Pasos b\u00e1sicos del an\u00e1lisis de fallos<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Para conocer con exactitud la causa o el mecanismo de un fallo o defecto en una placa de circuito impreso, hay que seguir unos principios b\u00e1sicos y un flujo de an\u00e1lisis. Si no se siguen, se puede perder informaci\u00f3n valiosa sobre el fallo. El an\u00e1lisis puede detenerse o dar una conclusi\u00f3n err\u00f3nea. Un flujo b\u00e1sico com\u00fan es el siguiente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
En primer lugar, bas\u00e1ndose en el s\u00edntoma del fallo, recopile informaci\u00f3n, realice pruebas funcionales, pruebas el\u00e9ctricas y comprobaciones visuales sencillas. Util\u00edcelos para encontrar la zona que ha fallado y el modo de fallo. Esto es localizaci\u00f3n de fallos o localizaci\u00f3n de aver\u00edas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Para placas de circuito impreso sencillas o PCBA <\/a>placas, la pieza defectuosa es f\u00e1cil de encontrar. Pero en el caso de dispositivos o sustratos complejos, como BGA <\/a>o paquetes MCM, los defectos no son f\u00e1ciles de ver con un microscopio. Al principio son dif\u00edciles de encontrar. En ese momento, se necesitan otros m\u00e9todos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A continuaci\u00f3n, analice el mecanismo de fallo. Utilice m\u00e9todos f\u00edsicos y qu\u00edmicos para estudiar el mecanismo que provoc\u00f3 el fallo o defecto de la PCB. Estos mecanismos pueden incluir juntas de soldadura fr\u00edas, contaminaci\u00f3n, da\u00f1os mec\u00e1nicos, tensi\u00f3n inducida por la humedad, corrosi\u00f3n diel\u00e9ctrica, da\u00f1os por fatiga, CAF o migraci\u00f3n i\u00f3nica, sobrecarga por tensi\u00f3n, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Despu\u00e9s, analice la causa ra\u00edz del fallo. Bas\u00e1ndose en el mecanismo de fallo y en el proceso de fabricaci\u00f3n, busque las razones que lo provocaron. Si es necesario, realice experimentos para verificar la causa. Debe realizar pruebas de verificaci\u00f3n siempre que sea posible. Los experimentos pueden encontrar la causa exacta que provoc\u00f3 el fallo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Esto proporciona una base clara y espec\u00edfica para el siguiente paso de mejora. El informe de an\u00e1lisis de fallos debe basarse en los datos de las pruebas, los hechos y las conclusiones del an\u00e1lisis. Los hechos deben ser claros. La l\u00f3gica debe ser rigurosa. La presentaci\u00f3n debe ser ordenada. No imagine causas sin pruebas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Durante el an\u00e1lisis, utilice m\u00e9todos que vayan de lo simple a lo complejo, de lo externo a lo interno y de lo no destructivo a lo destructivo. Siga estas reglas b\u00e1sicas. S\u00f3lo as\u00ed evitar\u00e1 perder informaci\u00f3n clave y a\u00f1adir nuevos mecanismos de fallo creados por el hombre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Es como un accidente de tr\u00e1fico. Si una de las partes destruye la escena o se da a la fuga, ni siquiera un polic\u00eda experto puede juzgar correctamente la responsabilidad. La ley de tr\u00e1fico suele exigir toda la responsabilidad a la parte que huy\u00f3 o destruy\u00f3 la escena.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Lo mismo ocurre con el an\u00e1lisis de fallos de PCB o PCBA. Si alguien utiliza un soldador para retocar una uni\u00f3n soldada defectuosa o unas tijeras pesadas para cortar una placa de circuito impreso, el an\u00e1lisis posterior es imposible. La escena del fallo queda destruida. Esto es especialmente malo cuando s\u00f3lo hay unas pocas muestras fallidas. Si la escena del fallo est\u00e1 da\u00f1ada, no se puede encontrar la verdadera causa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Un microscopio \u00f3ptico sirve principalmente para la inspecci\u00f3n visual de la placa de circuito impreso. Se utiliza para encontrar la zona defectuosa y las pruebas f\u00edsicas relacionadas. Proporciona un primer juicio sobre el modo de fallo. La inspecci\u00f3n visual busca contaminaci\u00f3n en la PCB, corrosi\u00f3n, placas agrietadas, trazas de circuitos y patrones en los fallos. Por ejemplo, compruebe si los fallos se producen en lotes o son casos individuales. Compruebe si los fallos se agrupan siempre en una regi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Para las piezas que no pueden verse mediante inspecci\u00f3n visual, o para los defectos internos en orificios pasantes y otros defectos interiores, utilice un sistema de rayos X. El sistema de rayos X funciona mediante la diferente absorci\u00f3n o transmisi\u00f3n de rayos X por materiales de diferente grosor o densidad. Esto crea im\u00e1genes. A menudo se utilizan los rayos X para inspeccionar defectos internos en uniones soldadas de PCBA, defectos internos en orificios pasantes y para localizar uniones soldadas defectuosas en paquetes de alta densidad como BGA o CSP.<\/p>\n\n\n\n El an\u00e1lisis de la secci\u00f3n transversal significa tomar muestras, incrustarlas, cortarlas, pulirlas, grabarlas y observar una secci\u00f3n transversal de PCB. Este proceso muestra la estructura interna de la PCB. Mediante el an\u00e1lisis de secciones transversales, se obtiene informaci\u00f3n detallada sobre la microestructura de las caracter\u00edsticas de la placa de circuito impreso (como los orificios pasantes y el chapado). Esto ayuda a mejorar la calidad. Pero este m\u00e9todo es destructivo. Una vez que se corta la muestra, se destruye.<\/p>\n\n\n\n En la actualidad, la principal herramienta para el an\u00e1lisis de envases y ensamblajes es la microscop\u00eda ac\u00fastica de barrido en modo C. Utiliza ondas ultras\u00f3nicas de alta frecuencia. Estas ondas se reflejan en las discontinuidades del material. El cambio de amplitud, fase y polaridad se utiliza para formar im\u00e1genes. La exploraci\u00f3n se desplaza a lo largo del eje Z para registrar la informaci\u00f3n del plano X-Y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Por lo tanto, SAM puede detectar muchos defectos internos en componentes, materiales y PCB o PCBA. Detecta grietas, delaminaciones, inclusiones y huecos. Si la gama de frecuencias de SAM es lo suficientemente amplia, tambi\u00e9n puede detectar defectos internos en juntas de soldadura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Las im\u00e1genes SAM t\u00edpicas utilizan un color de advertencia, como el rojo, para mostrar los defectos. Durante el paso de los procesos SMT con plomo a los sin plomo, han aparecido muchos problemas de reflujo relacionados con la humedad. Los envases de pl\u00e1stico absorbentes de humedad pueden deslaminar o agrietarse en su interior cuando se someten a reflujo a las temperaturas m\u00e1s elevadas de los procesos sin plomo. Las placas de circuito impreso normales tambi\u00e9n pueden agrietarse o delaminarse a estas temperaturas m\u00e1s elevadas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n En este caso, SAM presenta ventajas especiales para las pruebas no destructivas de placas de circuito impreso multicapa de alta densidad. Sin embargo, las grandes grietas visibles en las placas o las placas sopladas suelen detectarse mediante una simple inspecci\u00f3n visual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n El an\u00e1lisis microinfrarrojo combina la espectroscopia infrarroja con la microscopia. Utiliza el hecho de que los distintos materiales -principalmente org\u00e1nicos- absorben la luz infrarroja de forma diferente. De este modo, se pueden analizar los componentes qu\u00edmicos de un material. Con un microscopio, la luz visible y la infrarroja pueden compartir la misma trayectoria luminosa. Bajo el campo visible, se pueden encontrar peque\u00f1as cantidades de contaminaci\u00f3n org\u00e1nica para analizar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sin el microscopio, la espectroscopia de infrarrojos suele necesitar una mayor cantidad de muestra. En los procesos electr\u00f3nicos, una contaminaci\u00f3n m\u00ednima puede provocar una mala soldabilidad de una almohadilla o un cable. Por tanto, sin infrarrojos acoplados a microscopio, es dif\u00edcil resolver algunos problemas del proceso. Micro-FTIR se utiliza principalmente para analizar la contaminaci\u00f3n org\u00e1nica en superficies de soldadura o juntas de soldadura y para analizar las causas de la corrosi\u00f3n o de la mala soldabilidad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Un microscopio electr\u00f3nico de barrido es un sistema de im\u00e1genes de gran tama\u00f1o muy \u00fatil para el an\u00e1lisis de fallos. Se utiliza para la observaci\u00f3n de la morfolog\u00eda. Los microscopios electr\u00f3nicos de barrido modernos son potentes. Pueden ampliar las estructuras finas o las caracter\u00edsticas superficiales hasta cientos de miles de veces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n En el an\u00e1lisis de fallos de PCB o de juntas de soldadura, el SEM se utiliza principalmente para analizar los mecanismos de fallo. En concreto, el SEM se utiliza para observar la morfolog\u00eda superficial de los pads, la estructura metalogr\u00e1fica de las juntas de soldadura, medir los compuestos intermet\u00e1licos, analizar los revestimientos soldables y analizar y medir los bigotes de esta\u00f1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n En comparaci\u00f3n con un microscopio \u00f3ptico, un SEM forma una imagen electr\u00f3nica, por lo que es en blanco y negro. Las muestras de SEM deben ser conductoras. Para los no conductores y algunos semiconductores, debe recubrir la muestra con oro o carbono. De lo contrario, la carga se acumular\u00e1 en la superficie de la muestra y afectar\u00e1 a la observaci\u00f3n. Las im\u00e1genes SEM tienen una profundidad de campo mucho mayor que los microscopios \u00f3pticos. Para las estructuras metalogr\u00e1ficas, las superficies de microfracturas y los bigotes de esta\u00f1o, el SEM es un m\u00e9todo de an\u00e1lisis importante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n El DSC mide la diferencia de potencia entre una muestra de ensayo y una referencia bajo temperatura controlada por programa. Registra la relaci\u00f3n entre la diferencia de potencia y la temperatura o el tiempo. El DSC estudia c\u00f3mo cambia el calor con la temperatura. A partir de ah\u00ed, puede estudiar el comportamiento f\u00edsico, qu\u00edmico y termodin\u00e1mico de los materiales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n El DSC tiene muchos usos. En el an\u00e1lisis de PCB, el DSC se utiliza principalmente para medir el grado de curado y la temperatura de transici\u00f3n v\u00edtrea (Tg) de los pol\u00edmeros utilizados en la PCB. Estos dos par\u00e1metros determinan la fiabilidad de la PCB durante los pasos posteriores del proceso.<\/p>\n\n\n\n El TMA mide el comportamiento de deformaci\u00f3n de s\u00f3lidos, l\u00edquidos y geles bajo temperatura controlada por programa o fuerza mec\u00e1nica. Estudia la relaci\u00f3n entre el comportamiento t\u00e9rmico y mec\u00e1nico. A partir de la deformaci\u00f3n frente a la temperatura (o el tiempo), puede estudiar las propiedades f\u00edsicas y qu\u00edmicas de los materiales y la termodin\u00e1mica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n En el an\u00e1lisis de PCB, la TMA mide principalmente dos par\u00e1metros clave: el coeficiente de dilataci\u00f3n lineal y la temperatura de transici\u00f3n v\u00edtrea. Si el material base tiene un coeficiente de dilataci\u00f3n grande, la PCB puede sufrir a menudo la fractura de la v\u00eda metalizada tras la soldadura y el montaje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n El TGA mide el cambio de masa de una sustancia bajo temperatura o tiempo controlados por programa. Con una balanza precisa, el TGA puede rastrear peque\u00f1os cambios de masa durante un proceso a temperatura controlada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A partir de la curva de cambio de masa frente a temperatura (o tiempo), se puede estudiar el comportamiento f\u00edsico y qu\u00edmico y la termodin\u00e1mica de los materiales. En el an\u00e1lisis de PCB, el TGA se utiliza principalmente para medir la estabilidad t\u00e9rmica o la temperatura de descomposici\u00f3n de los materiales de PCB. Si un sustrato tiene una temperatura de descomposici\u00f3n demasiado baja, la placa de circuito impreso se delaminar\u00e1 o agrietar\u00e1 durante la soldadura a alta temperatura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cuando planifique el an\u00e1lisis de fallos, siga un planteamiento claro, paso a paso. Empiece con comprobaciones visuales y no destructivas. Utilice pruebas el\u00e9ctricas y recopilaci\u00f3n de informaci\u00f3n. A continuaci\u00f3n, pase a m\u00e9todos de imagen como rayos X y SAM. Si es necesario, utilice herramientas microqu\u00edmicas como micro-FTIR e im\u00e1genes de superficie como SEM. Reserve las pruebas destructivas, como el corte transversal, para cuando necesite informaci\u00f3n sobre la microestructura y la cantidad de muestra permita su destrucci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Registra siempre los datos y mant\u00e9n los hechos claros. Utiliza los pasos l\u00f3gicos m\u00e1s sencillos. Pruebe las conclusiones con experimentos cuando sea posible. No modifique ni da\u00f1e la escena del fallo antes de documentarla, porque una vez alterada la escena, puede perderse la verdadera causa. Siga la regla: de lo simple a lo complejo, de fuera a dentro, de lo no destructivo a lo destructivo. As\u00ed se ahorra tiempo y se obtienen resultados de an\u00e1lisis correctos.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" PCB acts as the carrier for many components and as the hub for circuit signal transfer. It has become a 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acts as the carrier for many components and as the hub for circuit signal transfer. It has become a […]","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4698"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4706,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698\/revisions\/4706"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4702"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}T\u00e9cnicas de an\u00e1lisis de fallos<\/h1>\n\n\n\n
Microscopio \u00f3ptico<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"Optical](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Optical-microscope.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nRayos X (inspecci\u00f3n por rayos X)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"X-ray\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/X-ray.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nAn\u00e1lisis transversal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
![\"Cross-section](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Cross-section-analysis.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nMicroscop\u00eda ac\u00fastica de barrido (SAM)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Micro-FTIR (an\u00e1lisis de infrarrojos a microescala)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Microscopio electr\u00f3nico de barrido (SEM)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
An\u00e1lisis t\u00e9rmico<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Calorimetr\u00eda diferencial de barrido (DSC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"DSC\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/DSC.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nAn\u00e1lisis termomec\u00e1nico (TMA)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"TMA\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TMA.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nAn\u00e1lisis termogravim\u00e9trico (TGA)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
![\"TGA\"](\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/TGA.webp\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nNotas finales y recordatorio de buenas pr\u00e1cticas<\/h1>\n\n\n\n