{"id":4688,"date":"2026-01-28T07:05:56","date_gmt":"2026-01-28T07:05:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4688"},"modified":"2026-01-28T07:05:59","modified_gmt":"2026-01-28T07:05:59","slug":"make-your-pcb-more-reliable-with-vias","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/make-your-pcb-more-reliable-with-vias\/","title":{"rendered":"Aumente la fiabilidad de su placa de circuito impreso con v\u00edas"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Los fabricantes de electr\u00f3nica utilizan <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/what-considerations-to-make-multi-layer-pcbs\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4209\">circuitos impresos multicapa<\/a> (PCB) para que los circuitos ocupen menos espacio. Esto les permite colocar m\u00e1s piezas en la parte superior de la placa, y tambi\u00e9n deja espacio para colocar trazas en las capas interiores. Las v\u00edas son la \u00fanica forma de establecer conexiones el\u00e9ctricas entre las distintas capas. Las v\u00edas son una parte fundamental del dise\u00f1o de la placa, pero tambi\u00e9n modifican el funcionamiento de la soldadura y pueden a\u00f1adir puntos d\u00e9biles. Estos puntos d\u00e9biles pueden reducir la fiabilidad de toda la placa. Pero si los dise\u00f1adores siguen unas buenas normas de dise\u00f1o, pueden utilizar v\u00edas y seguir fabricando una placa de circuito impreso fiable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 es una v\u00eda?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Una v\u00eda es un orificio en una placa de circuito impreso que atraviesa una o varias capas. El fabricante recubre el orificio con cobre para formar un barril. Los extremos del barril se conectan a trazas espec\u00edficas de las capas. De este modo, se crea un contacto el\u00e9ctrico entre dos capas. Si una v\u00eda atraviesa varias capas interiores, \u00e9stas tambi\u00e9n pueden conectarse a la v\u00eda cuando el circuito lo necesite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Existen tres tipos principales de v\u00edas: pasantes, enterradas y ciegas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Las v\u00edas pasantes atraviesan todo el grosor de la placa. Empiezan en la capa superior y terminan en la inferior. Los fabricantes pueden revestir o no las v\u00edas pasantes seg\u00fan sus necesidades. Cuando un circuito lo necesita, una v\u00eda pasante revestida permite que otras capas internas se conecten a ella.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Las v\u00edas enterradas atraviesan dos o m\u00e1s capas interiores. No son visibles ni por arriba ni por abajo. Cuando el circuito lo necesita, las capas que atraviesa una v\u00eda enterrada pueden conectarse a ella.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Las v\u00edas ciegas comienzan en la capa superior o inferior y terminan en una capa interior. Por el camino pueden atravesar varias capas interiores y conectarse a ellas cuando sea necesario.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Las placas de circuito impreso de alta densidad de interconexi\u00f3n (HDI) y las placas de circuito impreso flexibles utilizan otro tipo de v\u00edas denominadas microv\u00edas. Las microv\u00edas son muy peque\u00f1as. Los fabricantes las perforan con un l\u00e1ser. Cada microv\u00eda suele atravesar una sola capa. Los fabricantes pueden apilar microv\u00edas unas sobre otras para que act\u00faen como v\u00edas pasantes, ciegas o enterradas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"466\" src=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/What-a-via-is.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4689\" srcset=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/What-a-via-is.webp 800w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/What-a-via-is-300x175.webp 300w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/What-a-via-is-768x447.webp 768w, https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/What-a-via-is-18x10.webp 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Por tama\u00f1o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Una v\u00eda es m\u00e1s resistente y conductora cuanto mayor es su di\u00e1metro. Las v\u00edas m\u00e1s grandes tienen mayor resistencia mec\u00e1nica. Tambi\u00e9n conducen m\u00e1s corriente y mueven mejor el calor. Pero el uso de v\u00edas grandes reduce la superficie libre de la placa. Esto puede dificultar el enrutado cuando el espacio es reducido.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Una regla pr\u00e1ctica com\u00fan es utilizar un tama\u00f1o m\u00ednimo de taladro de 20 mil, un anillo anular de 7 mil y una relaci\u00f3n de aspecto m\u00e1xima de 6:1. En este caso, la relaci\u00f3n de aspecto es el grosor de la placa dividido por el di\u00e1metro del taladro. En este caso, la relaci\u00f3n de aspecto es el grosor de la placa dividido por el di\u00e1metro del orificio. Si te mantienes dentro de estos valores, la v\u00eda ser\u00e1 m\u00e1s f\u00e1cil de hacer y ser\u00e1 m\u00e1s fiable para muchos usos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Calor y estr\u00e9s mec\u00e1nico<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cuando una placa de circuito impreso se calienta durante su procesamiento o uso, las diferencias en el coeficiente de expansi\u00f3n t\u00e9rmica (CTE) entre el cobre y el laminado pueden crear tensiones. La estructura laminada de la placa de circuito impreso limita la dilataci\u00f3n en el plano de la placa, pero \u00e9sta puede encogerse o crecer m\u00e1s libremente a trav\u00e9s del grosor. Esto significa que la direcci\u00f3n vertical puede sufrir m\u00e1s cambios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Por ejemplo, un laminado fr4 se expande o encoge unas cuatro veces m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido que el cobre. Cada vez que la placa se calienta, el tubo de cobre de la v\u00eda sufre una gran tensi\u00f3n. Si el barril de cobre no es lo suficientemente grueso, y si el PCB es grueso, la placa puede expandirse hasta romper el cobre. Para una perforaci\u00f3n de 20 mil, un di\u00e1metro de pad de 34 mil funciona bien. Con este pad y un buen grosor de barril, un grosor m\u00e1ximo de placa de 120 mil es una pr\u00e1ctica razonable para la fiabilidad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La mecha de la soldadura y sus efectos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La ubicaci\u00f3n de una v\u00eda es tan importante como su tama\u00f1o. Colocar una v\u00eda demasiado cerca de un pad puede causar problemas de soldadura. El principal problema es la absorci\u00f3n de la soldadura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cuando se calienta pasta de soldar en una v\u00eda y una almohadilla, la acci\u00f3n capilar arrastra la soldadura de la almohadilla al barril de la v\u00eda. La soldadura se desplaza a trav\u00e9s de la v\u00eda y se acumula en la parte inferior. Esto deja el pad con muy poca soldadura o sin soldadura en absoluto. Una v\u00eda m\u00e1s grande absorber\u00e1 la soldadura m\u00e1s r\u00e1pidamente y en mayor cantidad. Una uni\u00f3n con muy poca soldadura puede ser d\u00e9bil mec\u00e1nicamente y tener mayor resistencia el\u00e9ctrica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A continuaci\u00f3n se describen tres formas habituales de detener la mecha de soldadura. Cada una de ellas puede funcionar bien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Presa de m\u00e1scara de soldadura:<br>Coloque una capa de m\u00e1scara de soldadura entre la v\u00eda y la almohadilla. La m\u00e1scara act\u00faa como barrera y mantiene la soldadura fuera de la v\u00eda. Para colocar una presa de m\u00e1scara lo suficientemente ancha, es posible que los dise\u00f1adores tengan que alejar la v\u00eda del pad. Si la placa ya es densa, o si transporta se\u00f1ales de alta frecuencia, puede que no sea posible desplazar la v\u00eda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tentando la v\u00eda:<br>Si no puede mover la v\u00eda o a\u00f1adir un dique de m\u00e1scara, puede cubrir la v\u00eda. Tapar significa cubrir la v\u00eda con m\u00e1scara de soldadura de modo que la parte superior de la v\u00eda quede completamente sellada. Sellar completamente una v\u00eda puede impedir que la soldadura fluya hacia ella. Pero tambi\u00e9n impide que la v\u00eda se utilice como punto de prueba. Adem\u00e1s, los contaminantes pueden entrar en una v\u00eda cubierta con el tiempo y corroer el barril de cobre si la cubierta no es perfecta.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Llenar la v\u00eda:<br>Puede rellenar completamente una v\u00eda antes de metalizarla. El relleno puede ser conductor o no conductor. Una v\u00eda rellenada y completamente sellada constituye una mejor barrera contra los contaminantes. El relleno tambi\u00e9n reduce el riesgo de que la soldadura se filtre durante el montaje. Las v\u00edas rellenas son habituales cuando se necesita una superficie plana para el ensamblaje, por ejemplo bajo BGAs, o cuando se necesita un mejor rendimiento t\u00e9rmico o mec\u00e1nico.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cu\u00e1ndo utilizar cada m\u00e9todo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Utilice un dique de m\u00e1scara de soldadura cuando pueda mover la v\u00eda un poco y la placa tenga espacio. Es una soluci\u00f3n barata y funciona en muchas placas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Utilice el tendido cuando el espacio sea reducido y pueda aceptar que la v\u00eda no sea un punto de prueba. La colocaci\u00f3n de carpas es m\u00e1s barata que el relleno, pero tiene limitaciones en cuanto a la protecci\u00f3n a largo plazo contra la humedad y la contaminaci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Utilice v\u00edas rellenas cuando necesite el mejor resultado. Las v\u00edas rellenas cuestan m\u00e1s, pero ofrecen una parte superior plana para el montaje y evitan la entrada de soldadura y contaminantes. Si va a fabricar muchas placas o si la placa debe durar mucho tiempo en condiciones dif\u00edciles, el relleno es una buena opci\u00f3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Otros factores de fiabilidad<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Las v\u00edas tambi\u00e9n pueden afectar a otras partes del dise\u00f1o. Por ejemplo, pueden modificar las rutas t\u00e9rmicas y crear puntos de concentraci\u00f3n de tensiones. Cuando una v\u00eda est\u00e1 cerca de un alivio t\u00e9rmico o una fuente de calor, cambia la forma en que el calor fluye en la placa. Esto puede afectar a la vida \u00fatil de los componentes y a la refrigeraci\u00f3n de las piezas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Las v\u00edas cerca de trazas de alta velocidad o trazas de RF tambi\u00e9n pueden causar cambios de impedancia. El barril de la v\u00eda y la almohadilla de la v\u00eda a\u00f1aden capacitancia e inductancia. Los dise\u00f1adores deben comprobar la integridad de la se\u00f1al cuando las v\u00edas se encuentran en rutas cr\u00edticas.<a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/step-by-step-hdi-pcb-blind-and-buried-via-process\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4673\"> IDH<\/a> y las microv\u00edas ayudan aqu\u00ed porque son peque\u00f1as y tienen menos impacto en las se\u00f1ales de alta velocidad cuando se colocan correctamente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cuando construya una placa para un producto que vaya a sufrir muchos ciclos t\u00e9rmicos, o para un producto que deba superar estrictas pruebas de fiabilidad, planifique c\u00f3mo se comportar\u00e1n las v\u00edas con el paso del tiempo. Utilice revestimientos m\u00e1s gruesos siempre que pueda. Utilice microv\u00edas apiladas o escalonadas en los dise\u00f1os HDI para reducir la tensi\u00f3n en un solo barril. Utilice almohadillas del tama\u00f1o adecuado para que la placa no sobrecargue el cobre durante el reflujo o los ciclos t\u00e9rmicos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Para IDH y placas flexibles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tarjetas HDI y <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/pcb-manufacturer\/flexible-pcb\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1901\">PCB flexibles<\/a> utilizan mucho las microv\u00edas. Las microv\u00edas son peque\u00f1as y tienen baja inductancia. Esto ayuda con la alta velocidad y los dise\u00f1os densos. Cada microv\u00eda suele llegar s\u00f3lo a una capa interior. Los fabricantes utilizan taladros l\u00e1ser para fabricarlas. Pueden apilar microv\u00edas para conectar varias capas en un \u00e1rea peque\u00f1a. Las microv\u00edas apiladas act\u00faan como v\u00edas ciegas o enterradas cuando se apilan, y pueden ayudar a mantener abierto el espacio de trazado en otras capas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En las placas flexibles, la flexi\u00f3n mec\u00e1nica cerca de las v\u00edas puede da\u00f1ar el ca\u00f1\u00f3n si la v\u00eda no se coloca correctamente. En las zonas de flexi\u00f3n, intente mantener las v\u00edas fuera de las l\u00edneas de flexi\u00f3n principales. Utilice dise\u00f1os especiales de v\u00edas y manipulaci\u00f3n de materiales para reducir el riesgo de grietas cuando la placa se doble.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Normas y ejemplos pr\u00e1cticos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Taladro m\u00ednimo: 20 mil. Se trata de un m\u00ednimo com\u00fan para la producci\u00f3n est\u00e1ndar. Los taladros m\u00e1s peque\u00f1os necesitan procesos especiales y cuestan m\u00e1s.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anillo anular: 7 mil. Esto proporciona suficiente cobre alrededor del orificio para una conexi\u00f3n fiable y para soldar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Relaci\u00f3n de aspecto: l\u00edmite de 6:1. Esto mantiene la calidad del chapado alta. Si la placa es m\u00e1s gruesa que el valor recomendado para el tama\u00f1o del agujero, el chapado del barril puede ser fino y puede fallar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ejemplo: si la broca es de 20 mil, utilice un di\u00e1metro de almohadilla de unos 34 mil. Esto proporciona suficiente anillo anular. Para una placa de hasta 120 mil de grosor, esta combinaci\u00f3n es viable en muchas f\u00e1bricas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Mantenga estas normas como puntos de partida. Cada f\u00e1brica puede tener l\u00edmites ligeramente diferentes. Habla con tu fabricante de placas con antelaci\u00f3n para que puedas adaptar las opciones de dise\u00f1o a lo que pueden hacer de forma fiable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consideraciones sobre el montaje y las pruebas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Si utiliza tenting o relleno, piense en las pruebas. Las v\u00edas con relleno no pueden actuar como puntos de sondeo. Las v\u00edas rellenas que est\u00e1n recubiertas pueden ser comprobables si el relleno y el recubrimiento superior se manipulan correctamente durante la producci\u00f3n. Si las pruebas son importantes, planifique almohadillas de prueba, v\u00edas de prueba u otras estrategias de prueba que se adapten a su proceso de montaje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cuando coloque una v\u00eda cerca de un punto de soldadura, tenga en cuenta el proceso de soldadura. Si utiliza muchas v\u00edas debajo de un BGA grande, considere la posibilidad de rellenar y revestir las v\u00edas y hacer que el BGA aterrice sobre una superficie plana. De este modo se reduce la posibilidad de que queden huecos de soldadura y se facilita la dispersi\u00f3n t\u00e9rmica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Limpieza y corrosi\u00f3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Las v\u00edas pueden atrapar fundente, humedad y otros contaminantes. Esto se agrava si las v\u00edas no son perfectas o si se utilizan como v\u00edas t\u00e9rmicas que permiten la entrada y salida de humedad durante los ciclos t\u00e9rmicos. Realice una buena limpieza tras el montaje cuando el dise\u00f1o lo necesite. Utilice materiales y acabados fiables que resistan la corrosi\u00f3n en el entorno previsto. Las v\u00edas rellenas ayudan a evitar la entrada de contaminantes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusi\u00f3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Las v\u00edas son necesarias en las placas de circuito impreso multicapa. Permiten colocar m\u00e1s piezas y enrutar redes complejas. Pero las v\u00edas tambi\u00e9n modifican el comportamiento de la soldadura y a\u00f1aden puntos de tensi\u00f3n mec\u00e1nica y t\u00e9rmica. Estos riesgos pueden reducirse con unas buenas normas de dise\u00f1o y tomando las decisiones adecuadas al principio del proyecto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Los dise\u00f1adores deben estudiar la fiabilidad desde el principio. Un estudio de fiabilidad aumenta las posibilidades de \u00e9xito, reduce los costes a lo largo de la vida del producto, acorta el tiempo de comercializaci\u00f3n y mejora la satisfacci\u00f3n del cliente. Para hacer un buen dise\u00f1o de fiabilidad se necesitan las personas adecuadas, las herramientas adecuadas y tiempo suficiente. Planifique los tipos, tama\u00f1os, ubicaci\u00f3n y tratamiento de las v\u00edas con el fabricante y la empresa de montaje. Utilice diques de m\u00e1scara de soldadura, tenting o rellenado de v\u00edas cuando cada m\u00e9todo sea adecuado. Utilice microv\u00edas para dise\u00f1os HDI y flexibles cuando sea necesario.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Electronics makers use multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs) to make circuits take less space. This lets them put more parts 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