3.5 Perforaci\u00f3n de v\u00edas ciegas y enterradas (DRILLING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n En la producci\u00f3n de placas de circuito impreso, el taladrado mec\u00e1nico es el m\u00e9todo principal para agujeros pasantes de m\u00e1s de 8 mil aproximadamente. El taladrado mec\u00e1nico determina d\u00f3nde no pueden cruzarse las v\u00edas ciegas y enterradas. En una placa de ocho capas, por ejemplo, se pueden crear v\u00edas enterradas para las capas 3-6, v\u00edas ciegas para las capas 1-2 y v\u00edas ciegas para las capas 7-8 al mismo tiempo. Pero no se pueden dise\u00f1ar v\u00edas enterradas que se crucen, como las de las capas 3-5 y 4-6, porque no se pueden hacer. Los patrones de v\u00edas enterradas asim\u00e9tricas (como 3-5 y 4-6) aumentan enormemente la dificultad y la tasa de desechos. El coste puede ser seis veces superior al de las v\u00edas enterradas sim\u00e9tricas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n3.6 Deposici\u00f3n y revestimiento de cobre (v\u00eda metalizaci\u00f3n)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n La metalizaci\u00f3n por v\u00eda cubre la pared del orificio perforado con cobre uniforme y resistente al calor. Tres pasos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nEliminar los restos del taladro.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Deposici\u00f3n qu\u00edmica de cobre.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Galvanoplastia completa para espesar el cobre.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\nPar\u00e1metro clave: relaci\u00f3n de aspecto (grosor del cart\u00f3n\/di\u00e1metro del orificio). A medida que aumenta el grosor de la placa y disminuye el di\u00e1metro del orificio, los productos qu\u00edmicos no pueden llegar f\u00e1cilmente al centro del orificio. Esto puede hacer que el metalizado sea fino en el centro y provocar fallos de microapertura. Los dise\u00f1adores deben conocer los l\u00edmites del proceso de la f\u00e1brica de placas. Tanto las v\u00edas ciegas\/enterradas como los orificios pasantes deben tener en cuenta los l\u00edmites de la relaci\u00f3n de aspecto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.7 Pel\u00edcula seca de segunda capa interior<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Despu\u00e9s de metalizar las v\u00edas enterradas para las capas 3-6, rellene los agujeros con tinta de resina y vuelva a los pasos de la pel\u00edcula seca interior para hacer las trazas de las capas 3 y 6. Una vez terminadas, vuelva a realizar la oxidaci\u00f3n negra\/marr\u00f3n y, a continuaci\u00f3n, env\u00ede a realizar una segunda laminaci\u00f3n. Esta segunda laminaci\u00f3n sigue el mismo proceso que la primera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3,8 Segunda laminaci\u00f3n (prensa HDI)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Los tableros HDI tienen capas aislantes finas, por lo que el prensado es m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil. Para el mismo grosor, la resistencia del LDP es mejor que la del RCC. El LDP fluye m\u00e1s lentamente, por lo que el control es m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Notas de dise\u00f1o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nEn las zonas interiores con v\u00edas ciegas\/enterradas, las trazas exteriores deben evitar las ubicaciones de las v\u00edas para evitar circuitos abiertos causados por depresiones.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Demasiadas v\u00edas enterradas entre la segunda y la pen\u00faltima capa pueden crear canales que diluyan el diel\u00e9ctrico. Reduzca estas v\u00edas siempre que sea posible.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\nPara las v\u00edas ciegas de CO\u2082 de HDI, un m\u00e9todo com\u00fan es la t\u00e9cnica de m\u00e1scara conformada. Se transfieren los patrones al cobre exterior, se graban peque\u00f1as ventanas que coincidan con las posiciones de las v\u00edas l\u00e1ser y, a continuaci\u00f3n, se utiliza un l\u00e1ser de mayor potencia en esas coordenadas. Esto es adecuado para la fabricaci\u00f3n sustractiva multicapa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.9 M\u00e1scara conformada (l\u00e1ser mediante preprocesado)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n La m\u00e1scara conformada tiene dos partes: M\u00e1scara conforme1 y M\u00e1scara conforme2:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nM\u00e1scara conformada1: almohadillas de grabado que se alinean con la v\u00eda ciega a ambos lados de la subplaca y objetivos de alineaci\u00f3n de grabado para la m\u00e1quina de autoexposici\u00f3n. Esto facilita el procesamiento posterior y el taladrado l\u00e1ser.<\/li>\n\n\n\n M\u00e1scara conformada2: grabar ventanas en el cobre superior e inferior de la placa que sean ligeramente m\u00e1s grandes que el orificio del l\u00e1ser. Esto prepara para el procesamiento l\u00e1ser de CO\u2082.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3.10 Taladrado l\u00e1ser (LASER DRILLING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n El taladrado l\u00e1ser utiliza energ\u00eda l\u00e1ser para quemar resina y formar v\u00edas ciegas. La energ\u00eda l\u00e1ser decae de arriba abajo, por lo que el di\u00e1metro del orificio se reduce con la profundidad. El tama\u00f1o t\u00edpico de los orificios es de 0,10-0,15 mm (4-6 mil). Seg\u00fan IPC6016, los orificios \u22640,15 mm se denominan microv\u00edas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Los agujeros de m\u00e1s de 0,15 mm necesitan perforaci\u00f3n en espiral. La velocidad disminuye y el coste aumenta r\u00e1pidamente. Las herramientas l\u00e1ser convencionales utilizan ahora el taladrado de tres disparos. La velocidad es de 100-200 agujeros por segundo. Los agujeros m\u00e1s peque\u00f1os pueden ser m\u00e1s r\u00e1pidos (agujero de 0,100 mm ~120 agujeros\/seg; agujero de 0,076 mm ~170 agujeros\/seg).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.11 Metalizaci\u00f3n por l\u00e1ser<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Los orificios l\u00e1ser queman la pared del orificio y dejan carbonilla. La segunda capa de cobre puede oxidarse. Se necesita un lavado con agua a alta presi\u00f3n para eliminar los residuos de perforaci\u00f3n. La carbonilla de la microv\u00eda es dif\u00edcil de eliminar. El HDI apilado de dos niveles necesita un revestimiento especial de la v\u00eda ciega y un relleno de cobre (RELLENO DE COBRE). Esto es costoso y se utiliza para productos de gama alta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.12 Tercera pel\u00edcula seca interior<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Despu\u00e9s de la metalizaci\u00f3n por l\u00e1ser, hacer una segunda m\u00e1scara Conformal1. A continuaci\u00f3n, volver a los pasos de pel\u00edcula seca interior para hacer las capas 2 y 7 trazas. Despu\u00e9s de hacer las trazas, hacer la oxidaci\u00f3n negro\/marr\u00f3n y una tercera laminaci\u00f3n. A continuaci\u00f3n, hacer la tercera ciega a trav\u00e9s de etch paso 1 y la segunda ciega a trav\u00e9s de etch paso 2 para prepararse para la segunda perforaci\u00f3n l\u00e1ser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
El IDH de segundo nivel necesita muchas alineaciones. Los errores pueden acumularse. Esto hace que la tasa de desechos sea mayor. De m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil a m\u00e1s dif\u00edcil en combinaciones de v\u00edas:
3.13 Segunda perforaci\u00f3n l\u00e1ser<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Realice el segundo paso de perforaci\u00f3n l\u00e1ser seg\u00fan lo previsto para HDI de dos niveles. Sigue reglas similares a las del primer taladrado l\u00e1ser, pero requiere una cuidadosa alineaci\u00f3n y planificaci\u00f3n de la v\u00eda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.14 Taladrado mec\u00e1nico (taladrar agujeros pasantes)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Despu\u00e9s de los pasos del l\u00e1ser, realice el taladrado mec\u00e1nico para los agujeros pasantes. Este paso taladra agujeros que atraviesan todo el panel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.15 Eliminaci\u00f3n de residuos de perforaci\u00f3n y revestimiento por v\u00eda (P.T.H)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Chapar las v\u00edas ciegas y los agujeros pasantes juntos para que todas las v\u00edas est\u00e9n metalizadas. En este punto finaliza el flujo especial de IDH. A partir de este momento, la placa sigue los pasos est\u00e1ndar de acabado de PCB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.16 Film seco de capa exterior y metalizado de patrones (FILM SECO & CHAPADO DE PATRONES)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n La transferencia del patr\u00f3n exterior es similar a la de las capas interiores. La principal diferencia es el m\u00e9todo de chapado:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nM\u00e9todo sustractivo: utilizar pel\u00edcula negativa. La pel\u00edcula seca endurecida queda como circuito. Grabe y pele la pel\u00edcula para mantener el circuito.<\/li>\n\n\n\n M\u00e9todo aditivo\/normal: utilizar pel\u00edcula positiva. La pel\u00edcula seca endurecida cubre las zonas sin circuito. Realice un chapado de patr\u00f3n (cobre y luego esta\u00f1o), luego retire la pel\u00edcula, realice un grabado alcalino, retire el esta\u00f1o y conserve el circuito.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3.17 M\u00e1scara de soldadura de pel\u00edcula h\u00fameda (WET FILM SOLDER MASK)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n La m\u00e1scara de soldadura recubre la superficie de la placa. Evita que una soldadura incorrecta, la humedad o los productos qu\u00edmicos provoquen cortocircuitos, y protege las trazas de da\u00f1os f\u00edsicos. Esto mantiene estable el funcionamiento de la placa de circuito impreso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Proceso: prelimpieza \u2192 recubrimiento \u2192 prehorneado \u2192 exposici\u00f3n \u2192 revelado \u2192 curado UV \u2192 curado t\u00e9rmico. Puntos clave de control: alineaci\u00f3n de la m\u00e1scara de soldadura, tama\u00f1o del puente de la m\u00e1scara, producci\u00f3n de v\u00edas y grosor de la m\u00e1scara. La calidad de la tinta afecta al acabado superficial posterior, al montaje SMT y a la vida \u00fatil de la placa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.18 Oro selectivo por inmersi\u00f3n (IMMERSION GOLD)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n El niquelado\/dorado qu\u00edmico es un acabado superficial posterior a la m\u00e1scara de soldadura. Es adecuado para placas de circuito impreso con un paso de traza peque\u00f1o y muchas piezas de montaje superficial. Favorece la coplanaridad y planitud de los pads. El oro es estable y protector. Especificaciones del chapado: n\u00edquel ~5 \u03bcm, oro 0,05-0,1 \u03bcm. El oro demasiado grueso puede agrietarse y debilitar las juntas de soldadura. El oro demasiado fino ofrece poca protecci\u00f3n. ENIG es menos soldable en algunos casos y puede mostrar defectos oscuros en las almohadillas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.19 Impresi\u00f3n de leyendas (IMPRESI\u00d3N C\/M)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Imprima las leyendas y marcas con tinta para leyendas. Esto facilita el montaje y el mantenimiento posteriores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.20 Fresado y perfilado (PROFILING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Cortar el panel acabado a tama\u00f1o UNIT o SET con fresadoras CNC. Realice el recorte de bordes y el fresado de ranuras. Si es necesario el corte en V, a\u00f1ada los pasos correspondientes. Par\u00e1metros clave: tolerancia del perfil, tama\u00f1o del chafl\u00e1n, radio de la esquina interior. Deje una distancia de seguridad entre los patrones y el borde del tablero.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.21 Prueba el\u00e9ctrica (E-TEST)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Se trata de la prueba de continuidad y aislamiento. Los m\u00e9todos principales son la prueba del lecho de clavos y la prueba de la sonda volante:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\nLecho de clavos: fijaciones gen\u00e9ricas o personalizadas. Los gen\u00e9ricos son m\u00e1s caros, pero sirven para muchas placas. Las fijaciones personalizadas son m\u00e1s baratas por pieza, pero s\u00f3lo para placas de circuito impreso espec\u00edficas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n Sonda voladora: desplaza las sondas hasta las redes de prueba. Es flexible y sirve para muchas tiradas peque\u00f1as.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n3.22 OSP (Conservante org\u00e1nico de soldabilidad)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n La OSP forma una pel\u00edcula org\u00e1nica sobre las pastillas de cobre desnudo y los orificios pasantes tras la prueba el\u00e9ctrica y la comprobaci\u00f3n visual. El grosor de la pel\u00edcula es de 0,3-0,5 \u03bcm. La temperatura de descomposici\u00f3n es de unos 300 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Principales ventajas: revestimiento plano que se adapta a placas de circuito impreso de paso peque\u00f1o; proceso sencillo, baja contaminaci\u00f3n, bajo coste y buena soldabilidad. Inconvenientes: la pel\u00edcula es fina y f\u00e1cil de rayar. La vida \u00fatil es corta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hoy en d\u00eda, las combinaciones ENIG + OSP se utilizan para placas de alta precisi\u00f3n. Proporcionan protecci\u00f3n y soldabilidad y son una opci\u00f3n sin plomo para sustituir al HASL en algunos casos. El coste es m\u00e1s elevado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n3.23 Auditor\u00eda final (FINAL AUDIT)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Inspeccione el aspecto, el tama\u00f1o, el rendimiento el\u00e9ctrico y la calidad del chapado de las placas de circuito impreso. Aseg\u00farese de que todo cumple las normas industriales y de dise\u00f1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3.24 Embalaje (PACKING)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n Empaquete las placas de circuito impreso pasajeras para evitar la humedad y los ara\u00f1azos. Proteja las placas durante el env\u00edo y gu\u00e1rdelas bien para su uso posterior.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Below is the English translation. I used clear, simple wording and basic linking words (and, but, so, then, because). 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