las se\u00f1ales interiores de la radiaci\u00f3n. Desde el punto de vista del control de la EMI, \u00e9sta es la mejor estructura de PCB de cuatro capas disponible en la actualidad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Puntos clave:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Mantenga una separaci\u00f3n mayor entre las dos capas interiores de se\u00f1al mixta y de potencia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Haga que las direcciones de enrutamiento sean ortogonales entre esas capas para evitar la diafon\u00eda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Controle el \u00e1rea del tablero y siga la regla de las 20H.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Si debe controlar la impedancia de enrutamiento, coloque las trazas cuidadosamente bajo las islas de cobre de alimentaci\u00f3n y tierra.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adem\u00e1s, intente interconectar los vertidos de cobre en las capas de potencia o tierra tanto como sea posible. Esto proporciona una buena conectividad de CC y baja frecuencia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.3 Apilamiento de placas de seis capas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Para dise\u00f1os con alta densidad de chips y alta velocidad de reloj, considere las placas de seis capas. A continuaci\u00f3n se recomiendan dos apilamientos de seis capas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opci\u00f3n 1: SIG - GND - SIG - PWR - GND - SIG<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Con este esquema se consigue una buena integridad de la se\u00f1al. Cada capa de se\u00f1al se sit\u00faa junto a un plano de tierra. Los planos de potencia y tierra est\u00e1n emparejados. Se puede controlar bien la impedancia de cada capa de enrutamiento. Ambos planos de tierra pueden absorber bien el flujo magn\u00e9tico. Con los planos de potencia y tierra completos, cada capa de se\u00f1al tiene una buena ruta de retorno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Six-Layer-Board-Stackups.webp\" alt=\"Six-Layer Board Stackups\" class=\"wp-image-4670\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Six-Layer-Board-Stackups.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Six-Layer-Board-Stackups-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Six-Layer-Board-Stackups-768x431.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Six-Layer-Board-Stackups-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Opci\u00f3n 2: GND - SIG - GND - PWR - SIG - GND<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Esta opci\u00f3n se adapta a placas en las que la densidad de dispositivos no es muy alta. Mantiene las ventajas de la primera opci\u00f3n. Adem\u00e1s, los planos de tierra superior e inferior son m\u00e1s continuos. Act\u00faan como buenos blindajes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nota: Coloque el plano de potencia cerca del lado que no es la cara principal del componente. El plano inferior ser\u00e1 m\u00e1s completo entonces, y el rendimiento EMI ser\u00e1 mejor que la primera opci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Resumen para placas de seis capas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mantenga la distancia entre los planos de potencia y tierra lo m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a posible. As\u00ed se consigue un buen acoplamiento potencia-tierra. En una placa de 62 mil de grosor, la separaci\u00f3n entre capas es menor que en las opciones de cuatro capas. A\u00fan as\u00ed, no es f\u00e1cil hacer que la distancia entre los planos de potencia y tierra sea muy peque\u00f1a. En comparaci\u00f3n con la segunda opci\u00f3n, la primera cuesta menos. As\u00ed que a menudo elegimos la primera forma para el apilamiento pr\u00e1ctico. Siga la regla 20H y la regla de la capa espejo en el dise\u00f1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2.4 Apilamiento de placas de ocho capas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Las placas de ocho capas tienen muchas posibilidades de apilamiento. Algunas son peores para la EMI debido a su escasa absorci\u00f3n y a su gran impedancia de potencia. Aqu\u00ed se describen tres formas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tipo A (no es bueno)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Esta forma tiene menor absorci\u00f3n electromagn\u00e9tica y mayor impedancia de potencia. Su orden de capas es:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Se\u00f1al 1: lado del componente, capa de enrutamiento microstrip<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se\u00f1al 2: capa de enrutamiento microstrip interior, capa de enrutamiento buena (direcci\u00f3n X)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Suelo<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se\u00f1al 3: capa de enrutamiento stripline, capa de enrutamiento buena (direcci\u00f3n Y)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se\u00f1al 4: capa de enrutamiento stripline<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Potencia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se\u00f1al 5: capa de enrutamiento microstrip interior<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se\u00f1al 6: capa de encaminamiento microstrip<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Esta forma no es una buena elecci\u00f3n porque no proporciona referencias coherentes para todas las capas de se\u00f1al. La impedancia de potencia es alta y el control EMI es d\u00e9bil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tipo B (variante con capas de referencia a\u00f1adidas)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Se trata de una variante de un tercer tipo. A\u00f1adiendo capas de referencia se obtiene un mejor rendimiento EMI. La impedancia caracter\u00edstica de cada capa de se\u00f1al puede controlarse bien. Un orden posible es:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Se\u00f1al 1: lado del componente, capa de enrutamiento microstrip, capa de enrutamiento buena<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Suelo: buena absorci\u00f3n de las olas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se\u00f1al 2: capa de enrutamiento stripline, capa de enrutamiento buena<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Potencia: este plano de potencia y el suelo bajo \u00e9l forman una buena absorci\u00f3n electromagn\u00e9tica<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tierra: plano de tierra<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se\u00f1al 3: capa de enrutamiento stripline, capa de enrutamiento buena<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Potencia: este plano de potencia tiene mayor impedancia de potencia<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se\u00f1al 4: capa de enrutamiento microstrip, capa de enrutamiento buena<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tipo C (mejores pr\u00e1cticas)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Es la mejor forma de apilamiento. Utiliza m\u00faltiples planos de referencia de tierra. Esto proporciona una muy buena absorci\u00f3n electromagn\u00e9tica. Un orden com\u00fan es:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Se\u00f1al 1: lado del componente, capa de enrutamiento microstrip, capa de enrutamiento buena<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Suelo: buena absorci\u00f3n de las olas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se\u00f1al 2: capa de enrutamiento stripline, capa de enrutamiento buena<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Potencia: este plano de potencia y el suelo bajo \u00e9l forman una excelente absorci\u00f3n electromagn\u00e9tica<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tierra: plano de tierra<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se\u00f1al 3: capa de enrutamiento stripline, capa de enrutamiento buena<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tierra: segundo plano de tierra, buena absorci\u00f3n de ondas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Se\u00f1al 4: capa de enrutamiento microstrip, capa de enrutamiento buena<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. C\u00f3mo elegir el n\u00famero de capas y el apilamiento<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Elija el n\u00famero de capas y la forma de apilado en funci\u00f3n de muchos factores. Entre ellos: el n\u00famero de redes de se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n de la placa, la densidad de componentes, la densidad de patillas, las frecuencias de se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n y el tama\u00f1o de la placa. Consid\u00e9relos todos juntos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Notas de dise\u00f1o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Si hay muchas redes de se\u00f1ales, dise\u00f1e con m\u00e1s capas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Si la densidad de componentes es alta, elija m\u00e1s capas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Si la densidad de agujas es alta, elija m\u00e1s capas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Si la frecuencia de la se\u00f1al es alta, elija m\u00e1s capas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para obtener un buen rendimiento EMI, procure que cada capa de se\u00f1al tenga su propia capa de referencia. La capa de referencia puede ser de tierra o de alimentaci\u00f3n. Esto ayuda a controlar la impedancia y proporciona v\u00edas de retorno estrechas. Las v\u00edas de retorno estrechas reducen el \u00e1rea de bucle. Una menor \u00e1rea de bucle reduce la radiaci\u00f3n y la sensibilidad a las interferencias.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Reglas sencillas a seguir en todos los dise\u00f1os<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Asigne a cada capa de enrutamiento un plano de referencia cercano. Esto ayuda a controlar la impedancia y la corriente de retorno.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Empareja los planos de potencia y tierra siempre que puedas. La separaci\u00f3n debe ser peque\u00f1a. Esto aumenta la capacitancia del plano. Una alta capacitancia del plano reduce el ruido.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coloque el plano de tierra junto a la capa de se\u00f1al que tenga un enrutamiento denso. Esto ayuda a absorber y detener la radiaci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Utilice enrutamiento ortogonal en capas de se\u00f1al adyacentes para reducir la diafon\u00eda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Utilice trazas anchas para el enrutamiento de potencia en capas mixtas para mantener baja la impedancia de la ruta de potencia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vierte cobre de interconexi\u00f3n en los planos de potencia y tierra para conseguir conexiones de CC y baja frecuencia potentes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Siga la regla 20H cuando establezca el \u00e1rea del tablero y tenga en cuenta las reglas de dise\u00f1o de las capas espejo.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>En dise\u00f1os de alta velocidad o alta densidad, prefiera placas de seis u ocho capas para que cada capa de se\u00f1al pueda tener una referencia cercana.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Para dise\u00f1os anal\u00f3gicos de baja frecuencia, las placas de una o dos capas pueden funcionar si se mantienen peque\u00f1as las \u00e1reas de bucle y se coloca la masa cerca de las se\u00f1ales.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cuando puedas, haz que los planos interiores de potencia y tierra est\u00e9n cerca. Esto mejora el desacoplamiento y reduce la EMI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Nota de cierre<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La elecci\u00f3n del apilamiento es un intercambio de sistemas. Examine las redes, el dise\u00f1o, la ubicaci\u00f3n de los componentes, el n\u00famero de patillas y la frecuencia, todo a la vez. Para mejorar la EMI y el control de la se\u00f1al, d\u00e9 a cada capa de se\u00f1al una referencia clara y cercana. Siempre que sea posible, utilice planos emparejados y una distancia entre planos reducida. Utilice varios planos de tierra para una mejor absorci\u00f3n electromagn\u00e9tica en placas de varias capas. Cuando dise\u00f1e, equilibre el coste y el rendimiento. Siga las sencillas reglas anteriores y elija el apilamiento que mejor se adapte a las necesidades de su placa.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Core Principles of Stackup Design Overall, stackup design must follow two rules: Below are example stackups from two-layer boards 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