{"id":4729,"date":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","date_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/?p=4729"},"modified":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-26T06:37:34","slug":"how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/how-cte-affects-pcb-reliability-and-design\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f3mo afecta el CTE a la fiabilidad y el dise\u00f1o de las placas de circuito impreso"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>El coeficiente de dilataci\u00f3n t\u00e9rmica del material (CTE) es una propiedad f\u00edsica de un material. Cuando cambia la temperatura, la pieza cambia de forma y sufre tensiones. No podemos evitarlo. El n\u00facleo de la fabricaci\u00f3n de cualquier producto electr\u00f3nico es colocar las piezas que cumplen los requisitos en una placa de circuito impreso (PCB). Las piezas se unen a la placa mediante soldadura. Para <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/pcb-assembly\/tht-pcb-assembly\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/pcb-assembly\/tht-pcb-assembly\/\">tecnolog\u00eda de orificios pasantes (THT)<\/a>, Las piezas tienen cables. Cuando la placa se dobla o se expande, el cable se dobla y absorbe parte de la tensi\u00f3n. El cuerpo de la pieza sufre menos tensi\u00f3n. Por lo tanto, cables m\u00e1s largos significan menos tensi\u00f3n en el cuerpo de la pieza. La tensi\u00f3n de la soldadura debida a los cambios de temperatura afecta principalmente a la junta de soldadura y a la almohadilla. Esto afecta a la fiabilidad de la soldadura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cuando utilizamos <a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/pcb-assembly\/smt-assembly\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"1923\">tecnolog\u00eda de montaje en superficie (SMT)<\/a>, podemos poner m\u00e1s piezas en la placa. Pero las piezas no tienen cables largos para absorber la tensi\u00f3n. La tensi\u00f3n va directamente al cuerpo de la pieza. Esto puede romper la pieza o la uni\u00f3n soldada si la placa y la pieza se expanden a diferentes velocidades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Caracter\u00edsticas CTE del material base FR4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/flj-pcb.com\/es\/fr-4-pcb-guide-properties-limits-material-choices\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4641\">Material base com\u00fan reforzado con fibra de vidrio (fr4)<\/a> tiene un CET diferente en el eje z (a trav\u00e9s del grosor de la placa) y en el plano x-y (a lo largo de la placa). La placa se expandir\u00e1 m\u00e1s en z cuando aumente la temperatura. Cuando el material est\u00e1 por debajo de su temperatura de transici\u00f3n v\u00edtrea Tg, el material est\u00e1 en estado v\u00edtreo y su CET es peque\u00f1o. Llamamos a este valor de CET a1. Cuando el material est\u00e1 por encima de Tg, el material se encuentra en un estado similar al caucho y su CET es mayor. Llamamos a este valor a2. Normalmente, a2 es aproximadamente tres veces a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Por ejemplo, cuando la temperatura es inferior a Tg, el CET del epoxi de fibra de vidrio en las direcciones x e y tampoco es el mismo. Difiere en aproximadamente 1 a 5 ppm\/\u00b0C. En la direcci\u00f3n z es de aproximadamente 20 ppm\/\u00b0C. Cuando un gran dispositivo de montaje superficial tiene un CET que coincide con el de la placa, esta diferencia es muy importante. Ayuda a aumentar la vida \u00fatil de la uni\u00f3n soldada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Impacto de la ETC en la HTP y las microv\u00edas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>El CET es un factor importante para los orificios pasantes y microv\u00edas montados en PWA. La relaci\u00f3n de aspecto (es decir, el grosor de la placa dividido por el di\u00e1metro del orificio) de estas v\u00edas suele ser mayor que la relaci\u00f3n de aspecto de un orificio reci\u00e9n taladrado en una placa desnuda. En procesos como el reflujo SMT, la extracci\u00f3n de piezas, el reflujo para reparaci\u00f3n, la fabricaci\u00f3n de placas, la fijaci\u00f3n de bolas, la nivelaci\u00f3n con aire caliente y la soldadura por ola, un CTE grande en direcci\u00f3n z provocar\u00e1 demasiada tensi\u00f3n de tracci\u00f3n PTH. Esto puede provocar fallos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Por tanto, cuando elija un material para la base de la placa, primero debe pensar si su CET coincide con el CET de las piezas que se van a montar. Si no coinciden, hay que tomar medidas compensatorias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Definici\u00f3n b\u00e1sica y significado del ETC para los PCB<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Mucha gente utiliza la palabra CTE cuando habla de placas de circuito impreso. Pero, \u00bfcu\u00e1ntos saben realmente qu\u00e9 significa CTE y c\u00f3mo empieza a afectar CTE a una placa?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>CTE significa coeficiente de expansi\u00f3n t\u00e9rmica. Indica el porcentaje de cambio de tama\u00f1o cuando se calienta o enfr\u00eda una placa de circuito impreso. Todos los materiales del mundo se dilatan o encogen un poco con la temperatura. Por ejemplo, una casa es ligeramente m\u00e1s grande en verano que en invierno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Algunos materiales se encogen cuando se calientan, pero la mayor\u00eda se dilatan un poco cuando se calientan. La dilataci\u00f3n se indica en partes por mill\u00f3n por grado Celsius (ppm\/\u00b0C). Si un PCB se expande 14 ppm\/\u00b0C lateralmente, eso significa que si un PCB midiera un mill\u00f3n de pulgadas, crecer\u00eda 14 pulgadas por cada 1\u00b0C de aumento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Desajuste del CET entre la placa de circuito impreso y los chips de silicio<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Un laminado fr4 t\u00edpico tiene un CET de 14 a 17 ppm\/\u00b0C. Esto parece correcto hasta que lo comparamos con un chip de silicio de gran tama\u00f1o. Muchos chips de silicio tienen un CET cercano a 6 ppm\/\u00b0C. La diferencia de dilataci\u00f3n es lo suficientemente grande -especialmente en los grandes paquetes BGA- como para que, cuando la placa de circuito impreso y el chip se calientan, la placa de circuito impreso se dilate m\u00e1s que el chip. Este movimiento adicional puede arrancar las juntas de soldadura del chip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As\u00ed que, desde el punto de vista de las placas de circuito impreso, los fabricantes suelen utilizar materiales de bajo CET. Pero, \u00bfc\u00f3mo afecta el CET a la placa y a c\u00f3mo la dise\u00f1amos y fabricamos?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Valores t\u00edpicos de CET de los materiales y componentes de las placas de circuito impreso<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Material \/ Componente<\/th><th>CTE (Direcci\u00f3n X-Y) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th><th>CTE (Direcci\u00f3n Z) ppm\/\u00b0C<\/th><th>Notas<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Laminado FR-4 est\u00e1ndar<\/td><td>14 - 17<\/td><td>60 - 70 (por encima de Tg puede ser &gt;200)<\/td><td>Material de PCB m\u00e1s com\u00fan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>FR-4 de alta Tg<\/td><td>12 - 16<\/td><td>50 - 60<\/td><td>Mejor estabilidad t\u00e9rmica<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Material de PCB de poliimida<\/td><td>12 - 14<\/td><td>40 - 50<\/td><td>Para aplicaciones de alta temperatura<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cobre<\/td><td>16.5 - 17<\/td><td>16.5 - 17<\/td><td>Material conductor de referencia<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Chip de silicio<\/td><td>2,6 - 3 (silicio a granel)<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>Paquete efectivo ~6 ppm\/\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Paquete BGA (t\u00edpico)<\/td><td>6 - 10<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>Depende del tipo de sustrato<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Envase cer\u00e1mico<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>-<\/td><td>Buen ajuste del CET con el silicio<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aluminio<\/td><td>22 - 24<\/td><td>22 - 24<\/td><td>Utilizado en PCB de n\u00facleo met\u00e1lico<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>N\u00facleo de cobre-invar-cobre (CIC)<\/td><td>8 - 10<\/td><td>8 - 10<\/td><td>N\u00facleo met\u00e1lico de bajo CET<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>N\u00facleo de cobre-molibdeno-cobre (CMC)<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>6 - 8<\/td><td>N\u00facleo met\u00e1lico de muy bajo CET<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>N\u00facleo de aramida\/kevlar<\/td><td>7 - 8<\/td><td>7 - 8<\/td><td>Material compuesto de bajo CET<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Soluciones de n\u00facleo de PCB de bajo CET<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cuando elegimos un laminado, nos fijamos en especificaciones como Tg, constante diel\u00e9ctrica Dk y factor de disipaci\u00f3n Df, entre otras. Todas ellas son importantes y se afectan mutuamente. Si elegimos un laminado para reducir el CET, veremos que todos los tipos de fr4 tienen valores de CET similares. La mayor\u00eda siguen siendo altos (alrededor de 14 ppm\/\u00b0C). Esto significa que para paquetes de silicio muy grandes necesitamos otro enfoque para controlar el CTE. Una forma es a\u00f1adir un n\u00facleo de metal, Kevlar o aramida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Estos n\u00facleos de bajo CET se utilizan a menudo bajo capas exteriores fr4 para fabricar placas de bajo CET. Los n\u00facleos met\u00e1licos pueden ser de cobre-invar-cobre (CIC) o de cobre-molibdeno-cobre (CMC). Suelen tener un grosor de unos 6 mil. El cobre de la superficie exterior del n\u00facleo met\u00e1lico nos permite laminar preimpregnados y n\u00facleos fr4 normales sobre el metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dos n\u00facleos met\u00e1licos muy utilizados son CIC y CMC. Sus valores de CET del n\u00facleo son de aproximadamente 8 ppm\/\u00b0C y 6 ppm\/\u00b0C, respectivamente. Cuando se anclan capas exteriores fr4 a un n\u00facleo met\u00e1lico, el CET total de la placa pasa a ser de unas 12 ppm\/\u00b0C para CIC y de unas 9 ppm\/\u00b0C para CMC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tambi\u00e9n podemos utilizar un Kevlar Thermount o un laminado de aramida como n\u00facleo. Su CTE de n\u00facleo bajo es de aproximadamente 7 a 8 ppm\/\u00b0C. Con capas exteriores de fr4 est\u00e1ndar, el CET de toda la placa pasa a ser de unas 12 ppm\/\u00b0C. En la producci\u00f3n multicapa, un n\u00facleo de bajo CET sustituye a un n\u00facleo fr4 t\u00edpico. Es interesante que la fibra Kevlar tenga una expansi\u00f3n t\u00e9rmica negativa. Cuando unimos las fibras con epoxi, el resultado es un peque\u00f1o CET positivo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Coste, proceso y ventajas adicionales de los n\u00facleos de bajo CET<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Con un laminado de bajo CET, la opci\u00f3n m\u00e1s cara suele ser el n\u00facleo met\u00e1lico. Los laminados de kevlar y aramida cuestan menos. En el pasado, el Kevlar Thermount de Arlon era dif\u00edcil de conseguir, pero ahora la nueva producci\u00f3n aumenta la oferta. Todos los n\u00facleos de bajo CET son m\u00e1s dif\u00edciles de perforar y procesar. Pero son la \u00fanica forma de satisfacer las necesidades de 6-9 ppm\/\u00b0C de los paquetes de silicio muy grandes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adem\u00e1s de controlar el CTE, las placas de circuito impreso con n\u00facleo met\u00e1lico tambi\u00e9n pueden mejorar la transferencia de calor de alta potencia. Recuerde que el metal se expande m\u00e1s que el fr4 cuando se calienta. Un n\u00facleo met\u00e1lico proporciona un mayor control de la expansi\u00f3n de la placa que el Kevlar. Un n\u00facleo met\u00e1lico puede cambiar la expansi\u00f3n de toda la placa m\u00e1s que el Kevlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Medidas pr\u00e1cticas para reducir el riesgo de desajuste del CTE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>En la pr\u00e1ctica, para reducir el riesgo de desajuste del CTE se pueden hacer estas cosas b\u00e1sicas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Intente hacer coincidir el CTE de la placa con el CTE del paquete grande siempre que pueda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Utilice n\u00facleos de bajo CET como CIC, CMC, Kevlar o aramida para paquetes grandes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vigile la Tg y utilice materiales con una Tg superior a su temperatura de proceso m\u00e1s alta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Para las piezas SMT, dise\u00f1e almohadillas y patrones de aterrizaje para reducir la tensi\u00f3n en las juntas de soldadura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En la fabricaci\u00f3n, controlar los picos de temperatura de reflujo y las velocidades de enfriamiento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Para las piezas con orificios pasantes, utilice cables que puedan flexionarse para absorber la tensi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sepa que los n\u00facleos de bajo CET cuestan m\u00e1s y necesitan herramientas y procesos de perforaci\u00f3n diferentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resumen de la importancia de la CTE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>El CTE es un n\u00famero sencillo, pero afecta a muchas partes de un proyecto de PCB. Si no se piensa en ello desde el principio, se pueden producir fallos en las juntas de soldadura, grietas en las piezas y una baja fiabilidad. Si planifica el CTE desde el principio, obtendr\u00e1 una mayor vida \u00fatil de su placa y sus piezas.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Material coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is one physical property of a material. When temperature changes, the part will change 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